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<div>{{disambig-more|Letters|[[Letters (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{book<br />
|title=The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien<br />
|image=[[Image:Tolkien_Letters_Cover.jpg|225px]]<br />
|author=Edited by [[Humphrey Carpenter]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]]<br />
|publisher=[[Allen and Unwin|George Allen and Unwin]] (UK)<br/>[[Houghton Mifflin]] (US)<br />
|date=[[20 August]] [[1981]]<br />
|format=Paperback<br />
|pages=480<br />
|isbn=0-618-05699-8<br />
|amazon=http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0618056998<br />
|amazonprice=$15.00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien''''' is a selection of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s letters published in 1981, edited by his son [[Christopher Tolkien]] and the biographer [[Humphrey Carpenter]]. For the 1999 edition of the book, an index was created by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]].<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
The selection contains 354 letters, dating between October [[1914]], when Tolkien was an undergraduate at the [[University of Oxford]], and [[29 August|August 29]], [[1973]], four days before his death.<br />
<br />
The letters can be roughly divided in four categories:<br />
#Personal letters to [[Edith Tolkien]], Christopher Tolkien and his other children,<br />
#Letters about Tolkien's career as a professor of Anglo-Saxon<br />
#Letters to his publishers at [[Allen and Unwin]] explaining his failing to meet the deadline and related topics<br />
#Letters about [[Middle-earth]] <br />
<br />
The last category is especially of interest to Tolkien fans, as it provides a lot of information about Middle-earth which cannot be found anywhere in the works published by Tolkien himself.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Letter receivers|Letter receivers]]<br />
*[[Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"|Letters not published in "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien"]]<br />
*''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Letters to Rhona Beare]]''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/letters.html Corrigenda to the Index to ''Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien'' (1999)]<br />
*[https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/02/11/specials/tolkien-letters.html Concerning Hobbits and Philip Marlowe] New York Times Review<br />
{{letters}}<br />
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{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien}}<br />
[[Category:Reference books]]<br />
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Christopher Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Humphrey Carpenter]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Briefe]]<br />
[[fi:Kirjeet]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nazg%C3%BBl&diff=338863Nazgûl2021-12-03T23:42:07Z<p>NotACat: ref</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Nazgûl<br />
| image=[[File:Nick Deligaris - Nazgûl.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Nazgûl" by [[:Category:Images by Nick Deligaris|Nick Deligaris]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Ringwraiths, the Black Riders, the Nine, ''Úlairi'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| origin=[[Men]] who received the [[Nine Rings]]; corrupted by [[Sauron]]<br />
| location=[[Mordor]], [[Angmar]], [[Dol Guldur]], [[Minas Morgul]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
| people=<br />
| members=[[Witch-king]], [[Khamûl]]<br />
| lifespan=Indefinite<br />
| distinctions=Without physical form<br />
| height=Man-high<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=Black robes<br />
| weapons=[[Morgul-knife]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote| 'They come from [[Mordor]],' said [[Aragorn|Strider]] in a low voice. 'From Mordor, [[Barliman Butterbur|Barliman]], if that means anything to you.' |''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Strider (chapter)|Strider]]"}}</center><br />
The '''[[#Etymology|Nazgûl]]''' ([[Black Speech]]: '''Ringwraiths''', sometimes written '''''Ring-wraiths'''''), also known as the '''Nine Riders''' or '''Black Riders''' (or simply '''the Nine'''), were [[Sauron]]'s "most terrible servants" in [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Sometime during the [[Second Age]] (after year {{SA|1697}}<ref group=note>Sauron captured the Rings of Power in the [[Sack of Eregion]] around this year, and later distributed the Nine Rings (cf. {{App|B}} and {{UT|Concerning}}).</ref>) Sauron gave [[Nine Rings|nine Rings of Power]] to powerful mortal [[Men]]. It is said that three of the Nine were lords of [[Númenor]] corrupted by Sauron,<ref name=Akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> and one was a king among the [[Easterlings]].<ref name=Black/><br />
<br />
For many years the bearers used the rings to gain great wealth, prestige and power, becoming "''mighty in their day, kings, sorcerers, and warriors of old''". The effect of the rings caused their lives to be prolonged, and to see things of the [[Unseen]]. But over time their bodily forms faded until they became [[wraiths]] entirely, slaves under the domination of Sauron's [[The One Ring|One Ring]].<ref name=Rings/><br />
<br />
Known as the Nazgûl, they first appeared around {{SA|2251}}<ref name=AppB1/> and were soon established as Sauron's principal servants. However the circumstances of this appearance are not recorded, nor their actions during the [[Dark Years]], or during Sauron's capture to [[Númenor]].<br />
<br />
Their actions during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] are also unknown, but when Sauron was overthrown in {{SA|3441}} at the hands of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]], the wraiths faded into the shadows.<ref name=AppB1>{{App|B1}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
However around {{TA|1050|n}} of the [[Third Age]] Sauron returned in the form of a shadow in [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]], triggering also the return of his servants. [[Third Age 1100|About 50 years later]] [[the Wise]] of that Age discovered the [[shadow]] of [[Dol Guldur]] and theorized that it was one of the Nazgûl.<ref name=AppB2/> <br />
<br />
But it was around {{TA|1300}} when evil things, like the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], multiplied again, and the Nazgûl definitely reappeared; it was then when [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] gathered evil [[Men]] and founded the Witch-kingdom of [[Angmar]]. From there he led Sauron's forces against the mannish kingdom of [[Arnor]] in {{TA|1409}}.<ref name=AppB2/> <br />
<br />
Meanwhile [[Gondor]] was weakened by the [[Great Plague]] and [[Wainrider/Balchoth War|War]], and it was believed that Sauron's plan was to open the way to [[Mordor]]; indeed as the watch on Mordor stopped and Gondor's borders withdrew, it is believed that the Nazgûl freely re-entered Mordor around {{TA|1856}} or later.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Witch-king was eventually [[Battle of Fornost|defeated]] in battle in {{TA|1975}} and [[Third Age 1980|sometime later]] returned to [[Mordor]], gathering the other Nazgûl in preparation for the return of Sauron to that realm.<ref name=AppB2/><ref name=gondor/> <br />
<br />
In {{TA|2000}}, they issued by [[Cirith Ungol]] and captured [[Minas Ithil]] after a two-year siege. The city thereafter became the stronghold of the Nazgûl, from where they directed the rebuilding of Sauron's armies, also acquiring a ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' for the Dark Lord.<ref name=AppB2>{{App|B2}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Watchful Peace]], when Sauron hid from the power of the [[White Council]], the Nazgûl also remained hidden in [[Morgul Vale]], allowing some peaceful time for the first [[Ruling Stewards]] of Gondor.<Ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref><br />
<br />
But after his defeat in [[Dol Guldur]], Sauron returned to Mordor in {{TA|2942}} and declared himself openly in {{TA|2951}}. Three of the Nazgûl were sent to his fortress at Dol Guldur to garrison that outpost.<ref name=AppB2/><br />
<br />
In {{TA|3017}} Sauron commanded the Ringwraiths to recover [[the One Ring]] of Power from "Baggins of the Shire". Disguised as horse riders clad in black (hence the term ''Black Riders''), they sought out [[Bilbo Baggins]] who, as [[Gollum]] had revealed, had the One Ring in his possession.<br />
<br />
The [[Dwarves]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] spoke of a rider who had come to offer Sauron's friendship and ask about [[Hobbits]]. As a token of their friendship he asked for a "trifle", a ring, "the least of rings", that the [[Bilbo Baggins|thief]] had stolen.<ref name=council>{{FR|II2}}</ref><ref group=note>The identity of the messenger is unknown. In [[fandom]] it has been proposed that he was the [[Mouth of Sauron]]. [[Michael Martinez]] [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/01/26/is-the-messenger-sent-to-dain-a-black-rider-or-the-mouth-of-sauron/ considers more possible] that it was a Nazgûl .</ref><br />
==War of the Ring==<br />
Sauron decided to assault Gondor directly. In [[Sauron's attack on Osgiliath|attack]] on [[Osgiliath]] he let the Nazgûl lead, causing terror with the [[Black Shadow]] among the [[Gondorians]]<ref name=council/><ref name=b3>{{app|B3}}</ref> and making them think that they are the vanguard of Sauron's military force. However this was a feigned move of Sauron, who intended them to send them invisible to look for the Ring.<Ref name=hunt>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Nazgûl were given black horses (stolen from [[Rohan]]) for transportation and set off to find "[[the Shire]]", on their way learning from a [[Squint-eyed Southerner]] that [[Saruman]] wasn't a true ally of Sauron. Failed to find it, they return to the [[Wold]] empty-handed; messengers from Sauron send them to [[Isengard]]. There they encountered [[Gríma Wormtongue]], who told them of the location of the Shire, but giving him a threatening message to Saruman.<Ref name=hunt/> <br />
<br />
Crossing the [[Fords of Isen]] they reached [[Sarn Ford]] at evening and drove off the guard of [[Rangers of the North]] and five pursued the Rangers eastward, then returned to guard the [[Greenway]]. The other four entered the Shire before the dawn of [[23 September]]; at nightfall [[Khamûl]] came to [[Hobbiton]] and interrogated [[Hamfast Gamgee]] asking for "[[Baggins]]", not knowing that [[Frodo Baggins]], the [[Ring-bearer]], had left the Shire that day.<ref name=b3/> <br />
<br />
On [[24 September]] a Rider approached Frodo and his companions near the [[Woody End]], when a [[Wandering Companies|Wandering Company]] of [[Elves]] approached form [[Emyn Beraid]], chanting the name of "[[Elbereth]]", and fled away.<Ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref> The [[25 September|next day]] a Rider came to [[Bamfurlong]] approached [[Farmer Maggot]] asking about Baggins. The farmer directed him to in Hobbiton. The Rider said that the individual had left Hobbiton promised him gold if he informed him the next time he came. The farmer felt chill and was enraged by his trespassing and threatened him with his [[dogs]], which, however, yelped and ran. The Rider was infuriated by his defiance, hissed and rode away.<ref>{{FR|I4}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[26 September]] two Riders came to the ''[[Prancing Pony]]'' at [[Bree]] and asked [[Nob]] for "Baggins", making the dogs and geese noisy. Nob, terrified, slammed the door on them, and the Riders continued all the way to [[Archet]].<ref name=strid>{{FR|Strider}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some days later, the hobbits arrived at Bree and [[Bill Ferny]] with the Southerner gave information about how one of the hobbits mysteriously "disappeared", but [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|one of them]] spotted this encounter presence, and notified the others.<ref name=strid/><br />
<br />
In the early hours of [[30 September]], Riders raided [[Crickhollow]] while others silently sneaked into the ''Prancing Pony'' and raided the room of the hobbits, but [[Aragorn]] had took them to his room. Aragorn led the hobbits away that day.<ref name=knife>{{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
They pursued [[Gandalf]] from Bree and attacked him at night on [[Weathertop]] who defended himself with his [[magic]].<ref name=b3/> Four Riders followed Gandalf as he escaped to the north.<ref name=council/> The others attacked again [[Aragorn]] and the [[hobbits]] while camping under Weathertop, and the Witch-king wounded [[Frodo Baggins]] with [[Morgul-wound]].<ref name=b3/><ref name=knife/> <br />
<br />
On [[11 October]] {{TA|3018}}<ref name=b3/> three Riders were guarding the [[Last Bridge]] of [[Mitheithel]] expecting [[Aragorn]] and the [[hobbits]] on their journey to [[Rivendell]]. Their plan was foiled by [[Glorfindel]], who drove them away.<ref name=b3/><ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref> Two days later, some of them pursued Frodo across the [[Ford of Bruinen]].<ref name=b3/> [[Elrond]] and [[Gandalf]] released a flood and the waters of [[Bruinen]] swept away and drowned the horses of the Riders.<ref name=council/> <br />
<br />
[[File:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Nazgûl'']]<br />
The Ringwraiths were forced to return to Mordor to regroup. They reappeared later mounted on [[Fell beasts|flying creatures]], at which point they were referred to as '''Winged Nazgûl'''.<br />
<br />
By the conclusion of the [[War of the Ring]], all of the Nine Nazgûl were destroyed. The [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] himself was slain by [[Éowyn]], the niece of King [[Théoden]] (with help from [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], known as "The Magnificent" thereafter) during the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. The remaining eight Ringwraiths attacked the Army of the West during the last battle at the [[Black Gate]]. However, when [[Frodo Baggins]] put on the ring in the fires of [[Mount Doom]], Sauron ordered the eight remaining Nazgûl to fly with all possible speed to Mount Doom to intercept Frodo. They arrived too late, with the Ring falling into the fire along with the hapless Gollum. The Nazgûl were caught in the firestorm of the erupting mountain and were destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Powers and abilities ==<br />
<br />
{{quote|The Nazgûl were they, the Ringwraiths, the Enemy's most terrible servants; darkness went with them, and they cried with the voices of death.|"[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"}}<br />
<br />
Given form only through the attire of black cloaks and hauberks of silver mail, their original form was completely gone and invisible to mortal eyes. Their hypnotic eyes could be plainly distinguished from their dark clothing, and in a rage they appeared in a hellish fire. Mortal men could not touch them (unless blessed by weapons or tools of the ancient [[Elves]] of the [[First Age]] or by the [[Dúnedain]], such as the barrow-blade used by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] on the [[Witch-king|Witch-king of Angmar]]). The Ringwraiths had many weapons, which included long swords of steel and flame, daggers with venomous properties, poisonous darts and black maces of great strength.<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Attack of the Wraiths.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Attack of the Wraiths'']]<br />
Their arsenal of deadly armaments was not confined to physical means; they also had seemingly magical weapons of devastating power. They were surrounded by an aura of terror, which affected all living creatures; their "breath" (called the ''[[Black Breath]]'') was poisonous, and their cries caused terror and despair in all who heard them. Some of the Nazgûl appear to have been accomplished sorcerers and used magic to devastating effect. According to Tolkien, though, it was the fear they inspired that was the chief danger:<br />
{{blockquote|They have no great physical power against the fearless," he wrote, "but what they have, and the fear that they inspire, is enormously increased in darkness|[[Letter 210]]}}<br />
<br />
The Nazgûl existed mostly in the wraith world (the [[Unseen]]), making them extremely difficult to harm. Ordinary weapons would not hurt them, and even weapons of [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] manufacture would be destroyed if they passed through the wraith forms of the Nazgûl. They could not, however, interact normally with the material world (the [[Seen]]): they needed garments and weapons provided by Sauron to give them form. Consequently, they could be defeated by attacks that destroyed their disguises, forcing them to return to [[Sauron]] to receive new ones.<br />
<br />
The Nazgûl spread terror in mortal creatures merely by their presence. Only specially trained horses or the [[fell beasts]] of [[Mordor]] could bear them. They caused panic and despair in their enemies simply by flying overhead, and only individuals of great courage could face them in combat.<br />
<br />
They were also poisonous to mortal beings, causing a condition known as the [[Black Breath]]. Merely being in the vicinity of one of them could cause disorientation and illness. Intense exposure could be lethal.<br />
<br />
The Nazgûl had poor vision in the material world, but they were acutely aware of the beings with a presence in the wraith world, like the wearer of [[the One Ring]] and certain Elves, such as Glorfindel. Anyone who could see into the wraith world could see the Nazgûl as they had appeared in their mortal lives.<br />
<br />
The [[Witch-king]] could also affect matter with his voice, shattering the dagger that Frodo had gotten in the [[Barrow-downs]] and weakening the gates of [[Minas Tirith]]. Whether other Nazgûl could perform similar feats is unknown.<br />
<br />
== Identities ==<br />
<br />
Only a few of the Nazgûl are named or identified individually. Their leader was the [[Witch-king|Witch-king of Angmar]], and his second in command was named [[Khamûl]]. Khamûl was a lord of [[Easterlings]],<ref name=Black>{{UT|Black}}</ref> and was the only Nazgûl known by his name. Three of them were [[Númenóreans]].<ref name=Akallabeth/> <br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
<br />
''Nazgûl'' means "ringwraiths" in the [[Black Speech]] (consisting of ''[[nazg]]'' + ''[[gûl]]'').<ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 31, 79, 125</ref><br />
<br />
== Other names and titles ==<br />
<br />
Among their many names and titles were: the Ringwraiths, the Black Riders, the Fell Riders, the Nine Riders, the Nine, the Nine Servants of the Lord of the Rings, the Black Wings, Winged Messenger(s), the Shadows, and the Shriekers.<br />
<br />
