https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=162.158.129.51&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T18:14:23ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion&diff=332614The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion2021-06-12T13:25:00Z<p>162.158.129.51: Contents</p>
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<div>{{book<br />
| title=The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion<br />
| image=[[Image:The Lord of the Rings - A Reader's Companion.jpg|225px]]<br />
| author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]]<br />
| isbn=0618642676 <br />
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]] (UK) & [[Houghton Mifflin]] (US)<br />
| date=December 2005<br />
| pages=894<br />
| format=Hardcover with dustjacket, Paperback <br />
}}'''''The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion''''' by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] is considered one of the greatest recent secondary works about [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s world. The book contains rare Tolkien-related extracts, poems, letters, manuscripts, interviews, as well as brand new material.<br />
<br />
===Contents===<br />
<br />
* Rare or previously unpublished content<br />
** A newly transcribed version of ''Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings''. Another version of this was published as "[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]" in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (1975).<br />
** The missing part of [[Letter to Milton Waldman|Tolkien's 1951 letter to Milton Waldman]], regarding the events of [[The Lord of the Rings]], previously unpublished in the UK. The other parts have been published as [[Letter 131]]. <br />
** A reproduction of a manuscript page showing a synoptic time scheme used while writing The Lord of the Rings. It summarizes the movements of characters between the 8th and the 12th of March.<br />
** The Scheme used by Tolkien to summarise the events of March 3018, including new contents.<br />
** Several early versions, drafts and schemes of The Lord of the Rings, most of them unpublished in [[The History of the Lord of the Rings]].<br />
** Formerly unpublished parts of "[[The Hunt for the Ring]]", in particular [[The Hunt for the Ring|''The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders'']] and other missing manuscripts or drafts. <br />
** "[[Index questions]]", a formerly unpublished index of characters and places in The Lord of the Rings.<br />
* Notes on significant changes made by the author and by [[Christopher Tolkien]] after his father's death<br />
* Notes on significant changes on dates and events during the writing of The Lord of the Rings, or in different editions <br />
* Brief references to illustrations, maps, and earlier versions of the text<br />
* References to people, places, and events that appear in other books by Tolkien<br />
* Explanations of archaic and unusual words<br />
* Translations and primers on how to use Tolkien's invented languages<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005)]<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers2.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion (first revised edition 2008)]<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers3.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion (second revised edition 2014)]<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, The}}<br />
[[Category:Books by Wayne G. Hammond]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Christina Scull]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[Category:Scholarly books]]<br />
[[de:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion]]<br />
[[fr:tolkien/sur-tolkien/wayne_hammond_christina_scull_-_the_lord_of_the_rings_a_reader_s_companion]]<br />
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Arthedain&diff=332016Arthedain2021-05-26T18:36:47Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
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<div>{{kingdom<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Arthedain<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=Western [[Eriador]]; west of [[Baranduin]] and the [[Weather Hills]]<br />
| capital=[[Fornost Erain|Fornost]]<br />
| towns=[[Annúminas]], [[Bree]], [[Hobbiton]]<br />
| regions=<br />
| population=[[Dúnedain]], [[Hobbits]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| govern1=[[King of Arthedain]]<br />
| govern2=<br />
| govern3=<br />
| currency=<br />
| holiday=<br />
| precededby=[[Arnor]]<br />
| event1=Founded<br />
| event1date={{TA|861}}<br />
| event2=Abandoned<br />
| event2date={{TA|1974}}<br />
| event3=<br />
| event3date=<br />
| event4=<br />
| event4date=<br />
| event5=<br />
| event5date=<br />
| followedby=<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Arthedain.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
'''Arthedain''' was one of the three realms of the [[Dúnedain of Arnor|Dúnedain of the North]] created from the fragmentation of the kingdom of [[Arnor]]. After the death of Arnor's King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], his sons divided the realm into the kingdoms of Arthedain, [[Rhudaur]] and [[Cardolan]].<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Arthedain lay primarily between the [[Lhûn]] and the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] in northwestern [[Eriador]]. However, it also claimed the land north of the [[East Road]] from the [[Brandywine Bridge]] to the [[Weather Hills]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref> Notable features within Arthedain were the [[Hills of Evendim]], [[Lake Evendim]], [[North Downs]], [[Tower Hills]], [[Far Downs]], [[White Downs]], [[the Shire]], [[Annúminas]], and [[Fornost Erain]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
After the tenth king of Arnor, Eärendur, died in {{TA|861}},<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> dissensions between his sons fractured the realm. Arnor was divided into Arthedain, Rhudaur and Cardolan. The line of [[Isildur]] was maintained in Arthedain, but in Rhudaur and Cardolan the line faded quickly. Arthedain retained [[Weathertop]] and [[Amon Sûl-stone|its]] ''[[Palantíri|Palantír]]'' as well as [[Annúminas-stone|two]] [[Elostirion-stone|others]], which led to contention between the three kingdoms.<ref name="Eriador"/><br />
<br />
When [[Malvegil]] of Arthedain became king in {{TA|1272|n}}<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> [[Orcs]] began to trouble the region.<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> Around {{TA|1300}}, the [[Witch-king]] founded the kingdom of [[Angmar]] north of the [[Ettenmoors]], soon to become the foe of Arthedain.<ref name="TA"/><br />
<br />
After Malvegil, his son [[Argeleb I]] reclaimed lordship over all of Arnor since Rhudaur and Cardolan had no living descendants of Isildur. Rhudaur refused this claim and allied with Angmar.<ref name="Eriador"/> Argeleb I fell in battle with Rhudaur in {{TA|1356|n}}.<ref name="TA"/> His son, [[Arveleg I]], avenged his father by retaking the Weather Hills, aided by [[Lindon]] and Cardolan. However, a great host issued from Angmar in {{TA|1409}}, invading Arthedain and taking Weathertop. King Arveleg I was slain, as well as the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (later interred in the Barrow-downs).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref>. Rhudaur was occupied by Angmar and Cardolan was ravaged.<ref name="Eriador"/><br />
<br />
In {{TA|1601|n}} two [[Fallohides|Fallohide]] brothers, [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]], crossed the Brandywine with many [[Hobbits]] and, with the permission of King [[Argeleb II]], established [[the Shire]].<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> The Hobbits and the remaining [[Men]] in Arthedain suffered losses in the [[Great Plague]] of {{TA|1636|n}}.<ref name="TA"/><br />
<br />
In {{TA|1974|n}}<ref name="TA"/> the Witch-king invaded Arthedain, capturing Fornost and driving most of the few Dúnedain across the Lhûn. King [[Arvedui]] held out for awhile in the [[North Downs]] until he and his guard were driven north.<ref name="Eriador"/> Although the realm of Angmar was crushed at the [[Battle of Fornost]] in {{TA|1975|n}},<ref name="TA"/> the realm of Arthedain also came to an end and its lands remained mostly empty (except for the Shire) and its people became [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]]; until the [[Reunited Kingdom|reestablishment]] of the northern kingdom under king [[Aragorn|Elessar]] at the end of the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Arnor]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
[[Category:Mannish realms]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Arthedain]]<br />
[[fi:Arthedain]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/arthedain]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Arnor&diff=332015Arnor2021-05-26T18:36:04Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
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<div>{{kingdom<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Arnor<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Kingdom of the North, the Lost Realm, the North-kingdom, the Northern Kingdom, the North-realm<br />
| location=Most of [[Eriador]]<br />
| capital=[[Annúminas]], later [[Fornost Erain]]<br />
| towns=[[Lond Daer]], [[Tharbad]], [[Bree]], [[Hobbiton]]<br />
| regions=[[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]]<br />
| population=[[Arnorians]]<br>[[Middle Men]]<br>[[Hobbits]]<br>Few [[Elves]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]], [[Hobbitish]]<br />
| govern1=[[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]/[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]]<br />
| govern2=Council of Arnor<br />
| govern3=<br />
| currency=<br />
| holiday=<br />
| precededby=[[Númenor]]<br />
| event1=Founded<br />
| event1date={{SA|3320}}<br />
| event2=Divided<br />
| event2date={{TA|861}}<br />
| event3=Abandoned <br />
| event3date={{TA|1974}}<br />
| event4=Re-formed<br />
| event4date=[[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| event5=<br />
| event5date=<br />
| followedby=[[Reunited Kingdom]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Arnor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
<br />
'''Arnor''', or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was a kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]] in the land of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was the original seat of the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King of Arnor]] who ruled over both Arnor and [[Gondor]].<br />
==Geography==<br />
Arnor included most of [[Eriador]], extending from the gulf of [[Lune]] (west of which was [[Lindon]]) to the river [[Greyflood]] and its tributary, the river [[Loudwater]] (east of which was [[Rivendell]]).<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Dunedain of Arnor dwelt in many places in Eriador, but most of the population centered around the region of [[Arthedain]]. The Dunedain mainly inhabited the cities of [[Fornost]] and the capital city of [[Annúminas]], as well as along the [[Baranduin]] and the gulf of [[Lune]]. By the later [[Third Age]], the settlements of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had decayed and become ruins and [[barrows]].<ref name=rings/><br />
=== Regions ===<br />
<br />
* [[Arthedain]], the core of the north-kingdom bordering the Lune<br />
* [[Cardolan]], the lands south of the [[East Road]], east of the Brandywine<br />
* [[Rhudaur]], the region between the Weather Hills and the [[Misty Mountains]]<br />
<br />
=== Cities, Fortresses and Watchtowers ===<br />
<br />
* [[Annúminas]], the old capital on the shore of Lake Evendim<br />
* [[Fornost]], the new capital of the successor state of Arthedain<br />
* [[Bree]], a trading centre located on the East Road<br />
* [[Lond Daer]], an old harbour town founded by Númenóreans<br />
* [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], also called Weathertop, a watchtower on the highest of the Weather Hills<br />
* [[Elostirion]], an elven watchtower in the [[Tower Hills]]<br />
* [[Tharbad]], a fortified town and port on each side of the River Greyflood on the southern border of Arnor<br />
<br />
=== The ''[[Palantíri]]'' ===<br />
<br />
The '''[[Palantíri]]''' or 'seeing stones' were spherical stones that could communicate with each other and give visual impressions to a skilled remote user. [[Elendil]] and his two sons originally divided these stones between themselves. They were usually heavily guarded and under the control of the kings. There were seven of these stones in total. The northern kingdom possessed three, and the southern kingdom held the other four.<ref name=rings/>{{rp|362}} They were:<br />
<br />
* The [[Elostirion-stone]], kept in the tower of [[Elostirion]]. This was used to communicate with The Master Stone in [[Tol Eressëa]], the Lonely Isle of the Elves, along the [[Straight Road]]. It could not contact the other Middle-Earth stones.<br />
* The [[Amon Sûl-stone]], kept in the watchtower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]]. The [[Amon Sûl-stone]] was a large stone, and the northern kings often used it to contact its corresponding large stone in Gondor, at the great dome of [[Osgiliath]].<br />
* The [[Annúminas-stone]], kept in Arnor's capital city of [[Annúminas]]. Though one of the lesser stones, it was the stone most often used by the [[Kings of Arnor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<!--"Events" in Eriador infobox links here--><br />
=== Early History ===<br />
Before the foundation of Arnor, [[Eriador]] was home to [[Middle Men]] of [[Edain]] stock. As a result of the slow emigration that started under the [[Númenórean]] kings [[Tar-Meneldur]] and [[Tar-Aldarion]], a sizable population formed. These early colonists soon interbred with the indigenous population of Eriador. The [[Faithful]] favored Eriador over the more southern regions (Gondor) because the [[Elves of Lindon]] under their high king [[Gil-galad]] lived very near across the river [[Lhûn]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>{{rp|360}} Conversely, the [[King's Men]] settled more to the south in the later days. Thus, the area was populated by people who were mainly still Faithful and [[Elf-friends]], where much of the knowledge of the [[Elder Days]] was preserved.<br />
<br />
[[File:Steven White Jr. - Ann18.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Steven White, Jr. - ''Palace Complex at Annúminas'']]<br />
During the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Elendil]] and his people sailed through the [[Gulf of Lune]] and up the [[Lune]] river, and befriended the [[High King of the Noldor]] Gil-galad.<ref name=rings/> Both Elendil and his sons were welcomed by the Men who were in whole or part of [[Númenorean]] blood.<ref name=rings/><ref name=languages>{{App|Men}}</ref> These [[Men of Eriador]] accepted the new kingdom of Elendil and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.<ref name=rings/> The [[Men of Bree]] also became subjects of Arnor.<ref name=languages/> Gil-galad and [[Elves of Lindon|his people]] aided the fledgling realm; he even built the [[Emyn Beraid]] for Elendil.<ref name=rings/> <br />
<br />
Elendil founded Arnor at the end of the [[Second Age]] ({{SA|3320}}), while his sons founded the southern realm of [[Gondor]]. Both kingdoms of the [[Númenóreans]] were known as the [[Realms in Exile]], and their history is intertwined. <br />
Despite its precedence over it as the seat of the High King, Arnor was never as powerful and populous as Gondor.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref><br />
<br />
Elendil established the city of [[Annúminas]] as his capital. Besides the chief cities like Annúminas and [[Fornost]], the [[Men of Arnor]] concentrated around the courses of the Lhûn and the [[Baranduin]], the hills of [[Rhudaur]], and built towers on [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name=rings/> <br />
=== [[War of the Last Alliance]] ===<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Isildur 2.jpg|right|thumb|''Isildur'' in Peter Jackson's ''Fellowship of the Ring'']]<br />