An [[Elvish]] name given for the Ringwraiths is '''''Úlairi'''''.<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref><ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}, p. 153 (§30)</ref> Linguists have remarked that it is a [[Quenya]] plural name of unknown meaning and etymology.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Helge Fauskanger]]|articleurl=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/eng-quen.rtf|articlename=English-Quenya Wordlist (Quettaparma Quenyanna)|dated=|website=Arda|accessed=25 June 2011}}</ref><ref>[[Ruth S. Noel]], ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]''</ref> [[Michael Martinez]], analysing the word, has tentatively suggested that: <br />
<br />
{{blockquote| ''Úlairi'' is a compound formed from ''Ú'' + ''lai'' + ''ri'' with probable meaning of "un (bad or immoral)" + "shadow" + "ones". In other words, the name may mean something like "those who are in/of unnatural shadow".<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Michael Martinez]]|articleurl=http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/08/15/what-is-the-literal-translation-of-ulairi/|articlename=What is the Literal Translation of Úlairi?|dated=15 August 2014|website=[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/ middle-earth.xenite.org]|accessed=16 August 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
The first appearance of a Black Rider in Tolkien's drafts was actually a disguised [[Gandalf]] who scared the Hobbits on their way to Rivendell, before revealing himself.<ref>{{RS|Hobbiton}}</ref><br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Nazgûl in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Ringwraiths.jpg|Four of the Nazgûl on horseback in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Ringwraith.jpg|A Ringwraith in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:War in Middle Earth - Nazgul 2.png|A Nazgûl from ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Ringwraiths.jpg|The Nazgûl in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Nazgûl.jpg|The Nine in '[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Nazgûl.jpg|The Nazgûl attack [[Sarn Ford]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''.<br />
}}<br />
===Films===<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Nine are clad in brown and black, and have red eyes. The attack on ''[[The Prancing Pony]]'' is their deed, not that of any accomplices. After the attack, they cast off their hoods, revealing the black armour and hideous masks they wear beneath their cloaks.<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
:The Nine are skull headed demons, who ride winged horses. The [[Witch-king]] himself rides a dragon-like creature, and has no face. Only a suspended crown and two red eyes can be seen. The Nazgûl have the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] rather than the emblem of [[Minas Morgul]]. <br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Nazgûl serve as the main antagonists in the first half of [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|the first film]]. Their dialogue is changed; the conversation with [[Gaffer Gamgee]] is omitted, and the conversation with [[Farmer Maggot]] is reduced. In the [[Unseen]], they are pale white ghostly creatures.<br />
<br />
:After the death of the Witch-king in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|the third film]], the other eight are taken out by [[Eagles]] and debris from [[Mount Doom]], however, nothing is told of their individual fates.<br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series) ]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king and the other Ringwraiths were buried in a dungeon in the [[High Fells of Rhudaur]] after the [[Battle of Fornost|fall]] of Angmar. The Witch-king initially appears in Dol Guldur, where he briefly fights [[Radagast]] with his Morgul-blade; he drops it and Radagast takes it, ultimately bringing it to [[Gandalf]], who then shows to the [[White Council]] in [[Rivendell]]. Later, Gandalf, following Galadriel's advice, visits the High Fells and discovers that the Nazgûl's cells were empty, broken open from the inside. Through this investigation, he is convinced that the Necromancer in Dol Guldur is indeed Sauron.<br />
<br />
:During the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]] they appeared in armour, ghostly versions of their mortal forms. The Nine do battle with Galadriel, [[Saruman]], and Elrond. During the confrontation between Galadriel and Sauron, their living forms seem to [[Unseen|phase in and out of reality]] as holograms. Eventually they are driven to Mordor, with their master following suit.<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
'''1993: [[Hobitit|''Hobitit'']]:'''<br />
:The Nine are featured in this adaptation through CGI as a passing shadow with their winged steed.They do not speak at all.<br />
<br />
===Radio series===<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The role of the Ringwraiths was expanded with material from ''[[The Hunt for the Ring]]''. <br />
===Games===<br />
'''1979: [[War of the Ring (1979 board game)|''War of the Ring'' (board game)]]:'''<br />
:The Nazgûl are present in this game. The Witch-king is the most powerful character available to the Sauron player. The second most powerful is identified as [[Gothmog]]. <br />
<br />
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''<br />
:The name of the eight, other than Khamûl, are given as ''Er-Mûrazôr'' (the [[Witch-king]], of Númenórean race), ''Dendra Dwar of Waw'', ''Jí Indûr Dawndeath'', ''Akhôrahil'' (Númenórean), ''Hôarmûrath of Dír'', ''Adûnaphel'' (female Númenórean), ''Ren the Unclean'' and ''Ûvatha Achef the Horseman''.<ref>{{ICE|Mannish}}</ref><ref>{{ICE|Angus}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''1995: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:The Nazgûl appear as hazard cards within ''[[Middle-earth: The Wizards]]''. Their names are identical to those used in Middle-Earth Role Playing, except for the Witch-king, who is referred to only as the Witch-king of Angmar. <br />
<br />
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''<br />
:The Nazgûl are portrayed as black figures with red eyes and purple mantle.<br />
<br />
'''2001-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''<br />
:All the Nazgûl are named - The Witch-king of [[Angmar]], The Dark Marshal, Khamûl The [[Easterlings|Easterling]], The Betrayer, The Shadow Lord, The Undying, The [[Dwimmerlaik]], The Tainted and The Knight of [[Umbar]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Black Riders form a threat in the Shire-stages of the game, where they need to be avoided by the player (in the persona of [[Frodo Baggins]]), and as the end boss for the game (in the persona of [[Aragorn]]). They are tall and robed in black, and nothing is seen underneath. <br />
<br />
'''2001-7: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:The Nazgûl, other than the Witch-king, are given [[Neo-Elvish|Neo-Quenya]] titles based on their numbers, and various English titles:<br />
:*Úlairë Attëa (from ''[[atta]]'' = 2); Black Predator, Keeper of [[Dol Guldur]], Second of the Nine Riders, The Easterling. <br />
:*Úlairë Nelya (from ''[[neldë]]'' = 3); Black Hunter, Lieutenant of Morgul, Third of the Nine Riders<br />
:*Úlairë Cantëa (from ''[[canta]]'' = 4); Black Assassin, Lieutenant of Dol Guldur, Fourth of the Nine Riders<br />
:*Úlairë Lemenya (from ''[[lempe]]'' = 5); Black Enemy, Lieutenant of Morgul, Fifth of the Nine Riders<br />
:*Úlairë Enquëa (from ''[[enquë]]'' = 6); Black Threat, Lieutenant of Morgul, Sixth of the Nine Riders<br />
:*Úlairë Ostëa [''sic'', later corrected to Úlairë Otsëa] (from ''[[otso]]'' = 7); Black Specter, Lieutenant of Morgul, Seventh of the Nine Riders<br />
:*Úlairë Toldëa (from ''[[tolto]]'' = 8); Black Shadow, Messenger of Morgul, Eighth of the Nine Riders<br />
:*Úlairë Nertëa (from ''[[nertë]]'' = 9); Black Horseman, Messenger of Dol Guldur, Ninth of the Nine Riders.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://forum.barrowdowns.com/showthread.php?t=801|articlename=Naming the Nazgul|dated=|website=[http://forum.barrowdowns.com/index.php? Forum.Barrowdowns.com]|accessed=31 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/selectCard/game_id/1/goal/|articlename=Lord Of The Rings (search function)|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Trade Cards Online]|accessed=31 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:The Mordor faction has two different Nazgûl units: "Witch-king on Fell Beast" and "Nazgûl on Fell Beast". They are primarily used for scouting and surprise attacks.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:A new Ringwraith is introduced in the expansion pack, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]''. Morgomir is the "Lieutenant of Carn-Dûm", the right-hand man of the Witch-king, of [[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]] descent. The design is similar to that in [[Peter Jackson]]'s films: he is hooded and cloaked when he works for the [[Mordor]] faction, and white and ghostly when he fights for Angmar.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Nazgûl appear throughout the game. Three are Easterlings: "The Bane of Rhûn", "The Woe of Khand", and "The Cursed Rider"; three are [[Haradrim]]: "The Grim Southron", "The High Sorcerer of Harad", and "The Forsaken Reaver"; and three are of Númenórean origin: "The Black Blade of Lebennin", "The Gloom of Nurn", and the Witch-king of Angmar. The Nazgûl are also given the [[Sindarin]] name "Gwatharan" (pl. "Gwetherain").<br />
<br />
:Early in the game one of the Nine wounds a [[Dúnedain]] ranger, Amdir, with a [[Morgul-knife|Morgul blade]], who is later transformed into a Wraith himself, despite the best efforts of Free Peoples. Later, the player attempts to resist the troubles the Nine are spreading in Bree-Land. During the Fellowship's stay in [[Lothlórien]], the [[Galadhrim]] Elves launch a military strike against [[Dol Guldur]], to draw the attention of the Eye from the company departing down the Shores of Anduin. During their travel down the waters of the Great River, Legolas shot and killed a fell shadow in the sky, not knowing it to be a Nazgûl. The player is later able to find the corpse of the fell beast in the [[Brown Lands]] and it becomes clear that a Nazgûl is not far. At night, the Wraith ambushes the player who manages to drive him away with the use of fire. <br />
<br />
:During the Battle of the Pelennor, the Witch-king plays the role as described in the books. The High Sorcerer of Harad and the Woe of Khand guard the way to Gothmog in the raid instance "Throne of the Dread Terror", and the Forsaken Reaver is found at the end of the "Quays of the [[Harlond (Gondor)|Harlond]] instance, in which he attempts to prevent Aragorn and his host from joining the battle. The Gloom of Nurn confronts the players at the conclusion of "The Silent Street" instance, as he attempts to reclaim the crown of Eärnur among the tombs of Gondor's kings and stewards.<br />
<br />
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''<br />
:In the Evil Campaign, the Eight Nazgûl bring the Witch-King back to life after Sauron reclaims the One Ring.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:The Nazgûl appear in a flashback during the prologue of the game, in which they attack the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] at [[Sarn Ford]], the entrance of [[the Shire]]. Later in the flashback their leader, the [[Witch-king]], speaks with [[Agandaûr]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</ref><br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''<br />
:Although the Nazgûl do not appear in the game, they are mentioned many times.<br />
<br />
'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''<br />
:The Nazgûl are featured in the game. Besides the [[Witch-king]] and [[Khamûl]] the other Nazgûl are:<br />
<br />
:*[[Helm|Helm Hammerhand]], the king of Rohan who fell into darkness after receiving a Ring of Power from Sauron and Celebrimbor, and in his rage he was turned into a Nazgûl. <br />
:*[[Talion]], who succumbed into the power of the Ring.<br />
:*[[Isildur]], whose body was found by Orcs. He was revived by Sauron after receiving a Ring of Power; he was eventually freed by Talion who took his place amongst the Nazgûl.<br />
:*Suladân, an original character, who was once a Númenórean king.<br />
:*The Nazgûl Sisters, also original characters, known as Riya and Yuka, who stole their Rings from the other Nazgûl and took their places.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* '''[[:Category:Images of Nazgûl|Images of Nazgûl]]'''<br />
* the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]]<br />
* [[Khamûl]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/01/29/what-is-the-history-of-the-nazgul/ What is the History of the Nazgul?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazgul}}<br />
[[Category:Black Speech words]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Nazgûl]]<br />
[[Category:Undead]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[de:Nazgûl]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul]]<br />
[[fi:Sormusaaveet]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Malbeth&diff=311779Malbeth2020-04-03T17:40:49Z<p>NotACat: /* History */ sp</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{arnorian infobox<br />
| name=Malbeth the Seer<br />
| image=[[File:SBG - Malbeth.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Malbeth from [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=[[Seer]]<br />
| location=[[Arthedain]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=Around [[Third Age]] 19th cent. <br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=Around [[Third Age]] 20th cent.<ref name=guide/><br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender= Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Malbeth''' was a [[seer]] and royal counsellor gifted with [[foresight]] who is remembered in lore for two prophecies concerning the fate of the descendants of [[Isildur]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Malbeth was probably a [[Dúnedain of the North|Dúnadan of the North]] who appears to have been a royal counsellor to the [[King of Arthedain]].<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Malbeth"</ref> He flourished during the reigns of [[Araphant]] and [[Arvedui]].<ref group=note>Malbeth's Númenorean ancestry is also evidenced in the length of time between the dates of the seer's known prophecies (1864 and 1975); at the time of the second prophecy, Malbeth must had been well over 100 years old.</ref> <br />
===Last King of Arthedain===<br />
In {{TA|1864}} when the son of [[Araphant]] (fourteenth [[Kings of Arnor|King]] of [[Arthedain]]) was born, Malbeth advised Araphant to name his son [[Arvedui]] meaning "''last king''",{{quote|Arvedui you shall call him, for he will be the last in Arthedain. Though a choice will come to the Dúnedain, and if they take the one that seems less hopeful, then your son will change his name and become king of a great realm. If not, then much sorrow and many lives of men shall pass, until the Dúnedain arise and are united again.|[[Appendix A]]}}<br />
<br />
===Paths of the Dead===<br />
Malbeth's second prophecy was made in the days of Arvedui (ruled {{TA|1964}} - {{TA|1974|n}}), in which the seer foretold [[Aragorn]]'s passage through the [[Paths of the Dead]] even though the event was over a thousand years in the future:{{quote|Over the land there lies a long shadow,<br>westward reaching wings of darkness.<br>The Tower trembles; to the tombs of kings<br>doom approaches. The Dead awaken;<br>for the hour is come for the oathbreakers:<br>at the [[Stone of Erech]] they shall stand again<br>and hear there a horn in the hills ringing.<br>Whose shall the horn be? Who shall call them<br>from the grey twilight, the forgotten people?<br>The heir of him to whom the oath they swore.<br>From the North shall he come, need shall drive him:<br>he shall pass the Door to the Paths of the Dead.|[[The Return of the King]], "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"}}<ref name=company>{{RK|Company}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Indeed, when [[Gondor]] was left without a [[Kings of Gondor|King]], Arvedui claimed the kingship, both as a [[Heir of Isildur]] and as the husband of Gondorian princess [[Fíriel]] who would be entitled to succeed her father to the throne. However the [[Gondorians]] ruled out his claim ("the one that seems less hopeful") choosing instead [[Earnil II|someone]] from the [[House of Anárion]], so Arvedui never became "king of a great realm" and didn't change his name. Instead as Malbeth said, there was "much sorrow"; the [[Battle of Fornost]] destroyed the North-kingdom, and Arvedui was drowned in the sea soon after, the last king of Arthedain.<ref>{{App|A}}</ref><br />
<br />
Malbeth's second prophecy was also fulfilled centuries later, during the [[War of the Ring]] when Aragorn (sixteenth [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]) learned from the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' that [[Gondor]] was being threatened from the south by a fleet of [[Corsairs]] from [[Umbar]]. He needed a route to get to them in haste, and [[Elrond]]'s message ("''Bid Aragorn remember the words of the seer, and the [[Paths of the Dead]]''") told him how. Aragorn (with [[Legolas]], [[Gimli]] and the [[Grey Company]]) travelled through the Paths of the Dead to the Stone of Erech where Aragorn blew a horn to summon the [[Oathbreakers]]. He told them he was [[Isildur]]'s heir and so they fulfilled their oath and defeated the Corsairs which helped Gondor win the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].<ref name=company /><br />
<br />
Aragorn fulfilled again the first prophecy, where Arvedui had failed; after "much sorrow and many lives of men", Aragorn finally became [[High King of the Dúnedain]] who were "[[Reunited Kingdom|united again]]".<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Malbeth's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Golden Word" from ''[[mal]]'' meaning "gold", and ''[[peth]]'' (becoming lenited to ''beth'') meaning "word, voice".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.realelvish.net/book_names.php|articlename=What do all those Names in the Books Mean?|website=[http://www.realelvish.net/ Merin Essi ar Quenteli!]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Malbeth]]<br />
[[fi:Malbeth]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/malbeth]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=House_of_Dol_Amroth&diff=300846House of Dol Amroth2018-08-22T11:53:46Z<p>NotACat: /* The Early Princes */ female entry should be italic</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Donato Giancola - Imrahil.jpg|thumb|[[Donato Giancola]] - Imrahil]]<br />
The '''House of Dol Amroth''' was a noble house of [[Gondor]] whose male heirs were the [[Princes of Dol Amroth]] descended from [[Galador]] the first prince. Legend told that his father, [[Imrazôr]] [[the Númenórean]] married a [[Silvan Elves|Silvan Elf]] named [[Mithrellas]], and from that time forward the house and kin were noble by blood and fair in face and mind.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, ''The Line of Dol Amroth'', p. 221</ref><br />
<br />
==The Family Tree of the House of Dol Amroth==<br />
Showing the descendants of Galador, the first of the [[Princes of Dol Amroth]]. All information in the tree is from ''[[The Peoples of Middle-Earth]]'', "The Heirs of Elendil", either ''The Line of Dol Amroth'' or ''The House of Dol Amroth''.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 221-223</ref> The figures after the names are those of birth and death where recorded (when only one figure is shown it is marked as either the date of birth, 'b.'). A dagger symbol, '†' signifies those who did not die of old age. A name preceded by '*' indicates one of the Princes. A name in ''italics'' indicates a woman.<br />
<br />
===The Early Princes===<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|IMR|y|MIT|IMR=[[Imrazôr]]<br/>[[the Númenórean]]<br/><small>''1950-2076''</small>|MIT=''[[Mithrellas]]''<br/><ref group="note1">Mithrellas was a companion of [[Nimrodel]] who was lost in the woods of [[Belfalas]] and harboured by Imrazôr, who wed her.</ref>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|GAL| |GIL|GAL=* [[Galador]]<br/><small>''2004-2129''</small>|GIL=''[[Gilmith]]''}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|SEC| | | | |SEC=* 2nd Prince<br/><small>''2060-2203''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|THI| | | | |THI=* 3rd Prince<br/><small>''2120-2254''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|FOU| | | | |FOU=* 4th Prince<br/><small>''2172-2299''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|FIF| | | | |FIF=* 5th Prince<br/><small>''2225-2348''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|SIX| | | | |SIX=* 6th Prince<br/><small>''2274-2400''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|SEV| | | | |SEV=* 7th Prince<br/><small>''2324-2458''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|EIG| | | | |EIG=* 8th Prince<br/><small>''2373-2498''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|NIN| | | | |NIN=* 9th Prince<br/><small>''2418-2540''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|TEN| | | | |TEN=* 10th Prince<br/><small>''2463-2582''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|ELE| | | | |ELE=* 11th Prince<br/><small>''2505-2623''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|TWE| | | | |TWE=* 12th Prince<br/><small>''2546-2660''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|THI| | | | |THI=* 13th Prince<br/><small>''2588-2701''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|FOU| | | | |FOU=* 14th Prince<br/><small>''2627-2733''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|FIF| | | | |FIF=* 15th Prince<br/><small>''2671-2746'' †</small><br/><ref group="note1">The 15th prince was slain by [[Corsairs of Umbar]].</ref>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|SIX| | | | |SIX=* 16th Prince<br/><small>''2709-2799'' †</small><br/><ref group="note1">The 16th prince was slain in battle.</ref>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|SEV| | | | |SEV=* 17th Prince<br/><small>''2746-2859''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|EIG| | | | |EIG=* 18th Prince<br/><small>''2785-2899''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|AGL| | | | |AGL=* Aglahad}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Early Princes Notes===<br />
<references group="note1"/><br />
<br />
===The Later Princes===<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | |AGL| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |AGL=* [[Aglahad]]<br/><small>''2827-2932''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | |ANG| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ANG=* [[Angelimir]]<br/><small>''2866-2977''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | |ADR| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ADR=* [[Adrahil II]]<br/><small>''2917-3010''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;|IVR| |FIN|~|DEN| |IMR| | | | | | | | | | |IVR=''[[Ivriniel]]''<br/><small>''b. 2947''</small>|FIN=''[[Finduilas (wife of Denethor)|Finduilas]]''<br/><small>''2950-2987'' †</small><br/><ref group="note2">Finduilas was said to wither in [[Minas Tirith]] away from the sea and died very young.</ref>|DEN=[[Denethor|Denethor II]]|IMR=* [[Imrahil]]<br/><small>''2955-FoA 34''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:nowrap;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | |ELP| |ERC| |AMR| |LOT|~|EOM|ELP=* [[Elphir]]<br/><small>''b. 2987''</small>|ERC=[[Erchirion]]<br/><small>''b. 2990''</small>|AMR=[[Amrothos]]<br/><small>''b. 2994''</small>|LOT=''[[Lothíriel]]''<br/><small>''b. 2999''</small>|EOM=King [[Éomer]]<br/>of [[Rohan]]}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
===Later Princes Notes===<br />
<references group="note2"/><br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Princes of Dol Amroth]]<br />
[[Category:Gondorians]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Elladan&diff=299509Talk:Elladan2018-05-24T12:14:51Z<p>NotACat: Depiction in LOTRO</p>
<hr />
<div>== Depiction in LOTRO ==<br />
<br />
Both Elrohir and Elladan appear in LOTRO as described on [https://lotro-wiki.com/index.php/Elladan the LOTRO wiki].<br />
HTH HAND —[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 12:14, 24 May 2018 (UTC)</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Elrohir&diff=299508Talk:Elrohir2018-05-24T12:14:39Z<p>NotACat: Depiction in LOTRO</p>
<hr />
<div>== Depiction in LOTRO ==<br />
<br />
Both Elrohir and Elladan appear in LOTRO as described on [https://lotro-wiki.com/index.php/Elrohir the LOTRO wiki].<br />
HTH HAND —[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 12:14, 24 May 2018 (UTC)</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nauglam%C3%ADr&diff=297305Nauglamír2018-03-02T18:47:31Z<p>NotACat: fix name</p>
<hr />
<div>{{object infobox<br />
| name=Nauglamír<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Nauglamir.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Nauglamír" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun={{respell|now|gla-mear}}<br />
| othernames="Necklace of the Dwarves"<br />
| location=[[Nargothrond]], [[Doriath]], [[Mouths of Sirion]]<br />
| owner=[[Finrod]], [[Thingol]], [[Lúthien]], [[Dior]], [[Elwing]]<br />
| type=Jewellery<br />
| appearance=Necklace of great beauty; ornamented with the gems from [[Valinor]] and later with a [[Silmaril]]<br />
| creator=Dwarves of the [[Ered Luin]]<br />
| created=<br />
| createdlocation=<br />
| destroyer=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| destroyedlocation=<br />
| notablefor=Containing a [[Silmarils|Silmaril]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Nauglamír''' or '''Necklace of the Dwarves''' was a famed piece of jewellery; combined with the craft of [[Dwarves]] and gems from [[Valinor]] it was of great grace and beauty which it gave to its wearer. Despite being loaded with gems, it sat lightly on the neck.<ref name=return/><br />
<br />
It bore the [[Silmaril]] rescued by [[Beren]] from the [[Iron Crown]], and it became jewellery more beautiful than anything ever before seen in [[Arda]]. But because of the Silmaril it was coveted by the [[Sons of Fëanor]] and entangled in the [[Doom of the Noldor]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Nauglamir was made for [[Finrod]] by [[Dwarves]] of the [[Ered Luin]] (probably [[Dwarves of Nogrod]]) and was the most renowned of their works in that age. They fastened on it gems that Finrod brought from [[Valinor]].<ref name=return>{{S|Return}}</ref> It was his most prized treasure in Nargothrond and the most famed Dwarven work of the [[Elder Days]].<ref name=doriath>{{S|Doriath}}</ref><br />
<br />
During and after the [[Fall of Nargothrond]]<ref>{{S|Turin}}</ref> the Nauglamír remained therefore forgotten in the hoard of [[Glaurung]]. [[Húrin|Húrin Thalion]] found it and brought the famous treasure to the Kingdom of [[Doriath]], and threw it on the floor, bitterly "thanking" [[Thingol]] for fostering [[Turin Turambar|his son]] and [[Morwen|wife]]. When Húrin left, [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] had been invited to [[Menegroth]] by Thingol and decided to refashion it and fasten the [[Silmaril]] of [[Lúthien]] and [[Beren]] on it.<ref name=doriath/><br />
[[File:Henning Janssen - Nauglamir and the Doom of Thingol.jpg|thumb|left|Henning Janssen - ''Nauglamir and the Doom of Thingol'']]<br />
The Dwarves were enthralled by its gems and of course the Silmaril, and demanded it from Thingol, claiming it as just payment for their labours. Thingol realized that they wished to possess the Silmaril, and sent them from Doriath without any payment, an event which led directly to his murder. The Dwarves fled, only to be slaughtered by the avenging Elves who killed all but two and returned the Nauglamír to Doriath. However a great host from [[Nogrod]], roused to war, and begun the [[Battle of the Thousand Caves]], stealing the entire treasure of Doriath including the Nauglamír. But they were waylaid by Beren Erchamion at [[Sarn Athrad]]. The Dwarves were all [[Battle of Sarn Athrad|slain]], and the treasure was cast into the [[Ascar|River Ascar]], except for the Nauglamír, which Beren took to Lúthien.<ref name=doriath/> <br />
<br />
Lúthien wore the Nauglamír for the rest of her life, their combining beauty being the fairest beauty east of Valinor. At her second death, a Lord of the [[Green-elves]] brought it to her son, [[Dior]], back to Doriath; but when the [[Sons of Fëanor]] heard about its whereabouts, they attacked Doriath in an attempt to claim the Silmaril in the [[Second Kinslaying]] where Dior was killed. This attempt failed, as Dior's daughter [[Elwing]] fled to the [[Havens of Sirion]] saving the Nauglamír.<ref name=doriath/><br />
<br />
The Sons of Fëanor were still after the Silmaril, and attacked the Mouths of Sirion, resulting in the [[Third Kinslaying]]. Elwing cast herself into the sea with it. It is not known what happened to the Nauglamír, but Elwing and the Silmaril were saved by [[Ulmo]] who brought her in the hands of Eärendil; it was its light that guided him through the [[Shadowy Seas]] and he found his way to Valinor. The [[Valar]] then set this Silmaril as a Star and worn on his brow.<ref>{{S|24}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology and Names==<br />
<br />
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']] the word ''nauglamîr'' is listed as [[Doriathrin]],<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 373 (root [[MIR|MIR-]])</ref> while the true [[Noldorin]] idiom is said to be ''[[Mîr]] [[Na (Sindarin)|na]] [[naug|Nauglin]]'' or ''Nauglvir'' (-> ''Nauglavir'').<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 375 (note that [[Christopher Tolkien]] uses the capitalized form of ''Mîr'' in the Index; cf. p. 442)</ref>s <br />
<br />
==Other Versions of the Legendarium==<br />
In ''The Book of Lost Tales Part Two'', the Nauglamír, then called ''Nauglafring'', is more important: it more directly causes the death of Thingol as it gets caught behind a tree branch when Thingol is riding outside the Girdle of [[Melian]] and is attacked by the Dwarves. Thingol, unhorsed, is slain, after which Melian's protection is lifted and Doriath is sacked.<ref name=lt2iv>{{LT2|IV}}</ref><br />
<br />
The old form of the Nauglamir, the ''Nauglafring'' is in [[Goldogrin]]. The first element is ''naugl-'', "dwarf", and the second element is ''fring'', "carcanet, necklace".<ref name=lt2iv/><ref>{{LT2|IVn}}</ref><br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Rings and Jewels]]<br />
[[de:Nauglamír]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/nauglamir]]<br />
[[fi:Nauglamír]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9agol&diff=296220Déagol2018-01-12T06:18:25Z<p>NotACat: rogue comma</p>
<hr />
<div>{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Déagol<br />
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Déagol.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Déagol from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=Near [[Gladden Fields]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=<br />
| birth=c. {{TA|2400}}-{{TA|2450|n}}{{fact}}<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=c. {{TA|2463}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref><br />
| deathlocation=[[Gladden Fields]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| family=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Déagol''' was the [[Stoors|Stoor]] [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] who had found [[the One Ring]] while diving in the [[Gladden River|Gladden]] river (a tributary to the [[Anduin]]) with his friend and relative [[Gollum|Sméagol]].<ref>{{L|214}} p. 292</ref> Sméagol (later known as [[Gollum]]) demanded the ring and murdered Déagol when he refused to give it to him.<ref>{{FR|I2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Déagol'' is an [[Old English]] translation of the "original" [[Westron]] name '[[Nahald]]'.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref> Both names carry the meaning "apt to hide, secretive".<br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:Déagol is played by [[New Zealand]] actor [[Thomas Robins]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0992718/bio|articlename=Biography for Thomas Robins|dated=|website=[http://www.imdb.com/ IMDB]|accessed=30 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| died=c. {{TA|2463}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=Vacant<br />
| prev=Last held by:<br/>[[Isildur]], c. 2461 years earlier<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=briefly, c. {{TA|2463}}<br />
| next=[[Gollum|Sméagol]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deagol}}<br />
[[Category:Stoors]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[de:Déagol]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hobbits:deagol]]<br />
[[fi:Déagol]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Noldor&diff=295392Talk:Noldor2017-11-28T08:37:14Z<p>NotACat: which difference?</p>
<hr />
<div>Didn't it say in the Silmarillion that Finarfin did claim High Kingship of the Noldor in Aman when he left Fëanor?<br />
[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]]<br />
<br />
==Family Tree==<br />
Why is the family tree under the House of Finwë different from most others on other pages? Is there a way to fix it? --[[User:DoctorWellington|DoctorWellington]] 22:41, 27 November 2017 (UTC)<br />
:To which particular difference do you refer and how would you wish to change it? —[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 08:37, 28 November 2017 (UTC)</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Shadows_of_Angmar&diff=294314The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar2017-08-11T20:51:30Z<p>NotACat: /* Synopsis */ SPaG</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Angmar|[[Angmar (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{video game infobox<br />
| image=[[Image:The Lord of the Rings Online- Shadows of Angmar box.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=The Lord of the Rings Online:<br>Shadows of Angmar<br />
| developer=[[Turbine|Turbine, Inc]]<br />
| publisher=[[Turbine|Turbine, Inc]] (North America and Europe)<br />[[Midway Games]]<br />[[Codemasters]] (Europe, till 2010))<br/>[[IT Territory]] (Russia)<ref name="Korea and Russia">{{webcite|author=William Dobson|articleurl=http://massively.joystiq.com/2009/04/23/lord-of-the-rings-online-launches-in-korea-and-russia/|articlename=Lord of the Rings Online launches in Korea and Russia|dated=23 April 2009|website=Massively|accessed=2 January 2012}}</ref><br/>[[NHN Corporation]] (South Korea)<ref name="Korea and Russia"/><br>[[Sakura Internet]] (Japan, till 2009)<ref>{{webcite|author=Karl B.|articleurl=http://www.qj.net/mmorpg/news/turbine-eyes-japanese-market-for-lotro-distribution.html|articlename=Turbine eyes Japanese market for LotRO distribution|dated=22 September 2006|website=qj.net|accessed=17 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://casualstrolltomordor.com/2009/09/japan-server-shut-down/|articlename=Japan Server Shut Down|dated=30 September 2009|website=Casual Strolls to Mordor|accessed=17 March 2012}}</ref><br />
| platform=Microsoft Windows<br />
| releasedate=[[24 April|April 24]], [[2007]]<br />
| genre=MMORPG<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar''''' is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) set in [[Middle-earth]] during the time of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is the initial verision of ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' (LOTRO or LotRO) and is referred to as volume I of the game.<br />
<br />
The game's story line starts at the beginning of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' Book I, Chapter III "[[Three is Company]]" and ends at the end of Book II, Chapter II "[[The Council of Elrond]]".<br />
__TOC__<br />
==Release==<br />
[[Turbine]] and [[Midway Games, Inc.]] officially launched ''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar'' on April 24th, 2007 in North America for PC computers. [[Codemasters]] handles the European version of the game.<br />
<br />
==Game Play==<br />
<br />
In ''Shadows of Angmar'', Turbine allows players to create customized characters ([[elves]], [[dwarves]], [[hobbits]], or [[men]]) to explore Middle-earth as a persistant 3D world environment, undertaking trival and epic quests (the main story line), and battling against a wide variety of creatures and enemies in player-vs-enviorment. These are creatures and enemies found in the [[legendarium]]. Players can also craft equipment and consumable items (including the popular varieties of pipe-weed), as well as enjoy recreational activities such as player-generated music.<br />
<br />
The game also has player-vs-player (PvP) combat with the [[free peoples]] fighting player controlled enemies (called "creeps). Once the player levels a free person to level 10 they can create an [[Orcs|orc]], [[uruk-hai]], [[warg]] or [[spider]] and fight against the free peoples. Player-vs-player is limited to the region of the [[Ettenmoors]].<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
The majority of the dialog in the game is textually based, but there are some characters with spoken dialog. There are also some characters that will speak a line or two of the dialog, but the rest of the dialog will be text.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Role !! Actor<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gandalf]] || [[Harry Chase]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sandar / Chef Vraz / Warg Rider Goblin || [[Mike Vaughn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Additional Voices || [[Brian Talbot]]<br />
|-<br />
| Additional Voices || [[Neil Kaplan]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
{{Lotrosoabooks}}<br />
'''Introduction'''<br />
<br />
There are four different introductions depending on the race of the player, one for each race. They all start off at either a different time or place, but the Hobbit and Man introductions and the Dwarf and Elf introductions merge at a certain point in the story line.<br />