In {{SA|3430}} Arnor joined forces with [[Gil-galad]] in a great alliance opposing Sauron, the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. When Elendil led his people against [[Sauron]], the [[Dúnedain]] and the other Men of Eriador marched together to the South.<ref name=rings/> In conjunction with southern forces from Gondor, they confronted Sauron's armies in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. This great war lasted several years, that reached [[Dagorlad]] and [[Mordor]] itself far in the south, culminating to the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. Both [[Elendil]] and his son [[Anárion]] were slain in this conflict, but [[Isildur]] cut the [[One Ring]] from Sauron's finger and prevailed. <br />
<br />
Isildur (who was also King of Gondor) was the elder son of Elendil and would inherit the High Kingship and throne of Arnor. But he never reached his new realm: he was killed in {{TA|2}} in the disastrous [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]], as did his three eldest sons; the One Ring was also lost there. <br />
<br />
Isildur's fourth and youngest son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], who had remained at [[Rivendell]] due to his youth, became [[Heir of Isildur|his heir]] ({{TA|10}}). But the Menof Arnor suffered heavy casualties in the War, and the subsequent Disaster; there remained now too few to people amd the places Elendil had built were partially depopulated. Arnor never fully recovered from the devastating loss.<ref name=rings/><br />
<br />
Because nor Valandil nor his subsequent heirs claimed the throne of Gondor, the realms were split; but Arnor's ruler kept the title [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]], whereas in the south the ruler was 'just' [[Kings of Gondor|King]].<br />
<br />
=== Breakup, decline, and War with Angmar ===<br />
Arnor's capital was [[Annúminas]] on [[Lake Evendim]], but by {{TA|861}} [[Fornost Erain]] had taken its place. No longer a site of such importance, Annúminas became depopulated and was slowly abandoned.<br />
<br />
After the death of its tenth king, [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], in {{TA|861}}, Arnor was shaken by civil war between his three sons. The eldest, [[Amlaith]], claimed Kingship over all Arnor but was reduced to only ruling the region of Arthedain as his kingdom, while the other sons founded the breakaway kingdoms of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]].<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref><ref name=rings/><ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> The three petty kingdoms often strifed, usually over control of the [[Weather Hills]] and the [[palantíri|palantír]] of [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name=eriador/> <br />
<br />
[[File:Grant Gould - The Witch King.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Eliot Gould - ''The Witch King'']]<br />
<br />
Seeing the disunion in Arnor, during the reign of Malvegil (c. {{TA|1300}}), the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] arose in the north, later identified as in fact the lord of [[Sauron]]'s [[Ringwraiths]]. This new threat began attacking Rhudaur and Cardolan.<ref name=eriador/> <br />
<br />
Eventually the line of [[Isildur]] failed in the other kingdoms but Arthedain and the Dúnedain were few in Rhudaur, where a lord of the [[Hill-men]], secretly supporting Angmar, seized power. Arnor was refounded ''de jure'' by the seventh [[King of Arthedain]], [[Argeleb I]], and Cardolan placed itself under its suzerainty but Rhudaur resisted. Arthedain thus reasserted control over Cardolan but in response, fortified a line along the [[Weather Hills]], but Rhudaur and Angmar attacked and killed the King in {{TA|1356}}. His son [[Arveleg I]], however, counterattacked in conjunction with Cardolan and [[Lindon]] and drove the enemy back.<ref name=eriador/><br />
[[File:BFME2 - Weathertop.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Weathertop'' from BFME2]]<br />
Arveleg continued to hold the frontier along the Hills for the following years, until {{TA|1409}}, when Angmar crossed the [[Hoarwell]] and successfully captured [[Weathertop]], and Arveleg fell in battle, as did the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (later interred in the [[Barrow-downs]]).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref>. Amon Sûl fell, and its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' was taken to Fornost. With Amon Sûl lost, Angmar had free reign over the all the lands of Cardolan, which was ravaged, and the population was forced to hold out in the Barrow Downs, or took refuge in the [[Old Forest]].. Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to [[Angmar]], and the remaining Dúnedain were slain or fled west.<ref name=eriador/> <br />
<br />
[[The Shire]], once the hunting grounds of the [[King of Arnor]], was a fertile and well-tilled part of Arnor, deserted during the waning days of the Arthedain. The [[Hobbits]] (who had lived in [[Dunland]] and parts of depopulated [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) got official permission from King [[Argeleb II]] to settle the lands. This was finally done in {{TA|1601}} by [[Bree-hobbits]] led by the brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]]; almost all of the Hobbits of Middle-earth could be found there by 30 years later. The [[Shire-hobbits]] considered themselves as subjects of the King of Arthedain, at least nominally, considering the isolation of their country. Nevertheless, they sent some support troops to the great battles Arnor fought against Angmar.<ref name=eriador/><br />
<br />
The Men of Arnor did not have the strength to drive away the forces of Angmar, so the [[Elves of Lindon]], forces of [[Rivendell]], and the [[Galadhrim]] would defeat the armies of Angmar much later.<ref name=eriador/><br />
<br />
=== The [[Great Plague]] ===<br />
[[File:Amir Salehi - Servant of Death.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Amir Salehi - ''Servant of Death'']]<br />
Another threat appeared to the northern kingdoms, the [[Great Plague]] that came from the [[East]]. The Men of Arnor were so much affected that the joint garrison at [[Tharbad]] that Arnor held with Gondor, ceased to exist,<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> and the last of the Dúnedain of Cardolan died on the Barrow-downs. The Witch-king, exploiting the tragedy, sent evil spirits, the [[Barrow-wights]], to infest the area.<br />
<br />
The [[Shire-folk]] were damaged by it, but not heavily. The plague lost its strength, however, at this point, so that most of [[Arthedain]] was unaffected.<ref name=eriador/> <br />
<br />
The two Realms in Exile eventually suspected that these disasters might be being coordinated by a single power, and resumed communications. As a result, Prince Arvedui, heir to the Sceptre, wedded [[Fíriel]], the daughter of [[Ondoher]] [[King of Gondor]] ({{TA|1940}}). That happened before Ondoher was slain in battle, and hoping to save his Kingdom, Arvedui staked his claim to Gondor, by right of his descent from Elendil and by that of his wife. The [[Council of Gondor]] refused the reunification and crowned King [[Eärnil II]], who maintained good relations with Arnor, promising aid against Angmar. But Arnor's strength was fast dwindling; in {{TA|1973}} Arvedui (who now was King) sent a message to Gondor that Angmar was preparing its final assault, and Eärnil mustered a great armament bound for [[Lindon]], but it would arrive too late.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><br />
=== The Fall of Arthedain ===<br />
<br />
In {{TA|1974}}, the final chapter in Arthedain's history began. The Witch-king attacked during the harsh winter weather. The capital of [[Fornost]] fell, and the remaining Arnorian forces were driven over the Lune river into Lindon.<ref name=eriador/> Arvedui fled to [[Forochel]], while his son, [[Aranarth]], informed [[Círdan]] at the [[Grey Havens]] about the disaster. Círdan's sailors were eventually unable to rescue Arvedui, and [[Malbeth]] the Seer's prophecy at his birth, that he would be the 'Last king' of Arthedain, was fulfilled. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Showdown with Angmar ===<br />
The Gondorian naval forces under [[Eärnur]], [[Captain of Gondor]] eventually landed in the Grey Havens, from which debarked the most powerful army seen in the north of Middle-earth in centuries. <br />
<br />
The remnants of Arnor would later join the great force, led by Cirdan and Eärnur, in the greatest joint Elf-Man army since the [[War of the Last Alliance]]; this great [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]] marched northward toward the Arnorian capital of Fornost, where the Witch-king had occupied.<br />
He confidently marched his forces out to meet them in the open. The Host attacked him from the [[Hills of Evendim]], and a [[Battle of Fornost|large battle]] broke out. The cavalry under Eärnur pursued what remained of the Angmar forces, and were joined by an Elven force under [[Glorfindel]] from [[Rivendell]]. Angmar fell but the Witch-King fled.<br />
<br />
Thus both Arthedain and Angmar were destroyed. the Dúnedain of Arnor created new homes in the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]] south of [[Rivendell]], but Aranarth perceived that his people had become too few after the continuing wars to reestablish the realm. [[Men of Bree|Some Men]] survived in [[Bree]] and other villages, while the Hobbits survived in the Shire and Bree; in the Shire they chose a [[Thain]] from among themselves to replace the fallen King in {{TA|1979}}. The Shire remained a minor but independent political unit.<ref name="lotr1018">{{App|Arnor}}</ref><br />
=== [[Rangers of the North]] ===<br />
Aranarth instead of calling himself a king or prince, he assumed the title [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]] and took his dwindling people, now secretive wanderers who traveled from place to place in Eriador. His son, [[Arahael]], grew up safely in Rivendell under the fosterhood of [[Elrond]], a tradition that was followed through the rest of the Third Age. Also brought to Elrond were the heirlooms of the [[House of Isildur]]: the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]], the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of [[Narsil]], and the [[Star of Elendil]].<ref name=eriador/> Thus, through them the royal [[House of Isildur]] was maintained successfully from father to son for a millennium.<br />
<br />
There were sixteen Chieftains in direct descent, under many perils in Eriador, and many of the Chieftains died premature deaths. One of these was [[Arathorn II]], who was slain by Orcs raiding the area. So the Dúnedain survived in the shadows, waiting for a better day when the kingdom would be reborn, that would be in the time of [[Aragorn]], on [[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}. <br />
<br />
=== [[War of the Ring]] ===<br />
<br />
The Kingdom of Arnor had been fallen for a thousand years by the time the [[War of the Ring]] broke out, but northern forces did participate in the War. [[Aragorn]] participated, the [[Heir of Isildur]], and there were several hundred of them operating during the conflict. The A company of this group accompanied Aragorn through the [[Paths of the Dead]] and during the attack on [[Umbar]] which captured the Corsair fleet. They participated at the last battle, fighting under his banner, at the [[Battle of the Morannon]], where [[Sauron]] was finally thrown down.<br />
<br />
There was conflict in other areas of the North. There were three different invasions of [[Lothlórien]], which were thrown back by the Elven army under [[Celeborn]] and [[Thranduil]]. Finally, Celeborn led an attack resulting in the [[Fall of Dol Guldur|capture of Dol Guldur]] and put an end to Sauron's northern threat.<br />
<br />
There was also a battle fought in [[the Shire]], between Saruman's [[Ruffians]] and [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] militia forces. This was the last battle fought in the [[War of the Ring]], and resulted in the death of Saruman and the death or capture of his followers. This became known as the [[Battle of Bywater]], and represents the Hobbit contribution to the War.<ref name="lotr992-996">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[The Scouring of the Shire]], pp. 992-996.</ref><br />
<br />
== Restoration and the [[Reunited Kingdom]] ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Rowena Morrill - The Last Steward of Gondor.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Rowena Morrill - ''The Last Steward of Gondor'']]Faramir, son of Denethor II the last Ruling Steward, presented his rod of office to the new king, and received it back from him. [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] then was crowned by [[Gandalf]] as [[Aragorn|King Elessar]], refounded the Kingdom of Arnor as part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], and made [[Annúminas]] his new capital city.<ref name="lotr1019">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], p. 1019.</ref> He was wed to the Elven princess Arwen, who became [[Arwen|Queen Evenstar]] of Arnor and Gondor. After the fall of [[Sauron]] Arnor was safe again for resettlement of Men, and although it remained less populated than [[Gondor]] to the south, in time Arnor became a more densely populated region again, even if it had dwindled in size due to the independence of [[the Shire]]. The area encompassed by the Reunited Kingdom now encompassed the territory of the [[Two Kingdoms]] at their greatest extent. In the North, this included all the land between the [[Lune|River Lune]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], and in the South included all the land between Dunland in the west, to the [[Far Harad]] southwards, to [[Rhûn]] in the east. The reborn kingdom continued on into the Fourth Age, with [[Eldarion]] eventually succeeding his father to the throne of this now empire-sized state.<br />
<br />
== Languages ==<br />
<br />
Many people in Arnor were of Númenórean stock. However, aside from the Exiles, most had long since mingled with non-Númenórean peoples; the predominant language spoken by them was [[Westron]].<ref>{{App|F}}</ref> At least some of the population, especially the upper classes, were fluent in [[Sindarin]], while [[Quenya]] was studied as a language of lore. Many early place names and the names of the [[House of Isildur|royal house]] were Quenya, but by the 8th century of the [[Third Age]], Quenya had given way to Sindarin.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
<br />
'''''Arnor''''' was the colloquial name for the '''North Kingdom'''. The North Kingdom, as the land was called at its conception, was also known as ''Turmen Follondiéva'' in [[Quenya]] and ''Arthor na Forlonnas'' in [[Sindarin]]. These names quickly fell out of use, in favour of ''Arnor'': the ''Land of the King'', so called for the kingship of [[Elendil]], and to seal its precedence over the [[Gondor|southern realm]]. In full, poetic Sindarin, it was called ''Arannor'', which mirrored its Quenya name, '''''Arandórë'''''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 28</ref> Though technically ''Arandórë'' would have a Sindarin form ''Ardor'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] chose ''Arnor'' because it sounded better. This linguistic change was ascribed to a later, Mannish development of Sindarin.<ref name="L347">{{L|347}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 17</ref> The form '''''Arnanórë''''' is also seen.<ref name="L347" /><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2002: {{tttee}}:'''<br />
:Peter Jackson's movies do not mention the long history of how Arnor and Gondor diverged, nor do they mention Arnor by name. The one passing reference to it is in a scene from the Extended Edition, when Aragorn reveals to Éowyn that he is actually eighty-seven years old. She realises that he must be one of the [[Dúnedain]], a descendant of Númenor blessed with long life, but says that she thought his race had passed into legend. Aragorn acknowledges that he is one of the Dúnedain, and explains that there are not many of his people left, because "the Northern kingdom was destroyed long ago".<br />
<br />
'''2012: [[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]:'''<br />
:The kingdom of Arnor is mentioned indirectly by [[Galadriel]] in the [[White Council]] scene, and so does the [[Angmar War|war with Angmar]] and it's aftermath too.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kings of Arnor]]<br />
* [[Kings of Gondor]]<br />
* [[Gondor]]<br />