<br />
'''[[Prologue (Shadows of Angmar)|Prologue]]'''<br />
<br />
There are four different prologues, one for each race, but a player of any race can do any of the prologues.<br />
<br />
'''Book I - ''[[Stirrings in the Darkness]]'':'''<br />
<br />
After the prologue, the player is sent to [[Aragorn]], who needs your help to weaken the Blackwolds, a hostile gang within Breeland, loyal to [[Saruman|Sharkey]]. After helping Aragorn and the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]], they send you to [[Tom Bombadil]] to destroy the evil in Othrongroth, The Great Barrow of the [[Barrow-downs]]. Though the Wightlord Sambrog is defeated, the [[Witch-king]], Ivar and Skorgrim escape. Upon returning to [[Bree]], you discover [[Aragorn]] has left with the [[Hobbits]] and the player meets [[Gandalf]], who was too late to help. As he leaves for Rivendell too, he instructs you to find one of his fellow [[Istari]].<br />
<br />
'''Book II - ''[[The Red Maid]]'':'''<br />
<br />
[[Radagast|Radagast the Brown]] asks for your help in cleansing Garth Agarwen from the evil wights that inhabit it. Ultimately you and Radagast will fight Ivar the Bloodhand, their leader and servant of the [[Witch-king]]. After succeeding, you are urgently sent to the North Downs to aid the Rangers there.<br />
<br />
'''Book III - ''[[The Council of the North]]'':'''<br />
<br />
You are asked by [[Halbarad]] to aid in the defense of the North Downs against [[Angmar]]'s forces, by uniting the three main armies of the North Downs: the Men of Trestlebridge, the Dwarves led by [[Dori]] and [[Gildor]]'s Elves. After this, You are sent to Rivendell, where the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] has now safely arrived.<br />
<br />
'''Book IV - ''[[Chasing Shadows]]'':'''<br />
<br />
[[Nazgûl|The Black Rider]] that survived the Flood of [[Elrond]] is still in the [[Trollshaws]], making it impossible for the Fellowship to leave. With the help of [[Legolas]], [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]], you chase the [[Nazgûl]], destroying the Trolls he has corrupted, and forcing the Ringwraith to retreat to the [[Misty Mountains]]. You are sent to pursue him, where [[Glóin]] and [[Gimli]] have set up camp.<br />
<br />
'''Book V - ''[[The Last Refuge]]'':'''<br />
<br />
Your search for the [[Nazgûl]] brings you to the final stronghold of Skorgrim and the Dourhands. An assault led by Gimli will result in the fall of Skorgrim and the Dourhands. But the Nazgûl has fled to Helegrod, where the ancient Dragon Thorog has been revived in order to serve the [[Sauron|Dark Lord]]. You arrive just in time to stop the Nazgûl, defeating him and making the Dragon harmless, for now. Now that [[Rivendell]] is safe, it is time to move on to [[Angmar]] itself.<br />
<br />
'''Book VI - ''[[Fires in the North]]'':'''<br />
<br />
Rangers, led by Corunir and Golodir, have gone to [[Angmar]] and their kinsmen want to know what has become of them. Upon entering Angmar, you find Corunir safe in a friendly Hillmen village. He begs you to find his lost company, who passed through Rammas Deluon: a great series of statues that weakens (or even kills) those who pass it. But after destroying the spirits within them, you are able to resist the power of Rammas Deluon, and find a [[Dwarves|dwarf]] settlement, where a part of the scattered party lives.<br />
<br />
'''Book VII - ''[[The Hidden Hope]]'':'''<br />
<br />
You are informed Golodir settled at Gath Forthnir, far in the North. When arriving there, Golodir is gone and the Rangers are led by his daughter, Lorniel. Lorniel reveals that Golodir has been captured by Mordirith, Steward of [[Angmar]], and has been locked away in [[Carn Dûm]]. As leader of the remaining Rangers, and with the help of Laerdan, Lorniel launches an assault on Carn Dûm, where she is slain by Mordirith, who then releases Golodir, to continue his torture. <br />
<br />
'''Book VIII - ''[[The Scourge of the North]]'':'''<br />
<br />
Golodir's grief for the death of his daughter has almost destroyed him, yet he sees a chance to avenge her. Reclaiming an ancient sword, he travels with you to the heart of [[Carn Dûm]], defeating Mordirith with the blade. Mordirith drops his ''[[palantír]]'', a great seeing stone, which is quickly taken by the mysterious Sara Oakheart.<br />
<br />
'''Book IX - ''[[Shores of Evendim]]'':'''<br />
<br />
You learn Sara Oakheart is no less than [[Amarthiel]], the Champion of Angmar. She has set up a plot from Barad Gularan to use you to weaken [[Mordirith]]. Now she has the ''[[palantír]]'', she can communicate with [[Sauron]] and challenge Mordirith's position. You are sent to kill all of Mordirith's Knights, in an attempt to further weaken his power. But despite your victories over Mordirith, Amarthiel only grows stronger. After losing [[Fornost]] and Barad Gularan, she moves to [[Annúminas]], the ancient capital of [[Arnor]]. The Rangers there, led by Calenglad, need your aid.<br />
<br />
'''Book X - ''[[The City of Kings]]'':'''<br />
<br />
A massive battle in [[Annúminas]] ensues, the wise [[Elves|Elf]] Laerdan offers his services to Calenglad. One of [[Amarthiel]]'s captains is captured, but while in captivity, he angers Laerdan, making the Elf decide to fight Amarthiel on his own, in an attempt to make up for his mistakes in the past. Again the Free People have been tricked by Amarthiel and her servants. Together with the Rangers of Evendim, you are able to wrestle the ''[[palantír]]'' from Amarthiel's clutches, but Laerdan is lost. But within the ''palantír'', Amarthiel saw a glimpse of where Narchuil, her ancient ring, lies. She is now determined to possess its power once more.<br />
<br />
'''Book XI - ''[[Prisoner of the Free Peoples]]'':'''<br />
<br />
Amarthiel's captain Mordrambor breaks free, killing many rangers. Soon he leads an army out of [[Annúminas]], to find Amarthiel's Ring, Narchuil. You attempt to find Narchuil before Amarthiel can, searching the ancient ruins of the [[Trollshaws]]. After much searching, it turns out Narmeleth, Laerdan's daughter, who originally caused Amarthiel's fall in [[Fornost]], has become possessed by her. But all searching seems in vain, when it is revealed Amarthiel has already found Narchuil. However, [[Elrond]] does not fall for her trickery again, he realises Narchuil is still out there, and Laerdan knows where.<br />
<br />
'''Book XII - ''[[The Ashen Wastes]]'':'''<br />
<br />
[[Amarthiel]] has Laerdan transported to [[Angmar]], where she learns from him under torture where her Ring is. In a brave attempt to save both Laerdan and the ring Narchuil, you are able to get to them before Amarthiel does, despite losing another Ranger. But only half of the ring was found. Laerdan confesses to [[Elrond]] he has broken Narchuil in two, and where the other part should be. But then he swears an oath upon [[Varda|Elbereth]] that he will not rest before he has saved his daughter, and leaves the Council.<br />
<br />
'''Book XIII - ''[[Doom of the Last-King]]'':'''<br />
<br />
Trying to find out more about the other half of Narchuil, you are sent to [[Forochel]]. However Amarthiel's forces have already arrived, and are already searching. In an attempt to find the ring before the Angmarim, the player receives help from [[Arvedui]]'s Ghost. In the final chapter, it seems Mordrambor has betrayed Amarthiel; the two start to battle and disappear from view. The player then retrieves the second half of Narchuil and returns it to Rivendell.<br />
<br />
'''Book XIV - ''[[The Ring-forges of Eregion]]'':'''<br />
<br />
Still seeking to save Narmeleth, Laerdan travels with the two halves of Narchuil to [[Eregion]]. Amarthiel, baiting him in, reclaims Narchuil for herself. Elrond sends many Heralds of [[Rivendell]] to all corners of [[Eriador]] to help him in his search for the lost Ring-lore. But all efforts are too late, for Narchuil has been reforged when the Free People reach Eregion. It quickly becomes clear none are able to withstand Narchuil, until Mordrambor, Amarthiel's former servant, arrives. They go outside, where Mordirith arrives. Mordirith is in power once again, but Amarthiel does not surrender and believes she can defeat him with Narchuil. But Mordirith has the power of the [[Witch-king]] and defeats her. Mordrambor claims Narchuil as his own, and when he is about to finish Amarthiel, Laerdan appears. He now knows Mordirith is actually [[Eärnur]], the last King of [[Gondor]]. Mordirith orders Mordrambor to kill Laerdan, after which the two leave. Amarthiel is crying over her father, and set captive by the Free People.<br />
<br />
'''Book XV - ''[[Daughter of Strife]]'':'''<br />
<br />
With the death of her father, Narmeleth is once again freed from the evil influence of Amarthiel. Narmeleth becomes a captive of the Free Peoples and she sacrifices herself in order to help defeat Mordrambor and aid the Free Peoples. The book ends bittersweet with Narmeleth's redemption and her death.<br />
<br />
==Trailers==<br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|GX74t5A8Yx8|600}}</center><br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|fnf_DCxaKVE|600}}</center><br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|bMCflZ6sdt0|600}}</center><br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|nuffMndkrys|600}}</center><br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|VOEcXrbG4OI|600}}</center><br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|n1MVDLqlUUU|600}}</center><br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|pph7qsVCrVk|600}}</center><br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|xaLW0FSda5U|600}}</center><br />
<center>{{#ev:youtubehd|WooWhB5U984|600}}</center><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
{{lotro}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings Online Shadows of Angmar}}<br />
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings Online|Shadows of Angmar]]<br />
[[Category:Turbine games]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Elendor&diff=294131Elendor2017-07-31T21:51:05Z<p>NotACat: sp</p>
<hr />
<div>{{video game infobox<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Elendor<br />
| developer=<br />
| publisher=<br />
| platform=[[wikipedia:Personal Computer|Personal Computer]]<br />
| releasedate=October [[1991]]<br />
| genre=[[wikipedia:MUSH|MUSH]], [[wikipedia:Role-playing game#Electronic media|RPG]]<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
'''Elendor''' is a MUSH (Multi-User Shared Hallucination) server based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s writings, especially ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<ref name="Tolkien Games">[http://www.lysator.liu.se/tolkien-games/entry/elendor.html Elendor] at Tolkien Games (retrieved 8 January 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.meristation.com/v3/des_articulo.php?pic=CON&id=2254&idj=&idp=&tipo=art&c=1&pos=7 Meristation, El Anillo interactivo] p. 8 (retrieved 8 January 2011)</ref><ref name="Elendor-home">[http://www.elendor.net/index.php/Main_Page The Offical Elendor Site] (retrieved 8 January 2011)</ref> Users create characters according to the theme of the books, depending on the culture and race of choice. The purpose is to create a role-playing environment as close as possible to Tolkien's [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
Established in October [[1991]], Elendor is the oldest and most popular Tolkien-based MUSH on the internet.<ref name="Tolkien Games"/><ref name="Elendor-home"/> As of May [[2005]], the number of registered users in the game was over 2,000. Middle-earth from [[Belegaer]] to the [[Sea of Rhûn]] can be visited,<ref name="Elendor-ascalades">[http://www.elendor.net/index.php/Accolades The Official Elendor Site, Ascalades] (retrieved 8 January 2011)</ref> there are different descriptions for different times at the day and seasons.<ref name="Elendor-ascalades"/><br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
<br />
New players can be either a [[Dwarves|Dwarf]], [[Elves|Elf]], [[Hobbits|Hobbit]], [[Men|Men]] or [[Orcs|Orc]].<ref name="Elendor-home"/> As IC (In-Character) and OOC (Out of Character) rank is established, players may get chances to play other races. A full list of races can be find below:<br />
<br />
* "Araurak" ([[Half-Orcs]])<ref>[http://www.elendor.net/index.php/Category:Arauruk_Cultures The Official Elendor Site, Araurak cultures] (retrieved 8 January 2011)</ref><br />
* "Beijabar" (Shapechangers, including the [[Beornings]])<ref>[http://www.elendor.net/index.php/Category:Beijabar_Cultures The Official Elendor Site, Beijabar cultures] (retrieved 8 January 2011)</ref><br />
* [[Dragons|Dragons]] (only playable by Administrators and game designers)<ref>[http://www.elendor.net/index.php/Category:Dragon_Cultures The Official Elendor Site, Dragon cultures] (retrieved 8 January 2011)</ref><br />
* [[Dúnedain|Dúnadan]]<br />
* [[Dwarves|Dwarf]]<br />
* [[Eagles|Eagle]]<br />
* [[Elves|Elf]]<br />
* [[Ents|Ent]]<br />
* [[Half-elves|Half-Elf]]<br />
* [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]<br />
* [[Maiar|Maia]]<br />
* [[Men|Human]]<br />
* [[Nazgûl]]<br />
* [[Olog-hai]]<br />
* Raugdhrog ([[Wargs]])<ref>[http://www.elendor.net/index.php/Category:Raugdhrog_Cultures The Official Elendor Site, Raugdhrog cultures] (retrieved 8 January 2011)</ref><br />
* [[Trolls|Trol]]<br />
* [[Uruks|Uruk]]<br />
* [[Uruk-hai]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.elendor.net/ Elendor MUSH Homepage]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:MUSH]]<br />
[[Category:Role playing games]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Cubicle_7_Entertainment&diff=277397Cubicle 7 Entertainment2015-08-11T11:47:38Z<p>NotACat: spelling error</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Cubicle 7 Entertainment logo.jpg|Company logo|frame]]<br />
<br />
'''Cubicle 7 Entertainment''' is a British-based publisher and events company, specialising in the games industry. Founded in 2006, by Angus Abranson and Dominic McDowall-Thomas, the company has published role-playing games from a list of licensed and home-grown properties. On [[20 January|January 20]] [[2010]], Cubicle announced the release of ''[[The One Ring: The Lord of the Rings Role-playing Game]]''. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.cubicle7.co.uk Offical webpage]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Businesses]]<br />
[[Category:British businesses]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Woodridings&diff=271037Talk:Woodridings2015-06-19T10:36:28Z<p>NotACat: OK</p>
<hr />
<div>== Replacements ==<br />
<br />
Out of curiosity I looked up this address on Google Street View, and [https://goo.gl/maps/jGrqU lo] it seems that the original house has been replaced…with "Beren House" and "Luthien House".<br />
Worthy of inclusion?<br />
—[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 14:01, 18 June 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Yes. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 09:53, 19 June 2015 (UTC)<br />
::OK, done ;-) —[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 10:36, 19 June 2015 (UTC)</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Woodridings&diff=271036Woodridings2015-06-19T10:34:53Z<p>NotACat: what happened after Tolkien moved out…</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Woodridings''', or '''19 Lakeside Road''', was a bungalow owned by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. It was situated in Branksome, Poole near [[Bournemouth]]. He bought the house in [[1968]], and he and [[Edith Tolkien|Edith]] lived there until her death in [[1972]]. They moved there to escape Tolkien's fame in [[Oxford]] after his retirement.<ref name=TL838>Pieter Collier, 9th July 2008, "[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/838-Own_a_Piece_of_Tolkien_History.php Here is your chance to own a piece of Tolkien history]", [[TolkienLibrary.com]]</ref><br />
<br />
The house was sold some time after September 2007 by the person who bought it from Tolkien<ref name=TL838/> and subsequently demolished to be replaced with two "superb contemporary houses", which at some point were given the names "Luthien House" and "Beren House".<ref>[https://goo.gl/maps/jGrqU Luthien House and Beren House] on [[wikipedia:Google Street View|Google Street View]] as of 19th June 2015</ref><br />
<br />
Various "treasures" recovered from Tolkien's house were put up for exhibition in November 2008.<ref>Pieter Collier, 8th November 2008, "[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/851-Tolkien-Woodriding-features-exhibition.php Tolkien Treasures from Woodridings come to Hazael Design in Wimborne]", [[TolkienLibrary.com]]</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Homes]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:SD&diff=270991Template talk:SD2015-06-18T16:17:12Z<p>NotACat: explaining my edit</p>
<hr />
<div>I edited this because the former version included an unwanted line break (after the first <code><nowiki><noinclude></nowiki></code> section) which caused some odd effects in articles using it outside a reference.<br />
—[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 16:17, 18 June 2015 (UTC)</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Template:SD&diff=270990Template:SD2015-06-18T16:14:14Z<p>NotACat: consolidate the <noinclude> sections to avoid unsightly line-break under certain circumstances</p>
<hr />
<div>{{#switch:{{{1|}}}<br />
| Fragments | Fragments = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Arundel Lowdham's 'Fragments' (illustrations)"<br />
| Foreword | Foreword = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Foreword"<br />
| 1 | End = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age"<br />
| I | Mordor = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: I. The Story of Frodo and Sam in Mordor"<br />
| Ic | Ic = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: I. The Story of Frodo and Sam in Mordor: The Chronology of writing"<br />
| In | In = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: I. The Story of Frodo and Sam in Mordor: Notes"<br />
| Ir | Ir = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: I. The Story of Frodo and Sam in Mordor: The rejected preliminary version of 'The March of Aragorn and defeat of the Haradrim'"<br />
| II | Kirith = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: II. The Tower of Kirith Ungol"<br />
| IIn | IIn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: II. The Tower of Kirith Ungol: Notes"<br />
| III | Shadow = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: III. The Land of Shadow"<br />
| IIIn | IIIn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: III. The Land of Shadow: Notes"<br />
| IIIg | IIIg = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: III. The Land of Shadow: Note on the Geography"<br />
| IIIc | IIIc = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: III. The Land of Shadow: Note on the Chronology"<br />
| IV | Doom = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: IV. Mount Doom"<br />
| IVn | IVn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: IV. Mount Doom: Notes"<br />