* [[War of the Last Alliance]]<br />
* [[War of the Ring]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Arnor| ]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Arnor]]<br />
[[fi:Arnor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/arnor]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Arnor&diff=332014Arnor2021-05-26T18:35:15Z<p>162.158.129.51: /* Breakup, decline, and War with Angmar */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{kingdom<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Arnor<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Kingdom of the North, the Lost Realm, the North-kingdom, the Northern Kingdom, the North-realm<br />
| location=Most of [[Eriador]]<br />
| capital=[[Annúminas]], later [[Fornost Erain]]<br />
| towns=[[Lond Daer]], [[Tharbad]], [[Bree]], [[Hobbiton]]<br />
| regions=[[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]]<br />
| population=[[Arnorians]]<br>[[Middle Men]]<br>[[Hobbits]]<br>Few [[Elves]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]], [[Hobbitish]]<br />
| govern1=[[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]/[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]]<br />
| govern2=Council of Arnor<br />
| govern3=<br />
| currency=<br />
| holiday=<br />
| precededby=[[Númenor]]<br />
| event1=Founded<br />
| event1date={{SA|3320}}<br />
| event2=Divided<br />
| event2date={{TA|861}}<br />
| event3=Abandoned <br />
| event3date={{TA|1974}}<br />
| event4=Re-formed<br />
| event4date=[[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| event5=<br />
| event5date=<br />
| followedby=[[Reunited Kingdom]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Arnor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
<br />
'''Arnor''', or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was a kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]] in the land of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. It was the original seat of the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King|High King of Arnor]] who ruled over both Arnor and [[Gondor]].<br />
==Geography==<br />
Arnor included most of [[Eriador]], extending from the gulf of [[Lune]] (west of which was [[Lindon]]) to the river [[Greyflood]] and its tributary, the river [[Loudwater]] (east of which was [[Rivendell]]).<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Dunedain of Arnor dwelt in many places in Eriador, but most of the population centered around the region of [[Arthedain]]. The Dunedain mainly inhabited the cities of [[Fornost]] and the capital city of [[Annúminas]], as well as along the [[Baranduin]] and the gulf of [[Lune]]. By the later [[Third Age]], the settlements of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]] had decayed and become ruins and [[barrows]].<ref name=rings/><br />
=== Regions ===<br />
<br />
* [[Arthedain]], the core of the north-kingdom bordering the Lune<br />
* [[Cardolan]], the lands south of the [[East Road]], east of the Brandywine<br />
* [[Rhudaur]], the region between the Weather Hills and the [[Misty Mountains]]<br />
<br />
=== Cities, Fortresses and Watchtowers ===<br />
<br />
* [[Annúminas]], the old capital on the shore of Lake Evendim<br />
* [[Fornost]], the new capital of the successor state of Arthedain<br />
* [[Bree]], a trading centre located on the East Road<br />
* [[Lond Daer]], an old harbour town founded by Númenóreans<br />
* [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], also called Weathertop, a watchtower on the highest of the Weather Hills<br />
* [[Elostirion]], an elven watchtower in the [[Tower Hills]]<br />
* [[Tharbad]], a fortified town and port on each side of the River Greyflood on the southern border of Arnor<br />
<br />
=== The ''[[Palantíri]]'' ===<br />
<br />
The '''[[Palantíri]]''' or 'seeing stones' were spherical stones that could communicate with each other and give visual impressions to a skilled remote user. [[Elendil]] and his two sons originally divided these stones between themselves. They were usually heavily guarded and under the control of the kings. There were seven of these stones in total. The northern kingdom possessed three, and the southern kingdom held the other four.<ref name=rings/>{{rp|362}} They were:<br />
<br />
* The [[Elostirion-stone]], kept in the tower of [[Elostirion]]. This was used to communicate with The Master Stone in [[Tol Eressëa]], the Lonely Isle of the Elves, along the [[Straight Road]]. It could not contact the other Middle-Earth stones.<br />
* The [[Amon Sûl-stone]], kept in the watchtower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]]. The [[Amon Sûl-stone]] was a large stone, and the northern kings often used it to contact its corresponding large stone in Gondor, at the great dome of [[Osgiliath]].<br />
* The [[Annúminas-stone]], kept in Arnor's capital city of [[Annúminas]]. Though one of the lesser stones, it was the stone most often used by the [[Kings of Arnor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<!--"Events" in Eriador infobox links here--><br />
=== Early History ===<br />
Before the foundation of Arnor, [[Eriador]] was home to [[Middle Men]] of [[Edain]] stock. As a result of the slow emigration that started under the [[Númenórean]] kings [[Tar-Meneldur]] and [[Tar-Aldarion]], a sizable population formed. These early colonists soon interbred with the indigenous population of Eriador. The [[Faithful]] favored Eriador over the more southern regions (Gondor) because the [[Elves of Lindon]] under their high king [[Gil-galad]] lived very near across the river [[Lhûn]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>{{rp|360}} Conversely, the [[King's Men]] settled more to the south in the later days. Thus, the area was populated by people who were mainly still Faithful and [[Elf-friends]], where much of the knowledge of the [[Elder Days]] was preserved.<br />
<br />
[[File:Steven White Jr. - Ann18.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Steven White, Jr. - ''Palace Complex at Annúminas'']]<br />
During the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Elendil]] and his people sailed through the [[Gulf of Lune]] and up the [[Lune]] river, and befriended the [[High King of the Noldor]] Gil-galad.<ref name=rings/> Both Elendil and his sons were welcomed by the Men who were in whole or part of [[Númenorean]] blood.<ref name=rings/><ref name=languages>{{App|Men}}</ref> These [[Men of Eriador]] accepted the new kingdom of Elendil and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.<ref name=rings/> The [[Men of Bree]] also became subjects of Arnor.<ref name=languages/> Gil-galad and [[Elves of Lindon|his people]] aided the fledgling realm; he even built the [[Emyn Beraid]] for Elendil.<ref name=rings/> <br />
<br />
Elendil founded Arnor at the end of the [[Second Age]] ({{SA|3320}}), while his sons founded the southern realm of [[Gondor]]. Both kingdoms of the [[Númenóreans]] were known as the [[Realms in Exile]], and their history is intertwined. <br />
Despite its precedence over it as the seat of the High King, Arnor was never as powerful and populous as Gondor.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref><br />
<br />
Elendil established the city of [[Annúminas]] as his capital. Besides the chief cities like Annúminas and [[Fornost]], the [[Men of Arnor]] concentrated around the courses of the Lhûn and the [[Baranduin]], the hills of [[Rhudaur]], and built towers on [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name=rings/> <br />
=== [[War of the Last Alliance]] ===<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Isildur 2.jpg|right|thumb|''Isildur'' in Peter Jackson's ''Fellowship of the Ring'']]<br />
In {{SA|3430}} Arnor joined forces with [[Gil-galad]] in a great alliance opposing Sauron, the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. When Elendil led his people against [[Sauron]], the [[Dúnedain]] and the other Men of Eriador marched together to the South.<ref name=rings/> In conjunction with southern forces from Gondor, they confronted Sauron's armies in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. This great war lasted several years, that reached [[Dagorlad]] and [[Mordor]] itself far in the south, culminating to the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]]. Both [[Elendil]] and his son [[Anárion]] were slain in this conflict, but [[Isildur]] cut the [[One Ring]] from Sauron's finger and prevailed. <br />
<br />
Isildur (who was also King of Gondor) was the elder son of Elendil and would inherit the High Kingship and throne of Arnor. But he never reached his new realm: he was killed in {{TA|2}} in the disastrous [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]], as did his three eldest sons; the One Ring was also lost there. <br />
<br />
Isildur's fourth and youngest son, [[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], who had remained at [[Rivendell]] due to his youth, became [[Heir of Isildur|his heir]] ({{TA|10}}). But the Menof Arnor suffered heavy casualties in the War, and the subsequent Disaster; there remained now too few to people amd the places Elendil had built were partially depopulated. Arnor never fully recovered from the devastating loss.<ref name=rings/><br />
<br />
Because nor Valandil nor his subsequent heirs claimed the throne of Gondor, the realms were split; but Arnor's ruler kept the title [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]], whereas in the south the ruler was 'just' [[Kings of Gondor|King]].<br />
<br />
=== Breakup, decline, and War with Angmar ===<br />
Arnor's capital was [[Annúminas]] on [[Lake Evendim]], but by {{TA|861}} [[Fornost Erain]] had taken its place. No longer a site of such importance, Annúminas became depopulated and was slowly abandoned.<br />
<br />
After the death of its tenth king, [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], in {{TA|861}}, Arnor was shaken by civil war between his three sons. The eldest, [[Amlaith]], claimed Kingship over all Arnor but was reduced to only ruling the region of Arthedain as his kingdom, while the other sons founded the breakaway kingdoms of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]].<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref><ref name=rings/><ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> The three petty kingdoms often strifed, usually over control of the [[Weather Hills]] and the [[palantíri|palantír]] of [[Amon Sûl]].<ref name=eriador/> <br />
<br />
[[File:Grant Gould - The Witch King.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Eliot Gould - ''The Witch King'']]<br />
<br />
Seeing the disunion in Arnor, during the reign of Malvegil (c. {{TA|1300}}), the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] arose in the north, later identified as in fact the lord of [[Sauron]]'s [[Ringwraiths]]. This new threat began attacking Rhudaur and Cardolan.<ref name=eriador/> <br />
<br />
Eventually the line of [[Isildur]] failed in the other kingdoms but Arthedain and the Dúnedain were few in Rhudaur, where a lord of the [[Hill-men]], secretly supporting Angmar, seized power. Arnor was refounded ''de jure'' by the seventh [[King of Arthedain]], [[Argeleb I]], and Cardolan placed itself under its suzerainty but Rhudaur resisted. Arthedain thus reasserted control over Cardolan but in response, fortified a line along the [[Weather Hills]], but Rhudaur and Angmar attacked and killed the King in {{TA|1356}}. His son [[Arveleg I]], however, counterattacked in conjunction with Cardolan and [[Lindon]] and drove the enemy back.<ref name=eriador/><br />
[[File:BFME2 - Weathertop.jpg|left|220px|thumb|''Weathertop'' from BFME2]]<br />
Arveleg continued to hold the frontier along the Hills for the following years, until {{TA|1409}}, when Angmar crossed the [[Hoarwell]] and successfully captured [[Weathertop]], and Arveleg fell in battle, as did the [[last prince of Cardolan]] (later interred in the [[Barrow-downs]]).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]'</ref>. Amon Sûl fell, and its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' was taken to Fornost. With Amon Sûl lost, Angmar had free reign over the all the lands of Cardolan, which was ravaged, and the population was forced to hold out in the Barrow Downs, or took refuge in the [[Old Forest]].. Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to [[Angmar]], and the remaining Dúnedain were slain or fled west.<ref name=eriador/> <br />
<br />
[[The Shire]], once the hunting grounds of the [[King of Arnor]], was a fertile and well-tilled part of Arnor, deserted during the waning days of the Arthedain. The [[Hobbits]] (who had lived in [[Dunland]] and parts of depopulated [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]) got official permission from King [[Argeleb II]] to settle the lands. This was finally done in {{TA|1601}} by [[Bree-hobbits]] led by the brothers [[Marcho]] and [[Blanco]]; almost all of the Hobbits of Middle-earth could be found there by 30 years later. The [[Shire-hobbits]] considered themselves as subjects of the King of Arthedain, at least nominally, considering the isolation of their country. Nevertheless, they sent some support troops to the great battles Arnor fought against Angmar.<ref name=eriador/><br />
<br />
The Men of Arnor did not have the strength to drive away the forces of Angmar, so the [[Elves of Lindon]], forces of [[Rivendell]], and the [[Galadhrim]] would defeat the armies of Angmar much later.<ref name=eriador/><br />
<br />
=== The [[Great Plague]] ===<br />
[[File:Amir Salehi - Servant of Death.jpg|right|220px|thumb|Amir Salehi - ''Servant of Death'']]<br />
Another threat appeared to the northern kingdoms, the [[Great Plague]] that came from the [[East]]. The Men of Arnor were so much affected that the joint garrison at [[Tharbad]] that Arnor held with Gondor, ceased to exist,<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> and the last of the Dúnedain of Cardolan died on the Barrow-downs. The Witch-king, exploiting the tragedy, sent evil spirits, the [[Barrow-wights]], to infest the area.<br />
<br />
The [[Shire-folk]] were damaged by it, but not heavily. The plague lost its strength, however, at this point, so that most of [[Arthedain]] was unaffected.<ref name=eriador/> <br />
<br />
The two Realms in Exile eventually suspected that these disasters might be being coordinated by a single power, and resumed communications. As a result, Prince Arvedui, heir to the Sceptre, wedded [[Fíriel]], the daughter of [[Ondoher]] [[King of Gondor]] ({{TA|1940}}). That happened before Ondoher was slain in battle, and hoping to save his Kingdom, Arvedui staked his claim to Gondor, by right of his descent from Elendil and by that of his wife. The [[Council of Gondor]] refused the reunification and crowned King [[Eärnil II]], who maintained good relations with Arnor, promising aid against Angmar. But Arnor's strength was fast dwindling; in {{TA|1973}} Arvedui (who now was King) sent a message to Gondor that Angmar was preparing its final assault, and Eärnil mustered a great armament bound for [[Lindon]], but it would arrive too late.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><br />
=== The Fall of Arthedain ===<br />
<br />
In {{TA|1974}}, the final chapter in Arthedain's history began. The Witch-king attacked during the harsh winter weather. The capital of [[Fornost]] fell, and the remaining Arnorian forces were driven over the Lune river into Lindon.<ref name=eriador/> Arvedui fled to [[Forochel]], while his son, [[Aranarth]], informed [[Círdan]] at the [[Grey Havens]] about the disaster. Círdan's sailors were eventually unable to rescue Arvedui, and [[Malbeth]] the Seer's prophecy at his birth, that he would be the 'Last king' of Arthedain, was fulfilled. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Showdown with Angmar ===<br />
The Gondorian naval forces under [[Eärnur]], [[Captain of Gondor]] eventually landed in the Grey Havens, from which debarked the most powerful army seen in the north of Middle-earth in centuries. <br />
<br />
The remnants of Arnor would later join the great force, led by Cirdan and Eärnur, in the greatest joint Elf-Man army since the [[War of the Last Alliance]]; this great [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]] marched northward toward the Arnorian capital of Fornost, where the Witch-king had occupied.<br />
He confidently marched his forces out to meet them in the open. The Host attacked him from the [[Hills of Evendim]], and a [[Battle of Fornost|large battle]] broke out. The cavalry under Eärnur pursued what remained of the Angmar forces, and were joined by an Elven force under [[Glorfindel]] from [[Rivendell]]. Angmar fell but the Witch-King fled.<br />