| IVc | IVc = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: IV. Mount Doom: Note on the Chronology"<br />
| V | Kormallen = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: V. The Field of Kormallen"<br />
| Vn | Vn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: V. The Field of Kormallen: Notes"<br />
| Vs | Vs = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: V. The Field of Kormallen: The Story Foreseen from Kormallen"<br />
| VI | King = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: VI. The Steward and the King"<br />
| VIn | VIn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: VI. The Steward and the King: Notes"<br />
| VIc | VIc = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: VI. The Steward and the King: Note on the Chronology"<br />
| VII | Partings = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: VII. Many Partings"<br />
| VIIn | VIIn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: VII. Many Partings: Notes"<br />
| VIIc | VIIc = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: VII. Many Partings: Note on the Chronology"<br />
| VIII | Bound = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: VIII. Homeward Bound"<br />
| VIIIn | VIIIn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: VIII. Homeward Bound: Notes"<br />
| IX | Shire = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: IX. The Scouring of the Shire"<br />
| IXn | IXn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: IX. The Scouring of the Shire: Notes"<br />
| X | Grey = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: X. The Grey Havens"<br />
| Xn | Xn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: X. The Grey Havens: Notes"<br />
| XI | Epilogue = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: XI. The Epilogue"<br />
| XI2 | XI2 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: XI. The Epilogue: The second version"<br />
| XIn | XIn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: XI. The Epilogue: Notes"<br />
| Appendix | Appendix = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part One: The End of the Third Age: Appendix, Drawings of Orthanc and Dunharrow"<br />
| 2 | Notion = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]"<br />
| 2a | 2a = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Introduction"<br />
| 2an | 2an = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Notes [for the Introduction]"<br />
| 2b | 2b = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Foreword and List of Members"<br />
| 2c | 2c = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part One]]"<br />
| 2cn | 2cn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part One]]: Notes"<br />
| 2d | 2d = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]"<br />
| 62 | 62 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 62"<br />
| 63 | 63 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 63"<br />
| 64 | 64 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 64"<br />
| 65 | 65 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 65"<br />
| 66 | 66 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 66"<br />
| 67 | 67 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 67"<br />
| 68 | 68 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 68"<br />
| 69 | 69 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 69"<br />
| 70 | 70 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Night 70"<br />
| 2dn | 2dn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Notes"<br />
| Imram | Imram = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]: Note on 'The Death of Saint Brendan' with the text of the published form 'Imram'"<br />
| 2e | 2e = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two"<br />
| 2ei | 2ei = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two, (i) The earlier versions of Night 66"<br />
| 2ein | 2ein = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two, (i) The earlier versions of Night 66: Notes"<br />
| 2eii | 2eii = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two, (ii) The original version of Lowdham's 'Fragments' (Night 67)"<br />
| 2eiii | 2eiii = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two, (iii) The earlier versions of Lowdham's 'Fragments' in Adunaic (Night 67)"<br />
| 2eiv | 2eiv = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two, (iv) Earlier versions of Edwin Lowdham's Old English text"<br />
| 2ev | 2ev = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]: Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two, (v) The page preserved from Edwin Lowdham's manuscript written in Númenórean script"<br />
| 3 | Drowning = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'', with the Third Version of ''The Fall of Númenor'', and Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language"<br />
| 3i | 3i = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (i) The third version of ''The Fall of Númenor''"<br />
| 3in | 3in = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (i) The third version of ''The Fall of Númenor'': Notes"<br />
| 3ii | 3ii = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (ii) The original text"<br />
| 3iiu | 3iiu = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (ii) The original text: [Untitled section: Comparison of texts]"<br />
| 3iin | 3iin = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (ii) The original text: Notes"<br />
| 3iii | 3iii = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (iii) The second text"<br />
| 3iiiu | 3iiiu = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (iii) The second text: [Untitled section: Comparison of texts]"<br />
| 3iiic | 3iiic = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (iii) The second text: Commentary"<br />
| 3iv | 3iv = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (iv) The final form"<br />
| 3v | 3v = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (v) The theory of the work"<br />
| 3vn | 3vn = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (v) The theory of the work: Notes"<br />
| 3vi | 3vi = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language"<br />
| 3vi1 | Structure = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: General Structure"<br />
| 3vi2 | Assimilations = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: Assimilations in contact"<br />
| 3vi3 | Vowels = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: The Adunaic Vowels"<br />
| 3vi4 | Contact = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: Contact of vowels"<br />
| 3vi5 | Nouns = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: Declension of nouns"<br />
| 3vi6 | Examples = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: Examples of Declension"<br />
| 3vi7 | Common = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: Masculine, Feminine, and Common Nouns"<br />
| 3vi8 | Footnotes = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: [Author's Footnotes]"<br />
| 3vi9 | Further = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'': (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: [Final section: Further material]"<br />
| Index1 | Index1 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Index I: To Part One ''The End of the Third Age''"<br />
| Index2 | Index2 = [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Sauron Defeated]]'', "Index II: To Part Two ''The Notion Club Papers'' and Part Three ''The Drowning of Anadûnê''"<br />
}}<noinclude>Citation template for ''[[Sauron Defeated]]''.<br />
<br />
==Key==<br />
<pre><br />
<ref>{{SD|}}</ref><br />
</pre><br />
<br />
* '''Fragments''' : "Arundel Lowdham's 'Fragments' (illustrations)"<br />
* '''Foreword''' : "Foreword"<br />
* '''1''' ''or'' '''End''' : "Part One: The End of the Third Age"<br />
** '''I''' ''or'' '''Mordor''' : "I. The Story of Frodo and Sam in Mordor"<br />
*** '''Ic''' : "The Chronology of writing"<br />
*** '''In''' : "Notes"<br />
*** '''Ir''' : "The rejected preliminary version of 'The March of Aragorn and defeat of the Haradrim'"<br />
** '''II''' ''or'' '''Kirith''' : "II. The Tower of Kirith Ungol"<br />
*** '''IIn''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''III''' ''or'' '''Shadow''' : "III. The Land of Shadow"<br />
*** '''IIIn''' : "Notes"<br />
*** '''IIIg''' : "Note on the Geography"<br />
*** '''IIIc''' : "Note on the Chronology"<br />
** '''IV''' ''or'' '''Doom''' : "IV. Mount Doom"<br />
*** '''IVn''' : "Notes"<br />
*** '''IVc''' : "Note on the Chronology"<br />
** '''V''' ''or'' '''Kormallen''' : "V. The Field of Kormallen"<br />
*** '''Vn''' : "Notes"<br />
*** '''Vs''' : "The Story Foreseen from Kormallen"<br />
** '''VI''' ''or'' '''King''' : "VI. The Steward and the King"<br />
*** '''VIn''' : "Notes"<br />
*** '''VIc''' : "Note on the Chronology"<br />
** '''VII''' ''or'' '''Partings''' : "VII. Many Partings"<br />
*** '''VIIn''' : "Notes"<br />
*** '''VIIc''' : "Note on the Chronology"<br />
** '''VIII''' ''or'' '''Bound''' : "VIII. Homeward Bound"<br />
*** '''VIIIn''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''IX''' ''or'' '''Shire''' : "IX. The Scouring of the Shire"<br />
*** '''IXn''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''X''' ''or'' '''Grey''' : "X. The Grey Havens"<br />
*** '''Xn''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''XI''' ''or'' '''Epilogue''' : "XI. The Epilogue"<br />
*** '''XI2''' : "The second version"<br />
*** '''XIn''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''Appendix''' "Appendix, Drawings of Orthanc and Dunharrow"<br />
* '''2''' ''or'' '''Notion''' : "[[The Notion Club Papers|Part Two: ''The Notion Club Papers'']]"<br />
** '''2a''' : "Introduction"<br />
*** '''2an''' "Notes [for the Introduction]"<br />
** '''2b''' : "Foreword and List of Members"<br />
** '''2c''' : "[[The Notion Club Papers|''The Notion Club Papers'' Part One]]"<br />
*** '''2cn''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''2d''' : "[[The Notion Club Papers|''The Notion Club Papers'' Part Two]]"<br />
*** '''62''' : "Night 62"<br />
*** '''63''' : "Night 63"<br />
*** '''64''' : "Night 64"<br />
*** '''65''' : "Night 65"<br />
*** '''66''' : "Night 66"<br />
*** '''67''' : "Night 67"<br />
*** '''68''' : "Night 68"<br />
*** '''69''' : "Night 69"<br />
*** '''70''' : "Night 70"<br />
*** '''2dn''' : "Notes"<br />
*** '''Imram''' : "Note on 'The Death of Saint Brendan' with the text of the published form 'Imram'"<br />
** '''2e''' : "Major Divergences in Earlier Versions of Part Two"<br />
*** '''2ei''' : "(i) The earlier versions of Night 66"<br />
**** '''2ein''' : "Notes"<br />
*** '''2eii''' : "(ii) The original version of Lowdham's 'Fragments' (Night 67)"<br />
*** '''2eiii''' : "(iii) The earlier versions of Lowdham's 'Fragments' in Adunaic (Night 67)"<br />
*** '''2eiv''' : "(iv) Earlier versions of Edwin Lowdham's Old English text"<br />
*** '''2ev''' : "(v) The page preserved from Edwin Lowdham's manuscript written in Númenórean script"<br />
* '''3''' ''or'' '''Drowning''' : "Part Three: ''The Drowning of Anadûnê'', with the Third Version of ''The Fall of Númenor'', and Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language"<br />
** '''3i''' : "(i) The third version of ''The Fall of Númenor''"<br />
*** '''3in''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''3ii''' : "(ii) The original text"<br />
*** '''3iiu''' : "[Untitled section: Comparison of texts]"<br />
*** '''3iin''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''3iii''' : "(iii) The second text"<br />
*** '''3iiiu''' : "[Untitled section: Comparison of texts]"<br />
*** '''3iiic''' : "Commentary"<br />
** '''3iv''' : "(iv) The final form"<br />
** '''3v''' : "(v) The theory of the work"<br />
*** '''3vn''' : "Notes"<br />
** '''3vi''' : "(vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language"<br />
*** '''3vi1''' ''or'' '''Structure''' : "General Structure"<br />
*** '''3vi2''' ''or'' '''Assimilations''' : "Assimilations in contact"<br />
*** '''3vi3''' ''or'' '''Vowels''' : "The Adunaic Vowels"<br />
*** '''3vi4''' ''or'' '''Contact''' : "Contact of vowels"<br />
*** '''3vi5''' ''or'' '''Nouns''' : "Declension of nouns"<br />
*** '''3vi6''' ''or'' '''Examples''' : "Examples of Declension"<br />
*** '''3vi7''' ''or'' '''Common''' : "Masculine, Feminine, and Common Nouns"<br />
*** '''3vi8''' ''or'' '''Footnotes''' : "[Author's Footnotes]"<br />
*** '''3vi9''' ''or'' '''Further''' : "[Final section: Further material]"<br />
* '''Index1''' : "Index I: To Part One ''The End of the Third Age''"<br />
* '''Index2''' : "Index II: To Part Two ''The Notion Club Papers'' and Part Three ''The Drowning of Anadûnê''"<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Template:HM]]<br />
[[Category:The History of Middle-earth citation templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude></div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_331&diff=270984Letter 3312015-06-18T14:22:20Z<p>NotACat: removing stray brace</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=331<br />
| to=[[William Cater]]<br />
| date=[[29 November]] [[1971]]<br />
| subject=[[Edith Tolkien]]'s death<br />
}}{{letter|331}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Tolkien informed Cater that his wife had died that morning. He described her final days, saying that she showed courage and determination, which Cater had mentioned. Tolkien was utterly bereaved but his family and friends had gathered around in support. Tolkien was glad that Cater saw Edith still undimmed and said that he would treasure Cater’s 26 November letter.<br />
{{letters}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_307&diff=270975Letter 3072015-06-18T14:04:57Z<p>NotACat: /* Summary */ add heading</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=307<br />
| to=Amy Ronald<br />
| date=[[14 November]] [[1968]]<br />
| subject=Thank you note for Ports and Sherries<br />
}}{{letter|307}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
On this day Tolkien saw a man coming to the back door with a box and he told his wife he would deal with it. The cheery deliveryman presented him with 4 Ports and 3 Sherries, calling it "a nice present from somebody." Tolkien said it was a nice present and not just from Somebody but from youbody (he called this a nice singular which hobbits must have used, with the plural "youbodies"). Very delightful and, being from Miss Ronald, well-timed. The Tolkiens were snug in their new home, having mastered the unfamiliar central heating, but nights and days grew chill. Port and sherry were great warmers.<br />
<br />
"''Elde is me istolen on…ich am eldre than i was a winter and ek a lore''" quoth Tolkien.<ref group="note">"Old age has stolen upon me…I am older than I was both in winters (i.e. years) and in learning (i.e. wisdom)."</ref> He hoped but doubted that he was wiser.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="note"/><br />
{{letters}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Woodridings&diff=270974Talk:Woodridings2015-06-18T14:01:00Z<p>NotACat: Replacements</p>
<hr />
<div>== Replacements ==<br />
<br />
Out of curiosity I looked up this address on Google Street View, and [https://goo.gl/maps/jGrqU lo] it seems that the original house has been replaced…with "Beren House" and "Luthien House".<br />
Worthy of inclusion?<br />
—[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 14:01, 18 June 2015 (UTC)</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Sarehole_Mill&diff=270972Sarehole Mill2015-06-18T13:54:32Z<p>NotACat: /* External Links */ link to Wikipedia</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
[[Image:Sarehole_Mill.jpg|thumb|right|Sarehole Mill]]<br />
'''Sarehole Mill''' is a fine example of one of more than fifty water mills that existed in Birmingham at one time.<br />
<br />
===History of the Mill===<br />
Sarehole Mill was built in 1765 on the site of an even older mill, Biddle's Mill, which dated back to 1540. Sarehole was used mostly to grind corn. Matthew Boulton's father rented the Mill and Sarehole farm in 1756. When his father died, Boulton used the Mill for making buttons and for metal rolling until he moved his operations to Handsworth in 1761. In the late 1890s Sarehole was the childhood haunt of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], and famously used as inspiration for the mill at [[Hobbiton]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<br />
<br />
The Mill is open to the public from April to October and to school parties throughout the year.<br />
<br />
[[Image:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_The_Hill_-_Hobbiton-across-the-Water_%28Colored%29.jpg|thumb|right|Hobbiton by JRR Tolkien]]<br />
===Tolkien and the Mill===<br />
In 1896 [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] settled with his mother and brother at 5 Gracewell (now 264 Wake Green Road), a cottage in Sarehole village. It was only four miles from the centre of [[Birmingham]] but it was then still set within the north Worcestershire countryside. Coming from the hot dry landscape of South Africa, the green fields and woods made a vivid impression on Tolkien.<br />
<br />
He said that Sarehole was the model for [[the Shire]], home of [[Bilbo Baggins]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]''. When Tolkien visited Birmingham with his family in 1933 he lamented the changes in Sarehole, as Birmingham had continued to grow until Sarehole was but a suburb in the huge city. In 1933, much of the area was still farmland, but there were many more houses and gardens, and one old farmhouse had become a garage selling petrol.<br />
<br />
The most exciting thing for a young boy to see in the village of Sarehole was certainly [[Sarehole Mill]], which Tolkien refers to as 'the great mill' in ''The Hobbit''. It stands on the River Cole. Tolkien based the bad-tempered [[Ted Sandyman]] (the miller) in ''The Lord of the Rings'' on the miller there, who perhaps understandably shouted at him and his younger brother when they were playing in the mill yard.<br />
<br />
[[Image:GeoAndrew.jpg|thumb|right|Sarehole Mill 1890]]<br />
The millers, George Andrew senior and junior can be seen in the photo to the right taken in 1890.<br />
<br />
===External Links===<br />
* [http://www.bplphoto.co.uk/TolkiensBirmingham/TolkienSarehole.htm Tolkien's Birmingham]<br />
* [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/sarehole.bcc Sarehole Mill]<br />
* [[wikipedia:Sarehole Mill|Sarehole Mill]] on Wikipedia<br />
<br />
[[Category:Structures (real-world)]]<br />
[[de:Sarehole Mill]]<br />
[[fi:Sarehole Mill]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_298&diff=270954Letter 2982015-06-18T12:34:49Z<p>NotACat: link to Wikipedia</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=298<br />
| to=William Luther White<br />
| date=[[11 September]] [[1967]]<br />
| subject=Origins of the ''[[Inklings]]''<br />