<br />
Thus both Arthedain and Angmar were destroyed. the Dúnedain of Arnor created new homes in the [[Angle of Eriador|Angle]] south of [[Rivendell]], but Aranarth perceived that his people had become too few after the continuing wars to reestablish the realm. [[Men of Bree|Some Men]] survived in [[Bree]] and other villages, while the Hobbits survived in the Shire and Bree; in the Shire they chose a [[Thain]] from among themselves to replace the fallen King in {{TA|1979}}. The Shire remained a minor but independent political unit.<ref name="lotr1018">{{App|Arnor}}</ref><br />
=== [[Rangers of the North]] ===<br />
Aranarth instead of calling himself a king or prince, he assumed the title [[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftain]] and took his dwindling people, now secretive wanderers who traveled from place to place in Eriador. His son, [[Arahael]], grew up safely in Rivendell under the fosterhood of [[Elrond]], a tradition that was followed through the rest of the Third Age. Also brought to Elrond were the heirlooms of the [[House of Isildur]]: the [[Sceptre of Annúminas]], the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of [[Narsil]], and the [[Star of Elendil]].<ref name=eriador/> Thus, through them the royal [[House of Isildur]] was maintained successfully from father to son for a millennium.<br />
<br />
There were sixteen Chieftains in direct descent, under many perils in Eriador, and many of the Chieftains died premature deaths. One of these was [[Arathorn II]], who was slain by Orcs raiding the area. So the Dúnedain survived in the shadows, waiting for a better day when the kingdom would be reborn, that would be in the time of [[Aragorn]], on [[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}. <br />
<br />
=== [[War of the Ring]] ===<br />
<br />
The Kingdom of Arnor had been fallen for a thousand years by the time the [[War of the Ring]] broke out, but northern forces did participate in the War. [[Aragorn]] participated, the [[Heir of Isildur]], and there were several hundred of them operating during the conflict. The A company of this group accompanied Aragorn through the [[Paths of the Dead]] and during the attack on [[Umbar]] which captured the Corsair fleet. They participated at the last battle, fighting under his banner, at the [[Battle of the Morannon]], where [[Sauron]] was finally thrown down.<br />
<br />
There was conflict in other areas of the North. There were three different invasions of [[Lothlórien]], which were thrown back by the Elven army under [[Celeborn]] and [[Thranduil]]. Finally, Celeborn led an attack resulting in the [[Fall of Dol Guldur|capture of Dol Guldur]] and put an end to Sauron's northern threat.<br />
<br />
There was also a battle fought in [[the Shire]], between Saruman's [[Ruffians]] and [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] militia forces. This was the last battle fought in the [[War of the Ring]], and resulted in the death of Saruman and the death or capture of his followers. This became known as the [[Battle of Bywater]], and represents the Hobbit contribution to the War.<ref name="lotr992-996">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[The Scouring of the Shire]], pp. 992-996.</ref><br />
<br />
== Restoration and the [[Reunited Kingdom]] ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Rowena Morrill - The Last Steward of Gondor.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Rowena Morrill - ''The Last Steward of Gondor'']]Faramir, son of Denethor II the last Ruling Steward, presented his rod of office to the new king, and received it back from him. [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] then was crowned by [[Gandalf]] as [[Aragorn|King Elessar]], refounded the Kingdom of Arnor as part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], and made [[Annúminas]] his new capital city.<ref name="lotr1019">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], p. 1019.</ref> He was wed to the Elven princess Arwen, who became [[Arwen|Queen Evenstar]] of Arnor and Gondor. After the fall of [[Sauron]] Arnor was safe again for resettlement of Men, and although it remained less populated than [[Gondor]] to the south, in time Arnor became a more densely populated region again, even if it had dwindled in size due to the independence of [[the Shire]]. The area encompassed by the Reunited Kingdom now encompassed the territory of the [[Two Kingdoms]] at their greatest extent. In the North, this included all the land between the [[Lune|River Lune]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], and in the South included all the land between Dunland in the west, to the [[Far Harad]] southwards, to [[Rhûn]] in the east. The reborn kingdom continued on into the Fourth Age, with [[Eldarion]] eventually succeeding his father to the throne of this now empire-sized state.<br />
<br />
== Languages ==<br />
<br />
Many people in Arnor were of Númenórean stock. However, aside from the Exiles, most had long since mingled with non-Númenórean peoples; the predominant language spoken by them was [[Westron]].<ref>{{App|F}}</ref> At least some of the population, especially the upper classes, were fluent in [[Sindarin]], while [[Quenya]] was studied as a language of lore. Many early place names and the names of the [[House of Isildur|royal house]] were Quenya, but by the 8th century of the [[Third Age]], Quenya had given way to Sindarin.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
<br />
'''''Arnor''''' was the colloquial name for the '''North Kingdom'''. The North Kingdom, as the land was called at its conception, was also known as ''Turmen Follondiéva'' in [[Quenya]] and ''Arthor na Forlonnas'' in [[Sindarin]]. These names quickly fell out of use, in favour of ''Arnor'': the ''Land of the King'', so called for the kingship of [[Elendil]], and to seal its precedence over the [[Gondor|southern realm]]. In full, poetic Sindarin, it was called ''Arannor'', which mirrored its Quenya name, '''''Arandórë'''''.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 28</ref> Though technically ''Arandórë'' would have a Sindarin form ''Ardor'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] chose ''Arnor'' because it sounded better. This linguistic change was ascribed to a later, Mannish development of Sindarin.<ref name="L347">{{L|347}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 17</ref> The form '''''Arnanórë''''' is also seen.<ref name="L347" /><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2002: {{tttee}}:'''<br />
:Peter Jackson's movies do not mention the long history of how Arnor and Gondor diverged, nor do they mention Arnor by name. The one passing reference to it is in a scene from the Extended Edition, when Aragorn reveals to Éowyn that he is actually eighty-seven years old. She realises that he must be one of the [[Dúnedain]], a descendant of Númenor blessed with long life, but says that she thought his race had passed into legend. Aragorn acknowledges that he is one of the Dúnedain, and explains that there are not many of his people left, because "the Northern kingdom was destroyed long ago".<br />
<br />
'''2012: [[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]:'''<br />
:The kingdom of Arnor is mentioned indirectly by [[Galadriel]] in the [[White Council]] scene, and so does the [[Angmar War|war with Angmar]] and it's aftermath too.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kings of Arnor]]<br />
* [[Kings of Gondor]]<br />
* [[Gondor]]<br />
* [[War of the Last Alliance]]<br />
* [[War of the Ring]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Arnor| ]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Arnor]]<br />
[[fi:Arnor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/royaumes/arnor]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Last_prince_of_Cardolan&diff=332004Last prince of Cardolan2021-05-26T16:22:24Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
<hr />
<div>The unnamed '''last prince of Cardolan''' was the last ruler of [[Cardolan]] during the war against [[Angmar]]. He fell on the war of {{TA|1409}}.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Rulers of Cardolan ===<br />
After King [[Eärendur]] died in {{TA|861}}, his second son assumed the throne of Cardolan as an independent king, in contrast with his brother [[Amlaith]], who took the crown of [[Arthedain]]. While in Arthedain the blood of [[Isildur]] survived, in Cardolan his line soon failed. Cardolan then accepted [[Argeleb I]] as King of Arnor, but it probably retained its prince as a vassal ruler.<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== War against Angmar ===<br />
The last prince of Cardolan died during the war of {{TA|1409}}, a fierce conflict against the Witch-kingdom of Angmar and its ally [[Rhudaur]]. He was then buried in the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=War1409>{{App|Eriador}}, The North-kingdom and the Dúnedain, entries about the war with Angmar in 1409</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> <br />
<br />
=== Mentions ===<br />
On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and his comrades were trapped in the Barrow-downs by a [[Barrow-wight|wight]], probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]].<ref>{{App|Gondor}}, paragraphs about the war of 1409; Index, ''Barrow-downs, the Barrow where Frodo was buried'' </ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, ''Barrow-downs, Barrow of the last prince''</ref><ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> <br />
While [[Merry]] was trapped in the mound, he dreamed that he and others were attacked and defeated by “the men of [[Carn Dûm]]” at night and that his heart had been pierced with a spear.<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}, statements of Merry after waking up from his sleep in the barrow</ref><br />
<br />
According to ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', Merry could not have seen the memories of the [[Barrow-wight]], since it was sent to the Barrow-downs by the [[Witch King]] of Angmar only in {{TA|1636}}, while the last prince was slain in {{TA|1409}}. Therefore, he was dreaming the last hours of the last prince of Cardolan and his men, specifically their last night, when they fell after valiantly defending their kingdom from the forces of Angmar (“the men of Carn Dûm” are the servants and warriors of the Witch King).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", p. 145; Index, ''Cardolan, last prince of''</ref><br />
<br />
{{References}}</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Argeleb_II&diff=331997Argeleb II2021-05-26T15:59:52Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{disambig-two|the tenth [[Kings of Arthedain|King]] of [[Arthedain]]|seventh King|[[Argeleb I]]}}<br />
{{arnorian infobox<br />
| name=Argeleb<br />
| image=[[File:Argeleb II.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Argeleb from ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]''<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=[[King of Arthedain]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Arthedain]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Westron]]<br />
| birth={{TA|1473}}<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule={{TA|1589}} - {{TA|1670|n}}<br />
| death={{TA|1670}}<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=197<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Isildur]]<br />
| parentage=[[Araphor]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=[[Arvegil]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Argeleb II''' ({{TA|1473}}<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 194</ref> - {{TA|1670|n}},<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> died aged 197) was the tenth king of [[Arthedain]].<br />
==History==<br />
He succeeded his father, [[Araphor]], upon his death in 1589, at the age of 116. <br />
<br />
According to the records of [[Gondor]], Argeleb was the [[High King]] in {{TA|1601}} when many [[hobbits]] migrated from [[Bree]]; the King granted them permission to cross the [[Bridge of Stonebows]] and to settle the land beyond the [[Baranduin]] to dwell in. He demanded in return to acknowledge his lordship, keep all bridges and roads and speed the royal messengers.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> These hobbits were joined in [[The Shire]] by [[Stoors]] from [[Dunland]] around {{TA|1630|n}}.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Prior to this, the area of the Shire had been unpopulated and regarded as the king's hunting ground.<br />
<br />
In {{TA|1636}} the [[Great Plague]] devastated [[Gondor]] (the [[Telemnar|King]], his children and the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] perished) and moved north to the lands of Argeleb's rule.<ref name="TA"/> Although the Great Plague decreased in severity as it moved north, there was still much suffering throughout [[Eriador]]; most of the people of [[Cardolan]] perished (especially those living in [[Minhiriath]]) including the [[last prince of Cardolan]]. He was buried in the [[Barrow-downs]]; in {{TA|1636}} evil-spirits started coming from [[Angmar]] to dwell in the Barrow-downs.<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, [[Last prince of Cardolan|last prince of]]' </ref><br />
<br />
After having ruled for eighty-one years, he was succeeded by his son, [[Arvegil]], upon his death in 1670.<ref name="North"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Argeleb's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Silver King" from ''[[ar]]'' meaning "royal", and ''[[celeb]]'' (becoming lenited to ''geleb'') meaning "silver". It is likely that Argeleb II was named after his great-grandfarther, [[Argeleb I]]<br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | ARV |ARV=[[Arveleg I]]<br/><small>''{{TA|1309|n}} - {{TA|1409|n}}''†</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree | ARA |ARA=[[Araphor]]<br/><small>''{{TA|1391|n}} - {{TA|1589|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytrees | ARG |ARG='''ARGELEB II'''<br/><small>''{{TA|1473|n}} - {{TA|1670|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree | ARV |ARV=[[Arvegil]]<br/><small>''{{TA|1553|n}} - {{TA|1743|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree | ARV |ARV=[[Arveleg II]]<br/><small>''{{TA|1633|n}} - {{TA|1813|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=arnorian<br />
| house=[[House of Isildur]]<small><br/>Cadet branch of [[House of Elros]]</small><br />
| born={{TA|1473}}<br />
| died={{TA|1670}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prow=2<br />
| prev=[[Araphor]]<br />
| list=18th [[Heir of Isildur|Heir]] of [[Isildur]]<br />
| dates={{TA|1589}} - {{TA|1670}}<br />
| next=[[Arvegil]]<br />
| nrow=2<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| list=10th [[Kings of Arthedain|King of Arthedain]]<br />
| dates={{TA|1589}} - {{TA|1670}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}{{northernline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:House of Isildur]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Arthedain]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Argeleb II.]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/argeleb_ii]]<br />
[[fi:Argeleb II]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Cardolan&diff=331976Cardolan2021-05-26T10:41:43Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{kingdom<br />
| image=[[Image:Cardolanrotwk.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Cardolan<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=Southern [[Eriador]]; south of the [[East Road]] between the [[Baranduin|Brandywine]] and [[Gwathló|Greyflood]]<br />
| capital=<br />
| towns=[[Tharbad]]<br />
| regions=[[Minhiriath]]<br />
| population=[[Dúnedain]]<br>[[Hobbits]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]], [[Sindarin]], [[Hobbitish]]<br />
| govern1=King of Cardolan<br />
| govern2=<br />
| govern3=<br />
| currency=<br />
| holiday=<br />
| precededby=[[Arnor]]<br />
| event1=Dissolution of Arnor<br />
| event1date={{TA|861}}<br />
| event2=Abandoned<br />
| event2date={{TA|1636}}<br />
| event3=<br />
| event3date=<br />
| event4=<br />
| event4date=<br />
| event5=<br />
| event5date=<br />
| followedby=<br />
}}<br />
'''Cardolan''' was a breakaway realm of the [[Dúnedain]] kingdom of [[Arnor]]. After the death of Arnor's King [[Eärendur (King of Arnor)|Eärendur]], his sons divided the realm into the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan.<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The southeastern border of Cardolan followed the [[Gwathló]] and the [[Mitheithel]] to the [[Last Bridge]]. From there its boundary followed the [[Great East Road]] westward to the [[Brandywine Bridge]], and then down the [[Baranduin]] to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] and thence to the mouth of the Gwathló. However, Cardolan also claimed the land between [[Bree]] and the [[Weather Hills]].<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref> Notable features within Cardolan were the [[Old Forest]], the [[Barrow-downs]], the [[South Downs]], and the [[Greenway]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In {{TA|861}} Arnor's tenth King, Eärendur, died.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Due to dissensions between his sons the realm was split into [[Arthedain]], [[Rhudaur]] and Cardolan. While the line of [[Isildur]] continued in Arthedain, in both Rhudaur and Cardolan the line soon failed. The three kingdoms was led to strife because Arthedain held [[Weathertop]] and possessed its ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|Palantír]]'' as well as two others.<ref name="Eriador"/><br />
<br />
In {{TA|1050|n}} the [[Harfoots]] came into Eriador and in {{TA|1150|n}} they were joined by the [[Fallohides]].<ref name="TA"/> It is likely that some of these [[Hobbits]] settled in Cardolan.<br />
===War with Angmar=== <br />
Around {{TA|1272|n}}<ref name="North">{{App|North}}</ref> [[Orcs]] began to trouble the region<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}</ref> and around {{TA|1300}}, the [[Witch-king]] founded the kingdom of [[Angmar]] north of the [[Ettenmoors]]. This event caused many Hobbits to move to [[Bree]].<ref name="TA"/><br />
<br />
No descendants of Isildur remained in Cardolan and Rhudaur and [[Argeleb I]] of Arthedain claimed lordship over all of former Arnor. Rhudaur resisted this claim and made league with Angmar.<ref name="Eriador"/> Argeleb I fell in battle with Rhudaur in {{TA|1356|n}}.<ref name="TA"/> Cardolan, and [[Lindon]], assisted his son, [[Arveleg I]], to avenge his father by pushing the enemy from the Weather Hills. For many years Arthedain and Cardolan held a frontier along the Hills, the [[East Road]] and the lower [[Hoarwell]].<ref name="Eriador"/><br />
<br />
However, in {{TA|1409}} a great host issued from Angmar and invaded Cardolan and took Weathertop. A remnant of the [[Dúnedain]] of Cardolan held out in the Barrow-downs and the [[Old Forest]]. The last prince of Cardolan was interred in the Barrow-downs that year (some say that it was the tomb where [[Frodo Baggins]] was trapped during the [[War of the Ring]], and it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, last prince of' </ref><br />
<br />
In {{TA|1636}} those people who remained in the Barrow-downs died from the [[Great Plague]]. Angmar then sent [[Barrow-wights]] to infest and haunt the downs. In {{TA|1851}} [[King of Arthedain]] [[Araval]]<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, pp. 195, 209-210</ref> attempted to re-occupy Cardolan, but the "evil [[wights]]" terrified anyone who attempted to dwell there and Cardolan was soon lost again.<ref name="Eriador"/><br />
<br />
===Legacy===<br />
The region remained unpopulated even after the final fall of Arnor and destruction of Angmar ({{TA|1974|n}}<ref name="TA"/>).<br />
<br />
On [[22 September]] {{TA|3018|n}} the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] entered Cardolan from the south.<ref name="TA"/> While hunting for the [[One Ring]] their chief established himself in [[Andrath]] on the Greenway and then visited the Barrow-downs. He stayed there for some days in order to rouse the [[Barrow-wights]].<ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref><br />
<br />
Presumably the area remained deserted until the reestablishment of the northern kingdom under king [[Aragorn|Elessar]] at the end of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Cardolan.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
It is not known if [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] ever explained the name ''Cardolan''. The most common suggestion is that ''Cardolan'' likely is [[Sindarin]] for "red hill country". In that case, the name could be analyzed as ''[[caran|carn]]'' ("red") + ''[[dol]]'' ("hill, mount") + ''[[-iand|an(n)]]'' ("land").<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 690</ref><ref name=Clewley/><br />
<br />
An alternative etymology has been suggested by Roger Clewley: ''Cardolan'' deriving from [[Noldorin]] ''car'' ("house"), ''dolen'' ("hidden) ("secret"), and the toponymical ending ''[[-iand|-and]]'', thus meaning "place/land of<br />
hidden houses" (a reference to the "dead entombed there").<ref name=Clewley>{{webcite|author=Roger Clewley|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/36363|articlename=On the Name ''Cardolan'' (#36363)|dated=7 September 2012|website=[[Elfling]] (mailing list)|accessed=11 September 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Arnor]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[Category:Mannish realms]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
[[de:Cardolan]]<br />
[[fi:Cardolan]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:royaumes:cardolan]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Barrow-downs&diff=331975Barrow-downs2021-05-26T10:39:31Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the location in [[Middle-earth]]|website|[[barrowdowns.com]]}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=The Barrow-downs<br />
| image=[[File:Paul Raymond Gregory - Fog on the Barrow Downs.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Fog on the Barrow Downs" by [[Paul Raymond Gregory]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Tyrn Gorthad''<br />
| location=Central [[Eriador]], south of the [[East Road]] and [[Bree]], on borders the Old Forest<br />
| type=Hills<br />
| description=<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Men]], then [[Barrow-wights]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
| gallery=the Barrow-downs<br />
}}<br />
The '''Barrow-downs''' or '''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' were a series of low hills east of [[the Shire]], behind the [[Old Forest]], and south-west of the village of [[Bree]].<ref>{{UT|Map}}</ref> Many of the hills were crowned with megaliths and [[barrows]], hence their name.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Barrow-downs were first inhabited by [[Men]] related to the [[Edain]] in the [[First Age]],<ref>{{UT|Index}}, ''Barrow-downs''</ref> together with the [[Hills of Evendim]] to the north. They fled east as [[Easterlings]] invaded [[Eriador]] and passed on to [[Beleriand]], but after these had left or been killed in the [[War of Wrath]] the Edain returned to their old homes.<br />
<br />
During the [[Second Age]] they were fairly numerous, and when they met with the [[Númenóreans]] the Barrow-downs were the first places where the [[Dúnedain]] émigrés from [[Númenor]] settled.<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref> When [[Elendil]] returned to [[Middle-earth]], the Barrow-downs were incorporated into the kingdom of [[Arnor]]. The Downs were revered because of the Great Barrows by the [[Arnorians]], and buried their lords and Kings there.<ref name=eriador/><br />
<br />
After the split of Arnor in {{TA|861}} the Barrow-downs became the capital of [[Cardolan]]. After [[Rhudaur]] fell to [[Angmar]] in {{TA|1409|n}}, the Dúnedain of Cardolan entrenched themselves here, but eventually the realm fell. Around {{TA|1636}}<ref name=TA>{{App|TA}}</ref> the [[Witch-king]] sent the [[Barrow-wights]] that haunted the hills,<ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> preventing any resettlement; after [[Arthedain]] once again claimed the kingship over all of Arnor the Dúnedain tried to recolonize Cardolan, but this failed because of the Barrow-wights.<br />
<br />
When the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] came north in their hunt for [[the One Ring]], the [[Witch-king|Lord of the Nazgûl]] stayed in the Barrow-downs for a few days, rousing the Barrow-wights.<ref>{{UT|Hunt}}</ref> On [[28 September]] {{TA|3018|n}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Frodo Baggins]] and company were trapped in the downs by a wight, probably in the same [[uncommon words|cairn]] which held the grave of the last prince of [[Cardolan]] (it's likely that Merry saw his last memories in dreams, for he mentioned the "men of [[Carn Dûm]]").<ref name="Eriador"/><ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 144-5; Index, 'Cardolan, last prince of'</ref> They were rescued by [[Tom Bombadil]], and there got their [[Daggers of Westernesse|swords]].<ref>{{FR|I8}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
In topography, a "down" is a low-lying hill, from the [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] ''dún'' meaning "hill".<ref name="ASD">Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, "[http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/008106 DÚN]" at ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref> In the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], a [[wikipedia:Downland|down]] is a gently-rolling chalk hill in Southern [[wikipedia:England|England]] (seen especially in the [[wikipedia:North Downs|North]] and [[wikipedia:South Downs|South Downs]]).<ref name="OD">[http://oxforddictionaries.com/ Oxford Dictionaries], "[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0241750?rskey=YT9je8&result=4#m_en_gb0241750 down]" (accessed 12 October 2010)</ref><br />
<br />
A "barrow" (or "berrow"; from English beorg, berg, 'hill, mound') not to be confused with the wheeled vehicle, is a tumulus or other prehistoric grave-mound.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 766</ref><br />
<br />
The name therefore would represent an earlier [[Old English]] form ''Beorga Dune'' "downs of barrows".<ref name=etym>{{webcite|author=[[David Salo]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/elfling/message/121|articlename=Hobbitish Place-names|dated=23 November 1998|website=[[Elfling]]|accessed=9 October 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''''Tyrn Gorthad''''' was the [[Sindarin]] name of the Barrow-downs. ''Tyrn Gorthad'' is a compound of ''[[torn]]'' ("down") and ''[[gorthad]]'' ("of buried").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 116</ref> In one manuscript, the name ''Tyrn Goerthaid'' was used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>{{PM|VII}}</ref> ''Goerthaid'' seems to be the [[Sindarin#Plural|plural]] of ''gorthad'' with [[affection|affected]] vowels.<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Barrow-downs.jpg|thumb|Barrow-downs at night in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Hobbits' passage through the Barrow-downs is represented by a respective level.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king]]'':'''<br />
:In his campaign against the former kingdom of Arnor the Witch-king dispatches his men lead by [[Hwaldar|Hwaldar]] to claim the royal barrows to enrage Cardolan and lure out their forces to destroy their army and lay Cardolan bare for his attacks, while unintentionally slaying a prince of Cardolan. Later he attacked the Barrow-downs a second time to desecrate the barrows to create a plague to weaken the rest of Arnor and to demotalize the Dúnedain of Cardolan by using the barrows as the plague's ground zero. In the resulting battle [[Karsh|Carthaen]], a general of Cardolan, was slain and Cardolan's sent army was destroyed.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Barrow-downs are a divided into North and South Barrows, depicted as a series of mounds crowned with megaliths. The region is inhabited by wights, recently stirred by the passage of the [[Nazgûl]]. The largest and oldest barrow is called [[Othrongroth]].<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
<!--Add image--><br />
:After [[Halbarad]] sends [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] to warn [[Aragorn]] in Bree, the three heroes travel through the Barrow-downs as a shortcut.<ref>[http://www.oxmonline.com/ Offical Xbox Magazine Online], [http://www.oxmonline.com/article/previews/g-l/lord-rings-war-north The Lord of the Rings: War in the North], dated [[28 April]], [[2011]] (accessed at [[7 July]], [[2011]])</ref> On their way, they have to save two Dúnedain Rangers named Luin and Kilaran. Throughout the whole level fog hangs above the ground.<ref>[http://www.warinthenorth.com The Lord of the Rings: War in the North's Official Site], [http://www.warinthenorth.com/index.php/media/videos Videos], The Lord of the Rings: War in the North - Dev video: Art Direction Process, dated [[11 May]], [[2011]] (accessed [[14 September]], [[2011]])</ref> Upon reaching Rivendell, the three heroes can talk to Frodo about their escapades in the Barrow-downs. Even though Frodo and the Hobbits were never shown to venture into the Barrow-downs in the movies, he will mention his own encounters there. However, he refuses to go into detail about what happened there.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Arnor]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[Category:Graves and tombs]]<br />
[[Category:Hills]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[de:Hügelgräberhöhen (Eriador)]]<br />
[[fi:Hautakerot]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/eriador/hauts_des_galgals]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion&diff=331973The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion2021-05-26T08:28:16Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
| title=The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion<br />
| image=[[Image:The Lord of the Rings - A Reader's Companion.jpg|225px]]<br />
| author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]]<br />
| isbn=0618642676 <br />
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]] (UK) & [[Houghton Mifflin]] (US)<br />
| date=December 2005<br />
| pages=894<br />
| format=Hardcover with dustjacket, Paperback <br />
}}'''''The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion''''' by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] is considered one of the greatest recent secondary works about [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s world. The book contains rare Tolkien-related extracts, poems, letters, manuscripts, interviews, as well as brand new material.<br />
<br />
===Contents===<br />
<br />
* Rare or previously unpublished content<br />
** A newly transcribed version of ''Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings''. Another version of this was published as "[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]" in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (1975).<br />
** The missing part of [[Letter to Milton Waldman|Tolkien's 1951 letter to Milton Waldman]], regarding the events of [[The Lord of the Rings]], previously unpublished in the UK.<br />
** A reproduction of a manuscript page showing a synoptic time scheme used while writing The Lord of the Rings. It summarizes the movements of characters between the 8th and the 12th of March.<br />
** The Scheme used by Tolkien to summarise the events of March 3018, including new contents (like [[Sauron]] slaying [[Shagrat]]).<br />
** Formerly unpublished parts of "[[The Hunt for the Ring]]", in particular ''The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders'' and other manuscripts and drafts, and "[[Index questions]]"<br />
* Notes on significant changes made by the author and by [[Christopher Tolkien]] after his father's death<br />
* Brief references to illustrations, maps, and earlier versions of the text<br />
* References to people, places, and events that appear in other books by Tolkien<br />
* Explanations of archaic and unusual words<br />
* Translations and primers on how to use Tolkien's invented languages<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005)]<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers2.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion (first revised edition 2008)]<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers3.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion (second revised edition 2014)]<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, The}}<br />