}}{{letter|298}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Tolkien gave White a brief account of the name ''Inklings'' from memory since the group had no recorder. The name's origin was an undergraduate jest. It had been founded in the mid-thirties by then undergraduate [[wikipedia:Edward Tangye Lean|Tangye-Lean]], whose ambition was to found a club that would prove lasting. To that end he invited some "dons". [[C.S. Lewis]] was Tangye-Lean’s mentor; both he and Tolkien joined. They met in Tangye-Lean's rooms in University College and at each meeting members were to read aloud unpublished compositions. There would be immediate criticism and if thought fit, contributions could be voted into a Record Book that Tolkien kept.<br />
<br />
That club soon died but its name transferred to a circle of C.S. Lewis’ friends who met in his room in Magdalen. Had the first club never existed C.S. Lewis would have created it, for he had a passion for out-loud readings and a facility for extempore criticism beyond the others.<br />
<br />
The name was a "jest", said Tolkien, because it was an ingenious pun suggesting people with vague or half-formed intimations who dabbled in ink. C.S. Lewis never claimed to have invented this name.<br />
==Controversy==<br />
According to [[Humphrey Carpenter]] and [[Christopher Tolkien]], the letter ''"was printed, apparently without permission, with Tolkien's address and private telephone number at the head of it, in White's book"'' (''[[The Image of Man in C.S. Lewis]]'').<br />
{{letters}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_297&diff=270952Letter 2972015-06-18T12:30:52Z<p>NotACat: link to Wikipedia rather than to ephemeral, not to mention inaccurate, pages; preserve incorrect spelling for now…</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=297<br />
| to=Mr. Rang<br />
| date=[[1967#August|August]] [[1967]]<br />
| subject=Nomenclature<br />
}}{{letter|297}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
A Mr. Rang seems to have written this letter after [[J.S. Ryan]] published "German Mythology Applied", and asked several questions about the names in Tolkien's book. Tolkien wrote a lengthy reply, but this letter was never sent.<br />
<br />
Tolkien told Mr. Rang that names and onomastics were a personal amusement of his, and in no way connected to real-world languages. He mentioned ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature]]'', his notes prepared for translators, and then discussed specific queries and guesses by Rang.<br />
* [[Iris|Gladden]] (the flower): Identified as ''[[wikipedia:Iris pseudacorus|Iris pseudocorus]]'', rather than the usual ''[[wikipedia:Iris foetidissima|Iris foetidissima]]''. <br />
* [[Gimli#Etymology|Gimli]]: Rang connected it to a Anglo-saxon word that was not mentioned in the letter. Gimli's name comes from a poetic Old Norse word, ''gimm'', presumably meaning "fire".<br />
* [[Legolas]]: Rang had guessed "Fiery locks", to which Tolkien replied: "he was not a [[Balrogs|Balrog]]!". Legolas, as translated in the text, means Greenleaf.<br />
* [[Rohan]]: Rang found Old Norse ''rann'', "house". Tolkien wrote that his origin was inappropriate for a people that were (partly) still nomadic horsebreeders. Rohan was [[Sindarin]], meaning "Horse-land".<br />
* [[Nazgûl|Nazgul]] ''(sic)'': This too was connected to an Anglo-saxon word according to Rang, ''gael-naes''. Tolkien had never heard of that compound, and stated there was no conceivable reason to conflate [[Black Speech]] and Anglo-saxon.<br />
* [[Moria]]: Rang connected it to the biblical mountain range of [[wikipedia:Moriah|Moriah]]. Tolkien saw no connection between the mining of the [[Dwarves]] and the story of Abraham.<br><br />
<br />
After this "setting straight", Tolkien listed the external influences in names that were true. Dwarf names came from ''[[Völuspá]]''. Rohan was, in name only, influenced by the Normandic family [[wikipedia:Rohan (family)|Rohan]].<br />
* ''[[Dor]]'', "land", had closer connections to [[wikipedia:Labrador|Labrador]] than to biblical [[wikipedia:Endor (village)|Endor]]. Moria was chosen because Tolkien liked the ring of [[wikipedia:Soria Moria Castle|Soria Moria castle]].<br />
<br />
Then, Tolkien mentioned a case where he was not aware of the "borrowing". For ''[[Nazg]]'', Tolkien was not aware that there was a Gaelic word ''nasc'', meaning "ring".<br />
<br />
The only true borrowing was [[Eärendil]], from an Anglo-saxon name ''[[wikipedia:Aurvandil|Aurvandil]]''. Both signify the Morning Star, Venus. As ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' was not yet published at the time, Tolkien wrote briefly about the story of Ëarendil. <br />
<br />
A text note mentioned the text ended with a discussion of Númenórean religion, which was, unfortunately, omitted.<br />
{{letters}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Letter_297&diff=270951Talk:Letter 2972015-06-18T12:30:29Z<p>NotACat: ''Iris pseudacorus''</p>
<hr />
<div>== ''Iris pseudacorus'' ==<br />
<br />
I've linked to the [[wikipedia:Iris pseudacorus|correctly-spelled article]] but preserved the incorrect spelling here (''Iris pseud'''o'''corus''): is this a transcription error or is the original incorrect?<br />
—[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 12:30, 18 June 2015 (UTC)</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_239&diff=270458Letter 2392015-06-12T08:58:45Z<p>NotACat: /* Note */ link</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=239<br />
| to=[[Allen and Unwin|Allen & Unwin]]<br />
| date=[[20 July]] [[1962]]<br />
| subject=Translations<br />
}}{{letter|239}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Tolkien wrote to [[Allen and Unwin|Allen & Unwin]] concerning the Spanish translation of ''[[The Hobbit]]''. A point of concern for Tolkien was the use of ''gnomos'' as the translation of "[[Dwarves]]" and "[[Noldor|Gnomes]]". He explained that he originally connected the word ''[[wikipedia:gnome|gnome]]'' to Greek ''wisdom'', but abandoned it because of its more common use for ''pygmaeus'' ("pygmy"). <br />
<br />
==Note==<br />
The Spanish translation eventually used ''[[wiktionary:enanos|enanos]]'' for Dwarves; it is unknown whether the second suggestion was also followed.<br />
<br />
{{letters}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Noldor&diff=270457Noldor2015-06-12T08:53:52Z<p>NotACat: /* The House of Finwë */ adjust spacing ever so slightly to make things line up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{people<br />
|image=[[Image:Jenny Dolfen - The Coming of Fingolfin.jpg|250px]]<br />
|name=Noldor<br />
|dominions=[[Tirion]], [[Formenos]], [[Vinyamar]], [[Hithlum]], [[Gondolin]], [[Nargothrond]], [[Dorthonion]], [[East Beleriand]], [[Lindon]], [[Eregion]]<br />
|languages=Noldorin [[Quenya]]<br />
|height=Tall<br />
|length=<br />
|skincolor=White<br />
|haircolor=Dark, sometimes red (in the case of [[Míriel]] even silver)<br />
|feathers=<br />
|distinctions=Great skill with metal and gems, deep knowledge; greatest warriors in Middle-earth<br />
|lifespan=Immortal<br />
|members=[[Finwë]], [[Fëanor]], [[Fingolfin]], [[Finarfin]], [[Maedhros]], [[Fingon]], [[Turgon]], [[Finrod]], [[Galadriel]], [[Gil-galad]], [[Celebrimbor]], [[Ecthelion]], [[Glorfindel]], [[Eärendil]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Noldor''' ([[Third Age]] Exilic [[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈnoldor]}}) or '''Ñoldor''' (older and [[Aman]]ya Q, pron. {{IPA|[ˈŋoldor]}}) were those of the second clan of the [[Elves]] who came to [[Aman]]. They were highly skilled in crafts and gained much knowledge, which they passed on to [[Men]] after their [[Exile of the Noldor|Exile]]. Their [[High King of the Noldor|King]] was originally [[Finwë]], but he was slain by [[Morgoth]], leading his son [[Fëanor]] to avenge him and the theft of his [[Silmarils|jewels]] by making war upon Morgoth in [[Middle-earth]]. The war of the Noldor against Morgoth comprises many of the tales of the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
According to legend, the clan was founded by [[Tata]], the second Elf to awake at [[Cuiviénen]], his spouse Tatië and their 54 companions, but it was [[Finwë]], the first <br />
Ñoldor to come to [[Valinor]] with [[Oromë]], who became their King, and led most of them to Valinor.<br />
<br />
===The Noldor in Valinor===<br />
The Noldor were accounted the greatest of the Elves and all the peoples in [[Middle-earth]] in lore, warfare and crafts. In Valinor "great became their knowledge and their skill; yet even greater was their thirst for more knowledge, and in many things they soon surpassed their teachers. The Noldor were changeful in speech, for they had great love of words, and sought ever to find names more fit for all things they knew or imagined". They were beloved of [[Aulë]] the Smith, and were the first to discover and carve gems. Their chief dwelling-place was the city of [[Tirion]] upon [[Túna]]. Among the wisest of the Noldor were [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]], creator of the first writing system and author of many books of lore. [[Fëanor]], son of Finwë and [[Míriel]], was the greatest of their craftsmen, "mightiest in skill of word and of hand", and creator of the [[Silmarils]].<br />
<br />
The Noldor earned the greatest hatred of [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who envied their prosperity and, most of all, the Silmarils. So he went often among them, offering counsel, and the Noldor hearkened, being eager for lore. But amid his seemingly good advice, Melkor sowed lies to turn one House of the Noldor against another, and in the end the peace in Tirion was poisoned. After threatening his half-brother [[Fingolfin]], Fëanor was banished from Tirion by the [[Valar]], and with him went Finwë his father. Fingolfin remained as the ruler of the Noldor of Tirion.<br />
<br />
But Melkor had yet other designs to accomplish. Soon after with the aid of [[Ungoliant]] he destroyed the [[Two Trees]], and coming to [[Formenos]] he killed Finwë, stole the Silmarils, and departed from Aman. Fëanor, driven by grief and desiring vengeance, rebelled against the Valar by coming back into Tirion and making a speech before the Noldor, in which he persuaded them to leave Valinor, follow Melkor to [[Middle-earth]], and wage war against him for the recovery of the Silmarils. He swore a terrible [[Oath of Fëanor|oath]], as did his [[Sons of Fëanor|sons]], to pursue Melkor and reclaim the Silmarils at all costs. Fëanor then claimed the title of the High King since his father was dead, but though the greater part of the Noldor still held Fingolfin as King, they followed Fëanor into [[Exile of the Noldor|Exile]] due to their valor.<br />
<br />
====The Kinslaying====<br />
The Noldor led by Fëanor demanded that the [[Teleri]] let them use their ships. When the Teleri refused, they took the ships by force, committing the first [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë|kinslaying]]. A messenger from the Valar came later and delivered the [[Doom of Mandos]], pronouncing judgment on the Noldor for the Kinslaying and rebellion and warning that if they proceeded they would not recover the Silmarils and moreover would be slain or tormented by grief. At this, some of the Noldor who had no hand in the Kinslaying, including [[Finarfin]] son of Finwë and [[Indis]], returned to Valinor, and the Valar forgave them. Other Noldor led by Fingolfin (some of whom were blameless in the Kinslaying) remained determined to leave Valinor for Middle-earth. Prominent among these others was Finarfin's son, [[Finrod]].<br />
<br />
===Exile to Middle-earth===<br />
The Noldor led by Fëanor crossed the sea to Middle-earth, leaving those led by Fingolfin, his half-brother, behind. Upon his arrival in Middle-earth, Fëanor had the ships burned. When the Noldor led by Fingolfin discovered their betrayal, they went farther north and crossed the sea at the [[Grinding Ice]] which cost them many lives.<br />
<br />
Fëanor's company was soon attacked by Morgoth. When Fëanor rode too far from his bodyguard during the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]], several [[Balrogs|Balrogs]], including their Lord [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], fought him. Despite battling valiantly, Fëanor was mortally wounded and would have been captured and taken to Angband had it not been for the swift arrival of his sons. However, Fëanor died whilst being taken back to his own people. <br />
<br />
Because Fëanor had taken the ships and left the Noldor led by his half-brother on the west side of the sea, much enmity remained between the royal Houses of the Noldor. [[Fingon]] son of Fingolfin, saved [[Maedhros]] Fëanor's son from Morgoth's imprisonment, however, and the feud was settled. Maedhros was due to succeed Fëanor, but he regretted his part of the Kinslaying and left the High Kingship of the Noldor to his uncle Fingolfin, who became the first High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth. His brothers did not agree to this, and began to refer to themselves as ''the Dispossessed'', because the High Kingship had passed them by.<br />
<br />
====Kingdoms of the Noldor====<br />
In the north-west of Middle-earth the Noldor made alliance with the [[Sindar]], the Elves of [[Beleriand]], and later with Men of the Three Houses of the [[Edain]]. Fingolfin reigned long in the land of [[Hithlum]], and his younger son [[Turgon]] built the Hidden City of [[Gondolin]]. The Sons of Fëanor ruled the lands in Eastern Beleriand, while Finrod Finarfin's son was the King of [[Nargothrond]] and his brothers [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]] held [[Dorthonion]]. Fingolfin's reign was marked by warfare against Morgoth and in the year 60 of the First Age after their victory in [[Dagor Aglareb]] the Noldor started the [[Siege of Angband]], the great fortress of Morgoth. In the year 455 the Siege was broken by Morgoth in the [[Dagor Bragollach]], in which the north-eastern Elvish realms were conquered. Fingolfin in despair rode to Angband and challenged Morgoth to single combat. He dealt Morgoth seven wounds but perished, and he was succeeded by his eldest son Fingon, who became the second High King of the Noldor in Beleriand.<br />
<br />
====The Nirnaeth Arnoediad====<br />
In the year 472, Maedhros organised an all-out attack on Morgoth and this led to the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], the Battle of Unnumbered Tears. Betrayed by the new-come [[Easterlings]], the forces of the Noldor, Sindar and Edain were utterly defeated. Fingon the Valiant was slain; he was succeeded by his brother Turgon. <br />
<br />
Morgoth scattered the remaining forces of the Sons of Fëanor, and in 495 Nargothrond was also overridden. Turgon had withdrawn to Gondolin which was kept hidden from both Morgoth and other Elves. In 510, Gondolin was betrayed by [[Maeglin]] and sacked. During the attack Turgon was killed; however, many of his people escaped and found their way south. Turgon was the last surviving male descendant of Fingolfin, so [[Gil-galad]], great-grandson of Finarfin, became the fourth and last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth.<br />
<br />
Finally the Valar came down to Middle-earth and in the years 545-583 the [[War of Wrath]] was fought and Morgoth was cast into the Void. But Beleriand sank into the sea, except for a part of [[Ossiriand]] (Lindon), and a few isles. The defeat of Morgoth marked the end of the [[First Age]] and the start of the [[Second Age|Second]].<br />
<br />
===The Second Age===<br />
Most of the Noldor sailed back to Aman at the End of the First Age; but some, like [[Galadriel]] daughter of Finarfin or [[Celebrimbor]] grandson of Fëanor, refused the pardon of the Valar and remained in Middle-earth. Gil-galad founded a new kingdom at Lindon, and ruled throughout the Second Age, longer than any of the High Kings except for Finwë. But after a while [[Sauron]] had replaced his master Morgoth as the Dark Lord. With the aid of the [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] he fortified [[Mordor]] and began the long war with the remaining Elves. He attacked Eregion, destroying it, but was withstood in [[Rivendell]] and Lindon. With the aid of the [[Númenóreans]], the Noldor managed to defeat him for a time.<br />
<br />
However, in the year 3319 of the Second Age Númenor fell due to [[Ar-Pharazôn]]'s rebellion against the Valar, in which Sauron had a great part. When [[Elendil]] with his sons escaped to Middle-earth and established the realms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], Sauron tried to conquer Gondor before it could take root. Both Elendil and Gil-galad set out for Mordor in the [[Last Alliance]] of Men and Elves and defeated Sauron in the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and finally in the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. There Gil-galad perished, and so ended the High Kingship of the Noldor. Of the descendants of Finwë in Middle-earth, only Galadriel and [[Elrond]] Half-elven remained (and the Númenórean Kings through Elrond's twin brother [[Elros]]).<br />
<br />
===The Third Age===<br />
In the [[Third Age]], the Noldor in Middle-earth dwindled, and by the end of the Third Age the only big communities of Noldor remaining in Middle-earth were in Rivendell and Lindon. Their further fate of fading utterly from the World was shared by all Elves.<br />
<br />
==Kings of the Noldor==<br />
* In Valinor:<br />
# [[Finwë]], first King.<br />
# [[Fëanor]], first son of Finwë; claimed the title after his father's death.<br />
# [[Finarfin]], third son of Finwë; ruled the Noldor remaining in Aman.<br />
<br />
* In Middle-earth:<br />
# [[Fingolfin]], second son of Finwë; held to be the [[High King of the Noldor]] by the majority of the Noldor after Maedhros son of Fëanor gave up his claims.<br />
# [[Fingon]], first son of Fingolfin.<br />
# [[Turgon]], second son of Fingolfin.<br />
# [[Gil-galad]], great-grandson of Finarfin.<br />
<br />
It is not known exactly how Finwë became King: he may have been a descendant of the Noldorin primogenitor [[Tata]], or simply have been accepted as leader based on his status as ambassador to the Valar. The Noldor had many princely houses besides that of Finwë: [[Glorfindel]] of Gondolin and [[Gwindor]] of Nargothrond, while not related to Finwë, were princes in their own right. These lesser houses held no realms, however: all the Noldorin realms of Beleriand and later Eriador were ruled by a descendant of Finwë.<br />
<br />
The [[Men|Mannish]] descendants of [[Elros]] (the [[Kings of Arnor]]) called themselves High Kings, although their authority was only over the [[Dúnedain]]. As descendants through the female line Elros and his brother Elrond were not considered eligible, and Elrond indeed never claimed Kingship.<br />
<br />
It is perhaps notable that Galadriel, the last of the House of Finwë in Middle-earth (other than the [[Half-elven]]) after the fall of Gil-galad, likewise never claimed a title, let alone that of High Queen. Indeed the only known Elven "kingdom" in Middle-earth after the Second Age was the [[Silvan Elves|Silvan]] realm of Mirkwood, ruled by the Sinda [[Thranduil]].<br />
<br />
==The House of Finwë==<br />