[[Category:Books by Wayne G. Hammond]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Christina Scull]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[Category:Scholarly books]]<br />
[[de:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion]]<br />
[[fr:tolkien/sur-tolkien/wayne_hammond_christina_scull_-_the_lord_of_the_rings_a_reader_s_companion]]<br />
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion&diff=331972The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion2021-05-26T08:27:33Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
| title=The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion<br />
| image=[[Image:The Lord of the Rings - A Reader's Companion.jpg|225px]]<br />
| author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]]<br />
| isbn=0618642676 <br />
| publisher=[[HarperCollins]] (UK) & [[Houghton Mifflin]] (US)<br />
| date=December 2005<br />
| pages=894<br />
| format=Hardcover with dustjacket, Paperback <br />
}}'''''The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion''''' by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] is considered one of the greatest recent secondary works about [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s world. The book contains rare Tolkien-related extracts, poems, letters, manuscripts, interviews, as well as brand new material.<br />
<br />
===Contents===<br />
<br />
* Rare or previously unpublished content<br />
** A newly transcribed version of ''Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings''. Another version of this was published as "[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings'']]" in ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]'' (1975).<br />
** The missing part of [[Letter to Milton Waldman|Tolkien's 1951 letter to Milton Waldman]], regarding the events of [[The Lord of the Rings]], previously unpublished in the UK.<br />
** A reproduction of a manuscript page showing a synoptic time scheme used while writing The Lord of the Rings. It summarizes the movements of characters between the 8th and the 12th of March.<br />
* The Scheme used by Tolkien to summarise the events of March 3018, including new contents (like [[Sauron]] slaying [[Shagrat]]).<br />
** Formerly unpublished parts of "[[The Hunt for the Ring]]", in particular ''The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders'' and other manuscripts and drafts, and "[[Index questions]]"<br />
* Notes on significant changes made by the author and by [[Christopher Tolkien]] after his father's death<br />
* Brief references to illustrations, maps, and earlier versions of the text<br />
* References to people, places, and events that appear in other books by Tolkien<br />
* Explanations of archaic and unusual words<br />
* Translations and primers on how to use Tolkien's invented languages<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005)]<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers2.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion (first revised edition 2008)]<br />
*[http://www.hammondandscull.com/addenda/readers3.html Addenda and Corrigenda to The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion (second revised edition 2014)]<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, The}}<br />
[[Category:Books by Wayne G. Hammond]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Christina Scull]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[Category:Scholarly books]]<br />
[[de:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader’s Companion]]<br />
[[fr:tolkien/sur-tolkien/wayne_hammond_christina_scull_-_the_lord_of_the_rings_a_reader_s_companion]]<br />
[[fi:The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hunt_for_the_Ring&diff=331970The Hunt for the Ring2021-05-26T08:20:21Z<p>162.158.129.51: Title of a writing (from Marquette Un.)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{ut-chapters}}<br />
"'''The Hunt for the Ring'''" is a chapter in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', a posthumously published work of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] edited by [[Christopher Tolkien]]. The chapter is a partly published version of a manuscript now held at the [[Marquette University]] (MSS 4/2/31-37;<ref>[http://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/JRRT/JRRT-seriesa4.shtml ''The Lord of the Rings'': Additional Manuscripts Presented by Christopher Tolkien, Fourth Installment (MSS-4)], accessed 21 October 2010</ref> other parts of this manuscript and a time scheme have been included in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', see pp. 145, 251-2 for details).<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] (HarperCollins''Publishers'' 2008), ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 251</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
''The Hunt for the Ring'' follows the journey of the [[Black Riders]] from the release of [[Gollum]] from [[Mordor]] until [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo Baggins's]] leaving [[the Shire]] on [[22 September]] {{TA|3018}}.<br />
<br />
===Of the Journey of the Black Riders according to the account that Gandalf gave to Frodo===<br />
Though [[Sauron]] did not trust Gollum, he deduced that Gollum would, after being released, search for those who stole the [[The One Ring|Ring]] from him, and sent spies to follow Gollum. However, before he could get far, Gollum was captured by [[Aragorn]] and sent to the [[Woodland Realm]], and Sauron's spies could not rescue him.<br />
<br />
Sauron, being now unable to catch Gollum, took another route: to search for the "halflings" who he had found had the Ring. Gollum had not been much help in this, as he both had little clear knowledge and lied about what he knew, and so lied, saying that the land of the Halflings was near his own former home near the [[Gladden Fields]].<br />
<br />
Sauron's spies searched, but partly due to the vigilance of the [[Dúnedain]] and partly due to the treachery of [[Saruman]], they found nothing. At last, Sauron chose to send out his mightiest and most loyal servants—the Ringwraiths. In June [[Third Age 3018|3018]], Sauron sent forth two assaults: one by Orcs on the Woodland Realm, in the hopes of freeing Gollum, and one led by the [[Witch-King]] on [[Gondor]], to test the strength of [[Denethor]]. In the latter, after the taking of [[Osgiliath]], the Nazgȗl were told to begin the search for the Ring. At this time, seven Ringwraiths, led by the Witch-King, were stationed in [[Minas Morgul]], while two, including [[Khamûl]] the Easterling (a note in the text identifies Khamûl with the Ringwraith who terrified [[Gaffer Gamgee]] at Hobbiton), were stationed in [[Dol Guldur]].<br />
<br />
Around the beginning of July 3018, the Witch-King and his six companions moved unseen over [[Anduin]], through [[Anórien]], over the [[Entwade]], and into [[the Wold]]. A little north of [[Sarn Gebir]], they were clad and horsed, around [[17 July]]. Around [[22 July]], they met the two Ringwraiths stationed at Dol Guldur at the [[Field of Celebrant]]. From them they found that Gollum had escaped entirely, and vanished. In addition, they said that no Halflings lived anywhere near where Gollum said they had. So, passing between [[Lothlórien]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], they rode northward.<br />
<br />
The Ringwraiths, finding nothing, returned south. In September, they once again reached the Wold. There, messengers from Sauron regarding the prophetic dream that had come to [[Boromir]], the deeds of Saruman, and of [[Gandalf|Gandalf's]] capture. Deducing that while none of [[the Wise]] had the Ring, Saruman might know where it was, and the Ringwraiths rode straight to [[Isengard]].<br />
<br />
Two days after Gandalf's escape from [[Orthanc]] ([[20 September]]), the Ringwraiths arrived at Isengard. Saruman, knowing that his treachery was discovered, did not come forth, but the Ringwraiths did hear his voice. He said that only Gandalf might know where the Ring was, and to seek him nearby. The next day, however, they encountered [[Gríma Wormtongue]], riding to Isengard to tell Saruman about Gandalf's arrival at [[Edoras]]. They questioned him, and, being struck by terror, he told them the location of the Shire. Through this he also discovered that Saruman did indeed know the location of the Shire, and his treachery was fully revealed.<br />
<br />
The Ringwraiths were divided into four pairs, the swiftest of which rode with the Witch-King, through [[Enedwaith]] and [[Minhiriath]]. On the road, they captured some of Saruman's spies, one of whom had maps of the Shire. They were sent to [[Bree]], now in the service of Mordor.<br />
<br />
On the night of 22 September the Ringwraiths arrived at [[Sarn Ford]]. The Rangers barred their way, and they were overpowered, and the Black Riders passed into the Shire on the morning of 23 September.<br />
<br />
===Other Versions of the Story===<br />
Christopher Tolkien mentions that there are four manuscripts for this story, all from the same period but all slighty different. The previously printed one he calls A. A second version (B) is largely the same, but there is a plot outline (C) which begins at a later point in the story and introduces some difference. He says that this is probably the last written of the three. He also says that there are various pages of notes, largely concerned with Gollum, which he calls D.<br />
<br />
In D, Gollum tells Sauron only that "[the Ring] was stolen by a creature named ''Baggins'' in the Misty Mountains, and that ''Baggins'' came from a land called ''Shire''". Sauron deduces that Baggins must also have been a similar sort of creature to Gollum. Gollum would not know the term "Hobbit", as it was colloquial and not used everywhere. He also would not use "Halfling", a word which Hobbits generally disliked. So the Ringwraiths only had the two pieces of information to go on: ''Shire'' and ''Baggins''. Sauron, however, assumed that the Shire would be near the Misty Mountains and the [[Vales of Anduin]], where Gollum had lived.<br />
<br />
Manuscript B elaborates on the journey of Aragorn with Gollum to the Woodland Realm, and also to Sauron's doubts about using the Ringwraiths. After Gollum's release, he disappeared into the Dead Marshes. Since Sauron had very little power in [[Eriador]], he could not send many spies without them being hindered by Saruman's servants. So, he decided to send the Ringwraiths. Though this had advantages, such as the Ringwraiths' enslavement each to their [[Nine Rings|Ring]], they also had weaknesses. All but the Witch-King could stray by daylight and all except the Witch-King also feared water and were reluctant to cross rivers without a bridge. Also, since their primary weapon was terror, even when unclad their presence could be felt, and Anduin and other rivers were a large obstacle.<br />
<br />
However, the situation changed when he learned about Gollum's capture. Aragorn captured him on [[1 February]] 3018, and arrived at the Woodland Realm fifty days later on [[21 March]]. The news would not have reached Dol Guldur until after Aragorn had entered Mirkwood, and the commander there would not have sent news to [[Barad-dûr]] until he had tried to find Gollum himself. As such, Sauron likely only found out about Gollum's capture by a Man in late April. Though neither Sauron nor his servants knew who Aragorn was, when Gandalf passed into the Woodland Realm Sauron learned that the Wise also knew about Gollum.<br />
<br />
This concerned Sauron, who decided to use the Ringwraiths as quickly as possible. He attacked Thranduil and Gondor at the same time, during which Gollum escaped, and the Eastern half of Osgiliath was taken.<br />
Here Christopher Tolkien interjects again, commenting that the Ringwraith's fear of water is nowhere else explained, and that J.R.R. Tolkien said that the idea was also "difficult to sustain". He also says that the journey of the Nazgûl up the Vale of Anduin is much the same as in version A, but that the dates in each version are all "slightly at variance both with each other and with [...] [[the Tale of Years]]".<br />
<br />
Then Christopher Tolkien gives an excerpt from Manuscript D about Gollum after his escape from Mirkwood. Gollum escaped over the Anduin, eluding the Orcs, but he was still hunted by Elves. He woudn't go near Lórien, and so hid in [[Moria]] in the autumn of 3018. After this what happened to Gollum is uncertain. What he had for food he stole dangerously from Sauron's servants in Moria. Though he had likely originally intended that Moria simply be a way through the mountains, he got lost and arrived at the [[Doors of Durin]] not long before the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] did. Even had he arrived earlier, he was weak for lack of food and could not have thrust the doors open, so his arrival there was very lucky.<br />
<br />
Christopher Tolkien then outlines Manuscript C, which differs significantly and starts after the Ringwraith's failed journey northward. Arriving at Isengard, in this version they arrive while Gandalf is still there, and in terror Saruman was willing to yied Gandalf to them. However, when he walked to the top of Orthanc to retrieve him, Gandalf was already flying away with [[Gwaihir]]. As such, he lied, giving him knowledge which he already knew about the Shire's location, and telling them that he would tell Sauron that they obeyed. This convinced the Ringwraiths that Saruman was still a faithful ally, and the Riders immediately rode in the direction he said. He also sent Orcs and wolves to pursue Gandalf, unsuccessfully. As such, in this version of the story, there is no meeting between Wormtongue and the Black Riders, as the Riders had already left Rohan by the time Gríma was riding back to Isengard. Saruman's lying is revealed not by Wormtongue, but by the spy whom they captured, of whom more is told.<br />
<br />
Saruman, being interested in why Gandalf had taken interest in the Shire, had a network of spies, some hobbits but most [[Dunlendings]]. One of these Men had been in the Shire, negotiating the price of [[pipe-weed]] (which Saruman had begun to smoke) to store in Isengard against war. He had also been tasked with figuring out if there were any notable departures. This was the man the Black Riders captured on his way back to Isengard. Interrogating him, they discovered where ''Baggins'' lived, which is why Hobbiton was chosen as an initial starting-point. Sending him to Bree, this man is identified with the "squint-eyed southerner" at the [Prancing Pony].<br />
<br />
In Version B it is said that the Witch-King did not know whether the Ring was in the Shire. Only a few Riders were therefore sent, and of these Khamûl was to go to Hobbiton. Some were also sent to the eastern borders, and due to this evil things were roused, including the [[Barrow-wights]] and the trees of the [[Old Forest]].<br />
<br />
===Concerning Gandalf, Saruman and the Shire===<br />
Christopher Tolkien says that there are papers from this period which talks about Saruman's dealings with the Shire and with pipe-weed, and the text he presents is the briefest.<br />
<br />
Saruman, in jealousy of Gandalf, began to visit the Shire, since he noticed Gandalf thought it worth visiting. Thus, when he learned about the finding of the Ring by Bilbo, he assumed that Gandalf knew about this all along, which angered him, as he was especially concerned with the Rings.<br />
<br />
Gandalf had also often praised pipe-weed, and though Saruman scoffed at this he soon began to use it privately himself. He was secret about it, as he was concerned that if it were found out then he would be ridiculed. He also stopped going to the Shire personally, as he had sometimes been mistaken for Gandalf, and had worried that Gandalf discovered his visits. Gandalf had, in fact, discovered them, but he was still concerned that his knowledge of the Shire could be dangerous.<br />
<br />
It several manuscripts there is a story, describing Saruman's ridiculing of Gandalf, and of Gandalf's response. In it, after Saruman's cold response, he blows several smoke rings, which he grabs and then he vanished. This may have been a demonstration to show that the Rings would elude him. Though he did not know that Hobbits and the Rings would be connected, if he had he would not have done what he did. Because of this, however, when the two did become connected, Saruman assumed that Gandalf had known all along and hid the knowledge from the [[White Council]].<br />
<br />
The final comment by Christopher Tolkien says that in the Tale of Years the entry for {{TA|2851}} says that Gandalf urged an attack on Dol Guldur which Saruman vetoed, and that "it afterwards became clear that Saruman had begun to desire to possess the One Ring for himself". The story suggests that Gandalf already new this at that meeting, though afterwards J.R.R. Tolkien said that Gandalf's story at the Council of Elrond implied he did not suspect Saruman of this desire until his imprisonment in Orthanc.<br />
<br />
==Other parts of the manuscript==<br />
''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' includes numerous parts of the missing manuscripts, as well as several drafts and a chronology titled ''The Hunt for the Ring: Time Scheme - Black Riders''. Part of these writings covers the events of Manuscript A (in particular the travel of the Black Riders, the parley between the [[Witch King]] and [[Saruman]], the Witch-King raising the [[Barrow-wights]] in [[Cardolan]] and the travel of [[Khamûl]]); however, most writings focus on the subsequent events: Gandalf fleeing from Isengard, his taming of [[Shadowfax]] and his combat against the Ringwraiths on [[Weathertop]] on the night of 3 October, whose fiery lights were seen by [[Aragorn]] and [[Frodo]].<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "A Knife in the Dark", p. 166-7</ref> These writings also contain a reference to the Witch-King being afraid of Frodo, as he invoked [[Elbereth]] (a “name of terror for the Nazgûl”) and he may have slain the Barrow-wight.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "The Council of Elrond", p. 253</ref> <br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt for the Ring, The}}<br />
[[Category:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Unfinished Tales chapters]]</div>162.158.129.51https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch-king&diff=331852Witch-king2021-05-24T12:46:27Z<p>162.158.129.51: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{evil infobox<br />
| name=The Witch-king of Angmar<br />
| image=[[File:Melissa Hitchcock - The Black Captain.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Black Captain" by [[:Category:Images by Melissa Hitchcock|Melissa Hitchcock]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Black Captain, Chief of the Nine, Lord of Minas Morgul<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]<br />
| location=[[Angmar]]<br/>[[Minas Morgul]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[Second Age]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=[[15 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]<br />
| age=4200+<br />
| notablefor=[[Arnor#The Fall of Arthedain|Fall of Arnor]]<br/>Establishing [[Angmar]]<br/>Fall of [[Minas Ithil]] and [[Osgiliath]]<br/>Deaths of [[Eärnur]], [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], and [[Théoden]]<br/>Stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] (early)<br/>[[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]] (later)<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tallest of the Nazgûl<br />
| hair=Gleaming<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Crown<br />
| weapons=[[Morgul-knife]]; [[Black Breath]]; A great black mace<br />
| steed=Black horse<br />
| gallery=the Witch-king<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl. A great black shape against the fires beyond he loomed up, grown to a vast menace of despair. In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl, under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed, and all fled before his face.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Siege of Gondor]]"}}<br />
The '''Witch-king of Angmar''' was the chief of the [[Nazgûl]], King of [[Angmar]] and [[Sauron]]'s great captain in his wars. A [[Wraiths|wraith]], the Witch-king of Angmar was nearly indestructible, a terrifying warrior, and a cunning strategist.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Some time after Sauron seized the [[Rings of Power]] in the [[Sack of Eregion]], {{SA|1697}} he gave [[Nine Rings|nine of them]] to [[Men|Mannish]] kings, sorcerers and other warriors.<ref>{{S|Rings}}, p. 289</ref> With the power of their rings, the Nine achieved glory and grew wealthy, but they eventually started hating life as they were slowly drawn under Sauron’s dominion. In the end, they all became the dreadful [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]].<br />
<br />
The one later known as the Witch-king was one of these, likely one of the unnamed three lords of [[Númenor]] to take the rings.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, p. 267, Ballantine Books p. 320</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 20</ref> He first appeared in the histories as a Ringwraith in {{SA|2251}}. Being the most powerful of the Nazgûl, he became their chief and the most feared servant of his master Sauron.<br />
<br />
When [[Mordor]] fell in {{SA|3441}}, the Nazgûl vanished into the shadows and were not heard of again for a long time.<ref name="appendixB">{{App|B}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Early Power in Angmar===<br />
More than a thousand years later, in c. {{TA|1050|n}} of the [[Third Age]], [[Sauron]] began to rebuild his power in [[Dol Guldur]]. In c. {{TA|1300|n}} his Nazgûl also reappeared and the Witch-king established his realm, [[Angmar]], in the north.<ref name="appendixB">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]</ref> His capital was [[Carn Dûm]], on the northernmost peak of the [[Misty Mountains]]. He summoned men, [[orcs]] and other creatures of evil inclination to his banner. No one knew that he was actually a servant of the long-dormant [[Sauron]] and few that he was a wraith.<ref name="AppA">''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 320</ref><br />
<br />
In the north, disunity plagued the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Arnor]]. They had divided into three kingdoms: [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]] and [[Arthedain]], and were constantly at war with one another.<ref name="AppA">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), Houghton Mifflin p. 320 </ref> The Witch-king saw the North-kingdom of Arnor as more vulnerable than the South-kingdom of Gondor.<ref name="Malvegil">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194 </ref> He played upon their opposition, sending in infiltrators and taking over the hearts of the men of that land. By {{TA|1349|n}}, the government of Rhudaur was controlled by men secretly in his service,<ref name="Malvegil">{{PM|Elendil}}, entry for [[Malvegil]], pp. 193-194</ref> and he secretly aided them in their wars against the other kingdoms.<ref name="Argeleb">{{PM|Elendil}}, entry for [[Argeleb I]], p. 194</ref> He then struck at a time of great hostility among the three, in {{TA|1409|n}}. Rhudaur in the east fell first, and most of the Dúnedain there were hunted down and slaughtered by sorcerers.<ref name="Arveleg">{{PM|Elendil}}, entry for [[Arveleg I]], p. 194 </ref> Cardolan was ravaged and the tower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], held by the men of Arthedain, was placed under siege. King [[Arveleg I]] was slain and the tower was destroyed, but the coveted ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' escaped in the hands of the surviving men of Arthedain and was brought to [[Fornost]].<ref name="Palantiri16">[[Unfinished Tales]], [[The Palantíri]], note 16, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 413</ref><br />
<br />
The Witch-king continued to press the men of Arthedain, laying siege to Fornost, and he might have taken over all of Arnor in that one offensive. But [[Araphor]], the 18-year-old son of Arveleg, came to leadership and, with the help of the ancient elf [[Círdan]] of [[Lindon]], repelled the Witch-king’s forces at Fornost and the [[North Downs]].<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> [[Elrond]] brought an army of [[Elves]] from [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]], and the Witch-king was pushed back and subdued.<br />
<br />
===Twilight of Angmar===<br />
The Witch-king sat silent in Carn Dûm, rebuilding his armies and preparing for a final assault on [[Arthedain]], last of the Arnorian kingdoms. The [[Great Plague]] came and went in {{TA|1636|n}}, taking with it the last of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]]. The Witch-king sent [[barrow-wights]] to inhabit the barrows in [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]].<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> In {{TA|1974|n}}, he felt that his power was sufficiently restored to begin the advance.<br />
<br />
His attack was sudden, but not unexpected. King [[Arvedui]] sent a message to King [[Eärnil II]] of [[Gondor]] the year before, but help did not arrive in time. [[Fornost Erain]] fell, and the Witch-king took up residence there in the palace.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> Arvedui held out as best as he might on the [[North Downs]], but at last fled north with the treasured ''[[palantíri]]'' of [[Amon Sûl-stone|Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas-stone|Annúminas]]. He would not return, for he perished in a shipwreck in {{TA|1975|n}}. With him the ''palantíri'' were lost forever in the icy seas of [[Forod]]. The already-diminished North-kingdom ended, and [[Arnor]] fell.<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, a coalition in the south had formed. Eärnil sent his son, [[Eärnur]], north with a great fleet, all that Gondor could spare. They arrived at [[Lindon]] and joined with the folk of Círdan. Círdan summoned all that would come: surviving Dúnedain of Arnor and elves of Lindon.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> Even a company of [[Hobbits|hobbit]] archers went to their aide.<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> The Witch-king had grown overconfident and, instead of staying behind his fortifications, initiated the attack. The [[Battle of Fornost]] was fought on the plain between [[Nenuial]] and the North Downs. The Witch-king may not have anticipated the strength brought against him, but for whatever reason the alliance gained the upper hand. His army began to fall back toward Fornost, but Eärnur’s magnificent horsemen struck from the north and the Witch-king was routed.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> <br />
<br />
He decided to flee to Angmar and the safety of Carn Dûm, but the cavalry, with Eärnur himself in the lead, overtook him. Moreover, the ranks of the allies swelled, as an army of elves from [[Rivendell]] came led by the mighty hero of old, [[Glorfindel]]. Angmar was purged of men and orcs, and all seemed lost for the Witch-king in the face of such numbers. But the Witch-king himself came at the last, robed and masked in black and riding a black horse, and attempted to kill Eärnur with his own hands. But Eärnur’s horse shied away and fled, and the Witch-king laughed. But Glorfindel came on his white horse, and faced with such power the Witch-king fled. He vanished into the shadows and no-one marked where he had gone.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref><br />
<br />
Eärnur wanted to pursue, but Glorfindel held him back and made his famous prophecy.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|He will not return to this land. Far off yet is his doom, and not by the hand of man will he fall.|Glorfindel, ''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iv)}}<br />
<br />
===Lord of Minas Morgul===<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - The Witch-king.jpg|thumb|''The Witch-king'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
The Witch-king escaped to [[Mordor]], and gathered the other Ringwraiths about him in {{TA|1980|n}}. Angmar and Carn Dûm were lost, and so in {{TA|2000|n}} the Ringwraiths began a two-year siege of [[Minas Ithil]], eventually capturing the place and turning it into his residence. The wraiths sent an aura of fear in [[Gondor]], and much of [[Ithilien]] was deserted.<ref name=gondor/><br />
<br />
Eärnur succeeded his father as King of Gondor, and still held the Witch-king in especial hostility due to his humiliation at the Battle of Fornost. [[Third Age 2043|The year]] of his coronation the Witch-king sent him a taunting challenge, but [[Mardil]] the [[steward]] restrained Eärnur from rash action. [[Third Age 2050|Seven years later]] the challenge was repeated, and Eärnur rode with a small escort to Minas Morgul; none ever returned, and there was no longer a King in Gondor.<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><br />
<br />
After this the Witch-king bided his time. He and the Nazgûl built up their armies, including the terrible new orc-race of [[uruks]]. In {{TA|2475|n}} he sent them out to capture [[Osgiliath]], which they did successfully. They were driven out by [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] of [[Gondor]], but Osgiliath now lay completely in ruins. Boromir went on to retake Ithilien, so that even the Witch-king feared him. But he was killed by a Morgul-wound, and so his rule was but twelve years.<ref name="twelve">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 333</ref><br />
<br />
===Hunt for the Ring===<br />
Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951|n}}, and sent three of his Ringwraiths to [[Dol Guldur]] (though the Witch-king was left in Minas Morgul). Then, by lucky chance, the creature [[Gollum]] was captured and interrogated. Under torture, the wretched creature revealed the tale of [[the One Ring]] and how it came to be in his possession. But from his words Sauron misunderstod that the land of the hobbits who stole the Ring was on the banks of the [[Gladden River]], whence Gollum originally came from.<ref name="thirteen">{{UT|Hunt}}, p. 338-341</ref> Sauron sent the Nine, under the leadership of the Witch-king, invisible and uncloaked, to search for the Ring after the assault of Osgiliath.<br />
<br />
[[Khamûl]], the Witch-king’s lieutenant, reported that he was unable to find the “[[the Shire|Shire]]” in the vales of [[Anduin]]. The Witch-king was determined to search north and west until Gollum was found, or the Shire. But plans were halted when Sauron received word of the prophecy in Gondor and the doings of the turncoat [[Saruman]], and concluded that the Wise did not yet have possession of the Ring. He sent the Ringwraiths to [[Isengard]] in the form of [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], too late to prevent the escape of the captured wizard [[Gandalf]], but had words with Saruman. Saruman, already a traitor to both sides due to his transparent lust for the Ring, fortified himself in Isengard. The Witch-king did not have enough power with him to assault Saruman in his great fortress, but had words with him. Saruman convinced the Witch-king that Gandalf alone knew where the Shire and the Ring was, and so the Nine passed into [[Rohan]] in search of him.<ref name="thirteen"/><br />
<br />
They came upon the traitor called [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] and questioned him. The terrified man told them everything he knew; that Gandalf had passed through Rohan, where the Shire was, and even that Saruman had lied to them. The Witch-king spared Wormtongue’s life, foreseeing that Wormtongue would bring ruin to Saruman. He divided his wraiths into four pairs, and went with the swiftest to [[Minhiriath]]. Along the way they captured several spies of Saruman, and found to their delight charts and maps of the Shire. They sent along the spy to [[Bree]], warning them that they now belonged to Mordor, not Saruman.<ref name="thirteen"/><br />
<br />
They came to [[Sarn Ford]], but the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] prevented them from crossing. They sent for their great captain, the chieftain [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], who alone could well resist the wraiths, but he was away, and the Ringwraiths captured the ford and killed many of the Rangers.<ref name="thirteen"/> The Witch-king sent three Ringwraiths under Khamûl into the Shire while he went east with the others.<ref name="appendixB">{{App|B}}</ref> But they had come too late: the Ring had moved on in the hands of a hobbit, [[Frodo Baggins]].<br />
<br />
===Pursuit of the Ring===<br />
[[File:Francesco Amadio - Amon Sul.jpg|thumb|right|220px|''Amon Sul'' by [[:Category:Images by Francesco Amadio|Francesco Amadio]]]]<br />