The leaders of the Noldor were all members of the House of Finwë. The descendants of this house were also many of the major historical figures of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third]] Ages, culminating in [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] and his wife [[Arwen]]. Below is a family tree showing the lines of descent from Finwë to the kings of Elves and [[Men]] in [[Middle-earth]] and [[Númenor]]. The names of the High Kings of the Noldor are in bold.<br />
<br />
(1) [[Míriel]] = '''[[Finwë]]''' = [[Indis]] (2)<br />
| |<br />
| --------------------------------------------------<br />
| | | | |<br />
[[Nerdanel]] = '''[[Fëanor]]''' [[Findis]] [[Anairë]] = '''[[Fingolfin]]''' [[Irim&euml;]] [[Finarfin]] = [[Eärwen]] <br />
| | |<br />
| --------------------------- ---------------------------<br />
| | | | | | | | |<br />
[[Sons of Fëanor|Seven Sons of Fëanor]] '''[[Fingon]]''' '''[[Turgon]]''' = [[Elenwë]] | [[Argon]] [[Finrod]] [[Angrod]] [[Aegnor]] |<br />
: | | | |<br />
[[Celebrimbor]] | [[Aredhel]] = [[Eöl]] [[Orodreth]] [[Celeborn]] = [[Galadriel]]<br />
| | | |<br />
[[Tuor]] = [[Idril]] [[Maeglin]] ------------- |<br />
| | | |<br />
[[Eärendil]] = [[Elwing]] '''[[Gil-galad]]''' [[Finduilas]] |<br />
| |<br />
----------------------------------------- |<br />
| | |<br />
[[Elros]] [[Elrond]] = [[Celebrían]]<br />
: |<br />
: ------------------------<br />
: | | <br />
[[Aragorn]] = [[Arwen]] [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]]<br />
|<br />
----------------------<br />
| |<br />
[[Eldarion]] Numerous daughters<br />
: <br />
Kings of [[Reunited Kingdom]]<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
The Noldor were the Second Clan of the Elves in both order and size, the other clans being the [[Vanyar]], a smaller group, and the [[Teleri]], a much larger one. The Noldor typically had grey eyes and dark hair (except for those who had Vanyarin blood, most prominently the members of the [[House of Finarfin]]).<br />
<br />
However, the Noldor were the proudest of the Elves; in the words of the [[Sindar]], they came to Middle-earth because "they needed room to quarrel in". It was this pride that Melkor used to turn the Houses of [[House of Fëanor|Fëanor]] and [[House of Fingolfin|Fingolfin]] against each other. The pride of the Noldor also led to their [[Fall of the Noldor|Fall]] and [[Exile of the Noldor|Exile]] (and their continued quarrels in Middle-earth, as noted by the Sindar).<br />
<br />
Of the three clans of the [[Eldar]] they are also the people who most favors sword and shield as their weapons.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 215 footnote to §29</ref><ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 228 footnote to §49</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology and Names==<br />
The singular form of the [[Quenya]] noun is '''[[Noldo]]''' and the adjective is '''[[Noldorin]]'''.<br />
<br />
''noldo'' is derived from the [[Elvish]] [[Sundocarme|root]] [[NGOL]].<ref name=WJC>{{WJ|C}}, p. 383</ref><br />
<br />
The Noldor were called '''[[Golodhrim]]''' (pron. {{IPA|[ɡoˈloðrim]}}) or '''Gódhellim''' ({{IPA|[ɡoˈðelːim]}}) by [[Sindarin]]-speakers and '''Goldoi''' by [[Falmari]] of [[Tol Eressëa]]; they are also known as ''Deep Elves'' ("deep" as in "wise, learned"). Additionally, the Sindarin singular '''[[Golodh]]''' ({{IPA|[ˈɡoloð]}}) could be pluralized '''[[Golodhrim]]''', '''[[Gelydh]]''' ({{IPA|[ˈɡelyð]}}, later {{IPA|[ˈɡelið]}}) or more archaicly '''[[Gœlydh]]''' ({{IPA|[ˈɡølyð]}}).{{fact}}<br />
<br />
Other names used for the Noldor included the Wise, the Golden, the Valiant, the Sword-elves, the Elves of the Earth, the Foes of Melkor, the Skilled of Hand, the Jewel-wrights, the Companions of Men, and the Followers of Finwë.<ref>{{HM|MR}}, p. 164</ref> It is also told that the Noldor were often called the Lispers by other native speakers of Quenya (such as the [[Vanyar]]), since they retained the medial "th" in their speech.<ref>{{PE|19}}, p. 34</ref><br />
<br />
==Other Versions of the Legendarium==<br />
In the early versions of Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium (see: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''), the Noldor were most often called ''Noldoli'' or ''[[Gnomes]]''. They were still called Gnomes in early editions of ''[[The Hobbit]]''. They were also the ones who spoke the language that later became [[Sindarin]] (then called ''Gnomish'' or ''Noldorin'').<br />
<br />
The spelling ''Ñoldor'' rather than ''Noldor'' was used by Tolkien in his later writings (the character ''ñ'' signifying the velar nasal, the sound found in the English word "si'''ng'''"), but even in earlier versions the name ''Ñoldo'' came from a [[Primitive Quendian]] stem *ñgolod&#333;, which led to Ñoldo in [[Quenya]] and ''Golodh'' in [[Sindarin]].<br />
<br />
The family tree given above is correct in the placement of [[Orodreth]] and [[Gil-galad]]: Orodreth was [[Angrod]]'s son, and [[Gil-galad]] was Orodreth's son, thus the grandson of [[Angrod]] and great-grandson of [[Finarfin]], and brother to [[Finduilas]]. These are wrongly placed in the published ''Silmarillion''. (See Orodreth and Gil-galad articles for details). [[Argon]], the third son of [[Fingolfin]], does not appear in the published ''Silmarillion'' at all.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Quenya]]<br />
* [[Finwë]]<br />
* [[House of Finwë]]<br />
* [[Fëanor]]<br />
* [[Fingolfin]]<br />
* [[Silmarils]]<br />
* [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]]<br />
* [[Doom of Mandos]]<br />
* [[Exile of the Noldor]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{elves}}<br />
[[Category:Noldor| ]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[de:Noldor]]<br />
[[fa:نولدور]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/elfes/noldor]]<br />
[[fi:Noldor]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_168&diff=270274Letter 1682015-06-10T13:21:11Z<p>NotACat: only JRRT wrote these letters, as far as I know ;-</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=168<br />
| to=[[Richard Jeffery]]<br />
| date=[[7 September]] [[1955]]<br />
| subject=[[Languages]]<br />
}}{{letter|168}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Richard Jeffery, an Oxford student, had some etymological queries. Tolkien replied late, because he was on vacation in Italy (as described in [[Letter 167]]). Jeffery had also sent a transcription of his name in [[Tengwar]], to which Tolkien replied that because there is no standard for Tengwar and English, he can't technically make mistakes. Tolkien promised more information on Tengwar in [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|appendices]] to ''[[The Return of the King]]'', but the publishing was delayed because Tolkien tried to include a name-list of etymologies. <br />
<br />
As for Jeffery's queries, Tolkien translated ''[[Orofarnë]]'' as "mountain-dwelling", ''[[Lassemista]]'' as "leaf-grey", and ''[[Carnemírië]]'' as "With adornment of red jewels". The plural of ''[[onod]]'' is ''enyd'', class plural ''[[onodrim]]'', but in [[Gondor Sindarin|Gondor]], ''ened'' was used. ''[[Peregrin Took|Peregrin]]'' is a "real modern name", and Tolkien translated it as "traveller in strange countries". ''[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]'' is a real name form Germanic tradition. In Old English, it was ''Fróda'', and ''fród'' means "wise by experience".<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
* Jeffery would later receive [[Letter 347]], also containing several linguistic and etymological queries and guesses. <br />
* Tolkien placed an overlay of [[Middle-earth]] on the map of Europe: he referred to Venice as "[[Gondor]]" and England as "[[Arnor|the North Kingdom]]". <br />
* In a postscript, Tolkien wrote, in [[Quenya]] Tengwar, "nmárie". This word, known as [http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS_12 DTS 12], is obviously ''[[namárië]]'', "farewell". <br />
{{letters}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_163&diff=270262Letter 1632015-06-10T11:07:22Z<p>NotACat: restoring missing references tag</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=163<br />
| to=[[W.H. Auden]]<br />
| date=[[7 June]] [[1955]]<br />
| subject=''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' talking points for the BBC<br />
}}{{letter|163}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
W.H Auden was asked to talk about ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' on the [[wikipedia:BBC Third Programme| BBC Third Programme]]. He asked Tolkien if there were any points he wanted made in the broadcast and if he had any "human touches" about how the book came to be written.<br />
<br />
Tolkien responded that he wrote the Trilogy<ref group="note">Auden had used the word "Trilogy" in his letter; Tolkien disliked it (see [[Letter 149]] and [[Letter 165]]).</ref> for personal satisfaction since there was a scarcity of this sort of literature that he wanted to read. He was not thinking much of profit or others' delight although one cannot write anything purely privately. However, since the BBC had asked someone as important as Mr. Auden to speak about the Trilogy it prompted him to think about it in personal terms, which was interesting and difficult to do briefly and accurately.<br />
<br />
When writing ''The Lord of the Rings'' Tolkien said he had very little particular, conscious, intellectual intentions. For instance, [[Ents]] were not consciously invented at all; when he wrote the chapter on [[Treebeard]] it was as if he were reading someone else’s work. He liked Ents now because they seemed to have nothing to do with him. They had been in his unconscious awhile. He had had a feeling while writing that he was not inventing but reporting, and at times had to wait until "what really happened" appeared. But analytically, Ents were composed of philology, literature, and life. The name came from ''eald enta geweorc''.<ref group="note">An Anglo-Saxon poem</ref> As a boy he had been bitterly disappointed with Shakespeare’s Great Birnam Wood in ''Macbeth''; in his story trees really would march to war.<br />
<br />
Tolkien acknowledged that some reviews had disparaged both Auden and himself with terms of "pubescent" and "infantilism" but what appreciative readers had gotten out of the work was fair enough (even when he disagreed with it). However, he reiterated that The Lord of the Rings was not allegorical. People had primarily responded to it as an exciting story and that’s how it was written.<br />
<br />
Regarding "human touches" and when he started writing the work, that was like asking Man when language started. It was always with him: a sensibility to linguistic patters, a love of growing things, and a deep response to legends of the North-western temper. He had consulted his roots with its memories of the Shoreless Sea to the west and endless lands (filled with enemies) to the east. Also, his heart remembered the rumor of the Men out of the Sea, which had produced an [[Wikipedia: Atlantis|Atlantis]] complex. He had once had a dream of the Great Wave, as had his son Michael, that he had not had since he had written about the downfall of [[Númenor]]. Tolkien called himself a West-midlander by blood and took to early Middle English of the region as a known tongue, although he had been born in [[Bloemfontein]] in [[Orange Free State]].<br />
<br />
Concerning conditioning, he was chiefly aware of linguistics. In school he had learned Latin, Greek, and English (but not English literature – Tolkien cordially disliked Shakespeare). He also learned Anglo-Saxon and on his own discovered Gothic, which introduced to him love of a language for its own sake, for aesthetic pleasure rather than for usefulness or as a means to literature. There were other linguistic strands: He had been fascinated by Welsh, which remained an abiding linguistic-aesthetic satisfaction. He enjoyed Spanish but loved Finnish – finding a book on Finnish grammar was like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with amazing wines never before tasted. Over time his tastes had changed; he had switched to Latin and the British type of Celtic. Tolkien stated that all this was but background to the stories yet languages and names are inextricable from the telling of them.<br />
<br />
Tolkien first tried to write a story about a dragon at age seven. The story was forgotten but he still recalled his mother stating that he could not say “a green great dragon”, you had to say “a great green dragon”. He wondered then and still did wonder why.<br />
<br />
Tolkien was immensely attracted by the [[Kalevala]] and said it was the beginning of his [[Legendarium]] in 1912 or 1913, of which the Trilogy is the concluding part. The first real story was written during sick-leave in 1916. [[The Fall of Gondolin]] was written and read to the Exeter College Essay Club in 1918<ref name="note">Actually it was read to the club in 1920 per the club’s minutes.</ref>. None of his early material was published.<br />
<br />
''[[The Hobbit]]'' originally was unconnected to the Legendarium but got drawn into its circumference. Unhappily, he said, it was conceived as a "children’s story", something he now regretted. All he remembered of its start was sitting and correcting School Certificate papers when on a blank leaf he scrawled: "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit." He made [[Thrór's Map]] but dropped the invention for years. His children had liked it well enough, but not any better than ''[[The Marvellous Land of Snergs]]'', which Tolkien mused was probably an unconscious source-book for ''The Hobbit''. It was finally published because he had lent it to the Rev. Mother of Cherwell Edge where it was seen by a former student who worked for [[Allen and Unwin]].<br />
<br />
The success of ''The Hobbit'' called for a sequel but the remote Elvish legends were turned down (too full of the kind of Celtic beauty that maddened Anglo-Saxons in large dose). Seeing the value of [[Hobbits]] in grounding a "romance" and as the subjects for "ennoblement" he used them in the sequel. However, he did not want to write another children’s story. Instead he wanted to write a "Fairy Story" directed at adults (and wanted to work with a larger canvas). It required a lot of labor since the sequel was not only linked with ''The Hobbit'' but with the background mythology, which had to be rewritten as well. He wanted to publish it all in chronological order, but that was impossible. He also wanted to include a great deal more Elvish language in the book.<br />
<br />
The work on ''The Lord of the Rings'' had to contend with his other duties as an administrator and teacher, and during World War II there was often no time for anything rational. He was stuck for ages at the end of Book Three (in ''[[The Two Towers]]''). Book Four was written serially and sent to his son in the army in 1944. The last two books (in ''[[The Return of the King]]'') were written between 1944 and 1948. Tolkien emphasized that the main idea of the story was not a product of the war. The germ of the story was the [[Necromancer]] and the [[the One Ring|Ring]] from ''The Hobbit''. The Ring was an inevitable choice as the link. For a larger tale the Ring had to acquire a capital letter and then a Dark Lord immediately appeared. However, he met a lot of things along the way that astonished him. He had known [[Tom Bombadil]] but had never been to [[Bree]]. He had no more idea than [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] who [[Strider]] was, the Mines of [[Moria]] had only been a name, and [[Lothlórien]] only appeared when he came there. He had known about the Horse-lords but [[Fangorn Forest]] was unforeseen. [[Saruman]] had never been revealed to him and thus he was as mystified as Frodo at [[Gandalf]]’s failure to appear on September 22. He had known nothing of the ''[[Palantíri]]'', though the moment the [[Orthanc-stone]] came through the window he recognized it. He had yet to discover anything about the cats of Queen [[Berúthiel]]. But he did know more or less about [[Gollum]], [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], and that the way was guarded by a [[Spiders|Spider]].<br />
<br />
As an aside, Tolkien mentioned that he had been stung by a tarantula when he was a young child. He supposed people would make something of that although he remembered nothing about it, did not particularly dislike spiders, and had no urge to kill them.<br />
<br />
Tolkien ended by hoping that Auden had not gotten bored and that he could see him again. He said that Auden’s interest in Tolkien’s work was a considerable encouragement.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="note"/><br />
{{References}}<br />
{{letters}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_96&diff=270232Letter 962015-06-09T09:42:45Z<p>NotACat: link</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=96<br />
| to=[[Christopher Tolkien]]<br />
| date=[[30 January]] [[1945]]<br />
| subject=Winter troubles, Eden, standards in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', interest in Christopher’s news, horrors of war<br />
}}{{letter|96}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Tolkien claimed that a minor imp of Slubgob's<ref group="notes">In C.S. Lewis' ''[[Wikipedia:The Screwtape Letters|The Screwtape Letters]]'', Slubgob was the head of the Training College for tempter devils in hell.</ref> brood, assigned to keep [[C.S. Lewis]] and himself from meeting, had caused the scullery tap to leak and the sink to block up at the same time. Still, he managed to meet Lewis at the Mitre for warmth and beer, where he received a telephone call informing him that Professor H.C. Wyld<ref group="notes">[[Wikipedia:Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld|Henry Wyld]], the Oxford Professor for English Language and Literature</ref> had died. This left Tolkien with many troubles, such as thinking about who would succeed him.<br />
<br />
That night it had snowed and Tolkien had to dig things out before going to lecture. He had arrived late attired like a Skegness fisherman and said he had been catching sardines, and told his son that his apology had been better received that the lecture. In the afternoon he had dealt with indescribable ice and slush and had been drenched in fountains of filthy squelch. However later he could settle down with [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher's]] delightful letters.<br />
<br />
Considering Eden, Tolkien thought that most Christians (except for the very simple and uneducated) had tucked Genesis into a lumber-room of their mind as not very fashionable furniture. What had been forgotten was the beauty of the matter "as a story". Lewis had written an essay about the great value of the story as mental nourishment. It was a defense of the fainthearted that loses faith but clings to the beauty of "the story" as having permanent value. Lewis' point was that they still get some nourishment and are not wholly cut off from the sap of life. A believer is meant to draw nourishment from the beauty as well as the truth. Tolkien said that he was not ashamed or dubious on the Eden "myth". While without the historicity of the New Testament there certainly had been an Eden on this unhappy earth. Christopher's horror of the stupid murder of a hawk and his memory of home in an idyllic hour derived from Eden. Tolkien believed that there would be a "millennium", the thousand-year rule of the Saints, those who had never bowed to the world or the evil spirit (which in modern terms included mechanism, "scientific" materialism, and Socialism).<br />
<br />
Tolkien was happy that his son felt that "[[The Lord of the Rings|the Ring]]" was keeping up its standard. The difficult thing in a long tale was to maintain a difference of quality and atmosphere in events that might have become "samey". Tolkien was most moved by [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam's]] disquisition of the seamless web of story, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo's]] sleeping on his breast, and [[Gollum]]'s tragic almost-repentance. The emotion that moved him supremely (and that he found easy to evoke) was the heart-racking sense of the vanished past. The more “ordinary” emotions – triumph, pathos, tragedy – he was learning to write as he got to know his people. There were not so near to his heart and were forced on him by the literary dilemma.<br />
<br />
All the details of Christopher's life were interesting to Tolkien, all that he saw and did and suffered. In the last category was Jive and Boogie-Woogie, vulgar music corrupted by the mechanism, echoing in dreary unnourished heads. But his son would remember the other things – storms, the dry veld, and even the smells of camp.<br />
<br />
The just-received news that the Russians were 60 miles from Berlin made it look as if something decisive would happen soon. Tolkien mourned the appalling destruction and misery, the destroying of the common wealth of Europe. People were gloating to hear of endless line of miserable refugees, dying on the way. There seemed to be no mercy or compassion left. Why gloat? Germany's destruction, even if 100 times merited, was a world-catastrophe. The first War of the Machines seemed to be ending with the victors being the Machines. What would be their next move?<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="notes"/><br />
{{letters}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Letter 096}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Cirith_Ungol&diff=270231Cirith Ungol2015-06-09T09:40:15Z<p>NotACat: punctuation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Cirith Ungol|[[Cirith Ungol (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{location<br />
| image=[[Image:Rob Alexander - Cirith Ungol.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Cirith Ungol<br />
| othernames=<br />
| etymology=<br />
| type=Pass<br />
| location=[[Ephel Dúath]]<br />
| inhabitants=[[Men]], [[Orcs]], [[Shelob]]<br />
| realms=[[Gondor]] (? - {{TA|1636}}), [[Mordor]] <br />
| description=Guarded pass into Mordor<br />
| events=[[Quest of the Ring]]<br />
| references=<br />
|}}<br />
'''Cirith Ungol''' was located on the north shoulder of the '''Morgul Pass'''. These two passes through the western mountains of [[Mordor]] were the only way towards the land from the west.<br />
<br />
Cirith Ungol was guarded by the '''[[Tower of Cirith Ungol]]''', built by the Men of [[Gondor]] after the War of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] was fought. <br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] were led to this pass by [[Gollum]] to the lair of the giant spider [[Shelob]] who dwelt there.<br />
<br />
It is not known whether the pass and the tower were called Cirith Ungol when the Men of Gondor held it.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Cirith Ungol.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Cirith Ungol'' (pron. {{IPA|[ˈkiriθ ˈuŋɡol]}}) is a [[Sindarin]] name meaning "Spider's Cleft", composed of ''[[cirith]]'' and ''[[Spiders#Names|ungol]]''.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*<small>{{HM|TT}}<br />
*{{HM|RK}}</small><br />
<br />
[[Category:Passes]]<br />
[[Category:Mordor]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Cirith Ungol]]<br />
[[fi:Cirith Ungol]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:reliefs:mordor:cirith_ungol]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Half-orcs&diff=270230Half-orcs2015-06-09T09:20:33Z<p>NotACat: /* History */ tidy up stray punctuation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{race<br />
| image=[[File:Steve Otis - Greater Half-orcs.jpg|250px|Art by Steve Otis]]<br />
| name=The Half-orcs<br />
| dominions=[[Isengard]]<br />
| languages=<br />
| height=<br />
| length=Somewhat larger than normal orcs<br />
| skincolor=[[Wiktionary:Sallow|Sallow]]<ref name=TTIII9/><ref name=Knife/><br />
| haircolor=<br />
| feathers=<br />
| distinctions=Lynx-eyed<br />
| lifespan=<br />
| members=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Are they men he has ruined or has he blended the races of orcs and men?|[[Treebeard]]<ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
'''Half-orcs''' were among [[Saruman]]'s servants in the late [[Third Age]]. They were large men, lynx-eyed and evil.<ref name=TTIII9>{{TT|III9}}</ref><br />
<br />
Saruman's servants also included creatures known as [[Goblin-men]] who appeared to blend the traits of [[Men]] and [[Orcs]], but they were a different breed.<ref>{{TT|III7}}, [[Gamling]]: ''But these creatures of Isengard, these '''half-orcs''' and '''goblin-men''' that the foul craft of Saruman has bred.''</ref><br />
==History==<br />
The origin and nature of the half-orcs is unknown. Back in the [[First Age]], [[Men]] could under the domination of [[Morgoth]] or his agents be reduced to a savage stage, and it was possible to mate with Orcs, producing stronger and larger Orcs, or vile and cunning Men.<ref name=myths/> <br />
<br />
Apparently Saruman learned or rediscovered this in the [[Third Age]] and bred Half-orcs and Goblin-men who served him.<ref name=myths/><ref>{{TT|III7}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The [[Squint-eyed Southerner]] from [[Dunland]] was possibly a half-orc.<ref name=Knife>{{FR|I11}}</ref><br />
<br />
Half-orcs were among the [[Dunlendings]] who came to Saruman's banner of the [[White Hand]] in [[Isengard]].<ref name=TTIII9/> Many were counted among the strongest servants of Saruman. The half-orcs mostly perished at [[Battle of the Hornburg]], either before the fortress walls or by the [[Huorns]]. <br />
<br />
More Half-orcs later followed [[Saruman]] into exile, and were among his [[Ruffians]] who occupied [[the Shire]].<ref>{{RK|VI8}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
Concerning the origin of the half-orcs, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] suggested late in his life that: <br />
{{Blockquote|It became clear in time that undoubted Men could under the domination of [[Morgoth]] or his agents in a few generations be reduced almost to the Orc-level of mind and habits; and then they would or could be made to mate with Orcs, producing new breeds, often larger and more cunning. There is no doubt that long afterwards, in the [[Third Age]], Saruman rediscovered this, or learned of it in lore, and in his lust for mastery committed this, his wickedest deed: the interbreeding of Orcs and Men, producing both Men-orcs large and cunning, and Orc-men treacherous and vile.|<ref name=myths>{{MR|P5X}}, pp. 418-9</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Half-orcs in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:Liz Danforth - Half-orc.jpg|''Half-orc'' in the ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Half-orcs.jpg|''Half-orcs'' in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Half-orc Bandit.jpg|''Half-orc Bandit'' in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''<br />
: Half-orcs (Sindarin ''Piryrch'', sing. ''Perorch'') are a crossbeed between Men and Orcs, being a distinct race in their own. Game statistics are given for players choosing to be a Half-orc.<ref>{{ICE|2001}}, p. 177</ref><br />
<br />
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:Half-orcs and Greater Half-orcs are Orc Factions, playable by Fallen Wizards.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/searchCards|articlename=(Results from search for cards in the game Middle Earth)|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ Tradecardsoneline.com]|accessed=3 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Half-orc Bandits are found in the Lone-lands.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://lotro.mmodb.com/bestiary/half-orc-bandit-2019.php|articlename=Lord of the Rings Online Half-Orc Bandit|dated=|website=[http://lotro.mmodb.com/ Lotro.mmodb.com]|accessed=3 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Goblin-men]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Half-orcs|Images of Half-orcs]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Other races]]<br />
[[Category:Orcs]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]<br />
[[de:Halborks]]<br />
[[fi:Puoliörkit]]</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Letter_68&diff=270081Talk:Letter 682015-06-05T15:23:13Z<p>NotACat: Quote from ''The Two Towers''</p>
<hr />
<div>== Quote from ''[[The Two Towers]]'' ==<br />
<br />
The second footnote says that the sentence quoted "is not found" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<br />
Maybe those exact words are not used, but an almost identical sentence is spoken by [[Faramir]] to [[Frodo]] right at the end of '''[[The Forbidden Pool]]'''.<br />
Should the note be amended to reflect this?<br />
—[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 15:23, 5 June 2015 (UTC)</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_45&diff=270074Letter 452015-06-05T14:25:20Z<p>NotACat: Spelling/grammar correction</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=45<br />
| to=[[Michael Tolkien]]<br />
| date=[[9 June]] [[1941]]<br />
| subject=Comments on World War II<br />
}}{{letter|45}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Michael had written to J.R.R. Tolkien from the [[Wikipedia:Royal Military Academy|Royal Military College]] in Sandhurst where he was an Officer Cadet. Tolkien was pleased to hear from his son, saying that he showed badly as a letter writer because he got sick of the pen. Constant rain had prevented any gardening and he had gotten no rest because in addition to university duties he had been drafting rules and regulations.<ref>During World War II Tolkien organized a syllabus for naval cadets reading English at Oxford.</ref><br />
<br />
One war is enough for any man, declared Tolkien, and he hoped Michael would be spared a second. He knew what Michael was suffering through. When he was young he did not think that “old folk” suffered much during wartime but now he knew better, feeling like a lame, caged canary. However, it was something to be the father of a good young soldier, and he cherished the link between them.<br />
<br />
Tolkien commented that the major English vice was sloth, but that it may have contributed as much or more than natural virtue to escaping the overt violence of other countries. In the fierce modern world sloth almost looked like a virtue, except that it was rather terrifying in war. He said that Germans had greater obedience and patriotism in mass than the English, that their men were as brave as the English, and that their industry was about ten times greater, and that they were now led by a madman that made the old Kaiser look like an old woman knitting.<br />
<br />
Tolkien pointed out that for much of his life he had studied Germanic matters (which included England and Scandinavia) and found great force and truth in the “Germanic” ideal, but called the “Nordic” principles espoused by Germany to be nonsense. He had a personal grudge against “that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler” because he was ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making forever accursed the noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe. That spirit was most noble in England, which he ever loved and tried to present in its true light.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{letters}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Letter 045}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Valinor&diff=263650Valinor2015-02-10T18:25:06Z<p>NotACat: Undo revision 263649 by NotACat (talk) not sure what happened there, the captcha blanked the page while I was trying to fix the refs!</p>
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<div>{{kingdom<br />
| image = [[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Shores of Valinor.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name = Valinor<br />
| meaning = Land of the [[Valar]]<br />
| type = Monarchy, Theocracy<br />
| hidep=yes<br />
| headofstate = [[Manwë]]<br />
| executive = <br />
| legislative = <br />
| judicial = [[Máhanaxar]]<br />
| capital = [[Valimar]]<br />
| language = [[Valarin]], [[Quenya]] (including [[Telerin]])<br />
| location = West of the [[Pelóri]]<br />
| populace= Valar, [[Maiar]], and [[Vanyar]]<br />
| currency =<br />
| religious = Belief in [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]]<br />
| holiday = <br />
| anthem = <br />
| formed = The departure of the Valar from [[Middle-earth]]<br />
| established = c. [[Years of the Lamps 3450|Y.L. 3450]] <br />
| reorganized =<br />
| fragmented = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| restored = <br />
}}<br />
'''Valinor''' ([[Exilic Quenya|EQ]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈvalinor]}}) or '''Valinórë''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. [[Noldorin|N]] {{IPA|[valiˈnoːre]}}, [[Vanyarin|V]] {{IPA|[βaliˈnoːre]}}) was the realm of the [[Valar]] in central [[Aman]]. Aman refers to the whole continent, while Valinor properly refers to the inhabited lands by Valar and the Elves, and [[Valmar]] is its central city.<br />
<br />
Valinor was the place to which the Valar moved after [[Almaren]] was destroyed by [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. <br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Valinor was west of the [[Pelóri]] mountains and encircled by them, which were raised by the Valar as a defense against Melkor. Everything in the realm, from the stones and the waters were hallowed and stainless and there was no sickness, corruption or withering. In Valinor the Valar brought what beauty and light they salvaged from the [[Spring of Arda]] before the [[Arda Marred|marring]], and they created new things, making Valinor even fairer than Almaren.<ref name=s1>{{s|1}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Its major city was [[Valmar]] of many bells, built in the midst of the plain,<ref name=s1/> where the [[Vanyar]] and the [[Valar]] reside. Two other cities are [[Alqualondë]] and [[Tirion]], the respective homes of the [[Teleri]] and the [[Noldor]]. It also had an island, [[Tol Eressëa]], just off its east coast. The sea to the west of the island was called [[Ekkaia]], the encircling sea which surrounded both Valinor and [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
Each of the Valar had their own region of the land where they resided and altered things to their desire:<br />
*[[Yavanna]], the Vala of nature, growth, and harvest, resided in the [[Pastures of Yavanna]] in the south of the island. <br />
*[[Oromë]], the Vala of the hunt, lived in the [[Woods of Oromë]] to the north-east of the pastures. The forest was home to many creatures which Oromë could track and hunt. <br />
*[[Nienna]], the lonely Vala of sorrow and endurance, lived cut off in the far west of the island in the [[Halls of Nienna]] where she spent her days crying, looking out to sea. Just south of the Halls of Nienna and to the north of the pastures there were the [[Halls of Mandos]]. <br />
*[[Mandos]], the brother of Nienna, was the Vala of the afterlife. All inhabitants of [[Arda]] went to the Halls of Mandos should they happen to die, mortals and immortals alike although it was said that in death as in life, they were separated. Also living in the Halls of Mandos was his spouse [[Vairë]] the weaver, who wove the threads of time.<br />
*To the south were situated the [[Lórien (Valinor)|Gardens of Lórien]], where dwelt [[Irmo]], the Vala of dreams. And on an isle situated in the middle of the lake of [[Lórellin]] in Lórien, dwelt Irmo's wife [[Estë]]. <br />
*To the north of this were the Mansions of [[Aulë]] the smith Vala who was spouse to Yavanna. <br />
*In the north-east lay the Mansions of [[Manwë]] and [[Varda]], the two most powerful Valar. <br />
<br />
To the west of them stood the [[Ring of Doom]], and nearby the mound [[Ezellohar]] with the [[Two Trees of Valinor]], [[Telperion]] and [[Laurelin]].<ref name=s1/> <br />
<br />
After the destruction of [[Númenor]], the [[Undying Lands]] were removed from [[Arda]] so that [[Men]] could not reach them and only the Elves could go there by the [[Straight Road]] and in ships capable of passing out of the Spheres of the earth. By special permission of the Valar, the [[Hobbits]] [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]] were permitted to go to Valinor, being ring-bearers. They were followed by [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Gimli]] the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]] who were perhaps also permitted.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Valinor'' (archaic ''Valinórë'') is [[Quenya]] meaning "Land of Valar". There is also the name ''Valandor'' of roughly the same meaning.<br />
<br />
The terms ''Ever-eve'' or ''Evereven'' also referred to Valinor.<br />
In [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] lore, the mythical West was known as ''[[Faery]]''.<br />
<br />
== Inspiration ==<br />
It has been suggested that the concept is mainly based on the legend of Faery of western mythology, as indicated by the hobbitish name.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, it seems to have been based on ghost and heavenly islands of ancient and medieval legends: Avalon, Hy Brasil, the Blessed Isles, the Elysian Fields, were mythical lands envisioned by the ancient peoples to be far into the western ocean. The legend somehow survived the Middle-Ages with [[Saint Brendan]]'s Island.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
{{ainur}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Valinor| ]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya locations]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Valinor]]<br />
[[fi:Valinor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/aman/valinor]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}</div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Valinor&diff=263649Valinor2015-02-10T18:22:22Z<p>NotACat: fix missing references</p>
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<div></div>NotACathttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Sellic_Spell&diff=240995Talk:Sellic Spell2014-03-19T19:47:16Z<p>NotACat: going to be published this coming May</p>
<hr />
<div>[http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/19/jrr-tolkien-beowulf-translation-published This article] states that this story will be published as part of ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]]'' on 22 May 2014.<br />
HTH HAND —[[User:NotACat|NotACat]] 19:47, 19 March 2014 (UTC)</div>NotACat