Khamûl was unsuccessful, but brought word from the spy they had spared in Bree. The man had witnessed a vanishing act on Frodo's part, and had organized an attack on the inn. The Witch-king guessed that Frodo would head east, and sent four wraiths to [[Weathertop]], the ruins of the tower he had destroyed long ago. He went south along the [[Greenway]] and discovered nothing. Gandalf followed them, but the Witch-king let him slip ahead, and attacked him on Weathertop. Gandalf escaped at dawn, and again the Witch-king divided his force and sent four after the wizard.<br />
<br />
The Ring walked almost right into his hands. The captain of the Dúnedain, Aragorn II, had become the guide of the hobbits, and led them to Weathertop, where they were spotted and attacked. The Witch-king advanced on Frodo, and the terrified hobbit put on the Ring, seeing them as they truly were. When Frodo resisted, and invoked the name of [[Varda|Elbereth]], the Witch-king stabbed Frodo in the shoulder. The tip of his blade broke off and sent poison through the hobbit’s veins. Then Aragorn counterattacked with flaming brands. The Witch-king departed with the other Nazgûl, believing that his objective was completed.<br />
<br />
He resumed the pursuit quickly, though, and found that Khamûl had been driven from the [[Last Bridge]] by his old enemy [[Glorfindel]]. The Witch-king, who only had one companion with him, was likewise unable to confront him openly. They regrouped and went south, rejoining with the other four. They managed to pick up the trail of the company of the Ring, and despite hindrance from Glorfindel and Aragorn managed to pursue Frodo alone on [[Asfaloth]]. The pursuit came to the [[Ford of Bruinen]], and there Frodo compelled the horse to stop. The Witch-king saw his defiance and laughed, breaking his sword with a movement of his hand. But the waters of the [[Bruinen]] rose at [[Elrond]]'s command, sweeping the Nine downstream.<ref name="fourteen">{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===War of the Ring===<br />
[[File:Angus McBride - Gandalf facing Witch-king.gif|thumb|left|''Gandalf facing the Witch-king'' by [[Angus McBride]]]]<br />
The Witch-king took the only surviving horse back to [[Mordor]], arriving there in December. He then sent aid to the other eight Nazgûl, and they returned in secret. In [[Minas Morgul]] they prepared for a grand invasion of [[Gondor]] at the order of their master. The Witch-king was given by Sauron added "demonic" force.<ref name="fifteen">{{L|210}}, p. 272</ref> On 10 March {{TA|3019|n}}, the signal was given and Minas Morgul was emptied. The Witch-king rode at the head of the army in black, upon a black horse, as he had in the time of the wars of Angmar. As the Witch-king passed out of the gates of the dead city, he sensed the presence of Frodo. He was disturbed, but continued on through Ithilien.<br />
<br />
With the Witch-king in command, [[Osgiliath]] soon fell.<ref name="Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref> The defeat was attributed to his superior numbers, and his terrible presence which made all hearts to quail. The [[Rammas Echor]] was breached, and the [[Pelennor Fields]] were overrun. Other wraiths he sent out mounted on [[Fell beasts]]. [[Faramir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Denethor|Denethor II]]'s son, was wounded by a dart and the [[Black Breath|black breath]], but his company was saved by a sortie. Then the Witch-king laid siege to [[Minas Tirith]] itself, sending fire and the heads of the dead Gondorians into the city via catapults. Then he launched the assault.<br />
<br />
He sent [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] out first, accompanying it in person so as to be the first to enter the city. Three times Grond struck the gate, empowered by the sorcery of the Witch-king. The third time the Gate shattered in a flash of fire. The Witch-king passed into Minas Tirith, but was confronted by Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]]. Gandalf forbade him entry, but the Witch-king laughed and put on a show of power.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set. The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark. From a mouth unseen there came a deadly laughter.<br>'Old fool!' he said. 'Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it? Die now and curse in vain!' And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Siege of Gondor]]"}}<br />
<br />
===Fall===<br />
[[File:Nick Deligaris - Éowyn and Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''Éowyn and Nazgûl'' by [[:Category:Images by Nick Deligaris|Nick Deligaris]]]]<br />
As Gandalf stood resolute before the Witch-king, the [[Rohirrim]] arrived. Thus he departed, mounting a fell beast and descending upon King [[Théoden]] who led the attack. [[Snowmane]], the King's horse, collapsed with a dart in the side, and Théoden was crushed beneath him. But the rider [[Dernhelm]] defied the Witch-king. The Witch-king threatened Dernhelm with a terrible death, but the rider revealed that she was a woman, [[Éowyn]], and the Witch-king remembered the words of Glorfindel. He hesitated, but then moved forward. Éowyn decapitated the fell beast, but the Witch-king rose and struck her down with his mace, breaking her shield-arm. Then the hobbit [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] stabbed him in the sinew of his leg with the [[Daggers of Westernesse|blade of Westernesse]] (though there was much pain in Meriadoc's arm afterward), as he drew back to kill the woman. Then Éowyn rose and drove her sword through where his invisible head was, and the sword broke as his crown toppled. The Witch-king gave a great and horrible wail, perishing at last (in the [[Letters]] it is said he was “reduced to impotence”).<ref name="Pelennor">{{RK|Battle}}</ref><br />
<br />
So the prophecy of Glorfindel was fulfilled, for the Witch-king did not fall at the hands of a man, but at the hands of [[Éowyn|a woman]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|a hobbit]]. With his defeat, and the coming of Aragorn II in the black ships, the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] was lost by Sauron.<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In the early versions of the story, the Witch King was planned to survive the Pelennor Fields battle and appear as the ambassador at the [[Black Gate]] instead of the [[Mouth of Sauron]].<ref>{{WR|3|XIII}}</ref> In early manuscripts he even survived after [[Frodo]] has thrown the Ring in [[Sammath Naur]], blocking the door and saying: “Here we all end together”. At this point, either Sam appears at his back and stabs him, or Frodo commands him to follow the Ring leaping into the Chasm of Fire.<ref>{{SD|1|Mordor}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, “[[Mount Doom]”</ref><br />
<br />
In the rare manuscript [[The Hunt for the Ring]], Tolkien speculates that the Witch-King might be afraid of Frodo, as he invoked [[Elbereth]] (a “name of terror for the Nazgûl”) and he could have slain the Barrow-wight.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, "Flight to the Ford", p. 180</ref> <br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
<!-- Does this really say something? --><br />
While in modern English ''witch'' has mostly female connotations, referring to a hag or sorceress, in middle-English ''wicche'' had no gender distinction; the preference of ''witch'' for female persons (the males referred more usually as ''wizzards'') evolved later through the centuries.<br />
<br />
Tolkien uses the archaic, gender-unspecific meaning of the term; of course, the word [[Wizards|Wizard]] refers exclusively to the [[Maiar]] [[Istari]].<br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
{{sources}}<br />
* Witch-king of Angmar - "Witch" most likely coming from his background in sorcery, and "king" after his establishment of the realm of Angmar in 1300.<br />
* Witch-lord of Angmar - A variant of the above title.<br />
* Lord of the Nazgûl<br />
* Lord of the Ringwraiths<br />
* Chieftain of the Ringwraiths<br />
* Lord of the Nine Riders<br />
* King of the Nine Riders<br />
* Wraith-lord<br />
* Wraith-king<br />
* High Nazgûl<br />
* Lord of Morgul<br />
* Morgul-lord<br />
* King of Minas Morgul<br />
* Black Captain<br />
* Captain of Despair<br />
* [[Dwimmerlaik]]<br />
* Lord of Carrion<br />
* Number One<ref>{{RK|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
An undead witch-king named ''Þráinn'' appears in ''[[:Wikipedia:Hrómundar saga Gripssonar|Hrómundar saga Gripssonar]]''. It is possible that this was Tolkien's source of inspiration.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
<!-- I think that the Shapeskearean inspiration is told in Carpenter's biography --><br />
The prophecy that the Witch-king would fall "not by the hand of man" and the fulfillment of the prophecy occurring as a technicality (being slain by a hobbit and a woman) bears a striking resemblance to the prophecy regarding the title character's death in Shakespeare's ''Macbeth'', where it was foretold that Macbeth will be slain "not by man born of woman" and is then killed by Macduff, born by caesarian section. Tolkien was familiar with the play, having reputedly taken inspiration for the Last March of the Ents from the same source (See article ''[[Ents]]'' for details).<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations== <br />
The Witch-king's true name is never given, and therefore among [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]], the Witch-king is often simply called ''Angmar'', after the name of the realm he founded and led. It is possible that he was one of the three [[Black Númenóreans]] Tolkien stated had become Nazgûl, or possibly [[Isilmo]], a Númenórean prince and father of Tar-Minastir. This possibility was adopted by the now defunct [[Middle-earth Role Playing]] game and [[Mithril Miniatures]] where he is named ''Er-Murazor'', a Númenórean prince and younger son of [[Tar-Ciryatan]]. <br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=The Witch-king in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Witch-King.jpg|The Witch-king in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Witch-king.jpg|The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''<br />
|File:Witchking ea rotk.jpg|The Witch-king from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings online Shadows of Angmar - Witch-king 1.jpg|The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Witch-king of Angmar.png|The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''<br />
|File:Shadow of War - The Witch King.png|The Witch-king in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown with no distinction from the other [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]; all are robed in brown and black, and none seem to be able to talk clearly.<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is portrayed as a humanoid figure with no head. Red eyes glare under a golden crown. His dialogue is more or less as in the books, albeit in a strange and somewhat unfitting electronic voice. After a stab from behind by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], [[Éowyn]] beheads him. It is worthy of note that the Witch-king is seen with the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] as his emblem and faction, rather than the grim moon of [[Minas Morgul]]. <br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is called the "Witch-king of [[Angmar]]", the "Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]", and the "Greatest of the Nine" by [[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''; however, no other mention of the kingdom of Angmar itself is made. Also, in that film, there is no mention of [[Glorfindel]]'s prophecy; there is only a claim among the enemy that "no man can kill" the Witch-king. Like the other Nazgûl, he is depicted as a humanoid figure shrouded in a hooded black robe; his only distinguishing feature is a mask-like spiked helmet with a huge mouth. His first mention is when Gandalf tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] while in Minas Tirith that the Dark Lord has not yet revealed his "deadliest" servant: the Witch-king, the one that "stabbed [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] on [[Weathertop]]". <br />
<br />
:During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Witch-king's army uses the ram [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] to break through the city gates early in the battle (after the failure of a lesser ram), and the Witch-king is not present to confront Gandalf as he is in the book. The confrontation takes place later, as Pippin and Gandalf race to the tombs to save [[Faramir]], and the Witch-king intercepts them. Unlike in the book, this meeting decisively favors the Witch-king, who breaks Gandalf's staff and throws the wizard to the ground before leaving to deal with the arrival of the [[Rohirrim]]. Gandalf's face shows obvious fear in this scene, in comparison to the resolution (for "victory or death") in the books.<br />
<br />
:The Witch-king's final stand on the battlefield occurs with less dialogue than in the book, and the weapons used to defeat him are both mundane: Merry's sword is not a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] from the [[Barrow-downs]], but rather the Rohirric sword that [[Théoden]] had as a child. This does makes it somewhat confusing in the film whether the Witch-King was truly destroyed in this fight (as he was in the book), or whether we was temporarily incapacitated (as at the ford of Bruinen) and later perished along with his fellow Nazgul due to the One Ring's destruction.<br />
<br />
:Eight actors are known to have played some part of the Witch-king. <br />
# An unidentified extra portrayed the "King of Men" in the prologue. He was chosen to be the Witch-king simply because he was the smallest of the nine.<br />
# [[Shane Rangi]] did the horse chase. <br />
# [[Fran Walsh]] provided the "Ringwraith scream".<br />
# Effects technician Ben Price played the Witch-king in "many scenes"<ref>http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/07/072904lotrwetaprops.html</ref><br />
# [[Brent McIntyre]] is officially credited as the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. He stabbed Frodo.<br />
# [[Lawrence Makoare]] filled the robe of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.<br />
# [[Mark Ferguson]] filled the heavy armoured costume when Makoare felt claustrophobic.<ref>http://www.markferguson.net/articles/interview_Nautilus20.html</ref><br />
# [[Andy Serkis]] provided the voice of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.<br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series) ]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is mentioned to have been defeated years ago, and his body sealed by the "Men of the North" in a very deep and dark tomb in the "[[High Fells of Rhudaur]]". His [[wraith]], apparently summoned by the [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]], is encountered by [[Radagast]] in the ruins of [[Dol Guldur]], but the [[Wizards|Wizard]] fends him off and salvages the Witch-king's [[Morgul-knife|Morgul blade]] in the struggle.<br />
<br />
:In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven back to [[Mordor]] by [[Galadriel]] and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], [[Sauron|his master]] also eventually following suit.<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
'''1993: [[Hobitit|''Hobitit'']]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown without distinction of the other Nazgûl.He was portrayed through computer-graphics.<br />
<br />
===Radio series===<br />
'''1956: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The Black Captain is played by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1727">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1727, [[14 December|December 14]], [[1956]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The role of The Lord of the Nazgul, as he is always credited in this production, is expanded with material from ''[[The Hunt for the Ring]]''. He is the second speaking character in the series: he is the one who captures [[Gollum]], though he is not identified as such until the credits. [[Philip Voss]] provided the voice for The Lord of the Nazgul.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of the Witch-king of Angmar is provided by Jozef Švoňavský. The character is credited only as the Lord of the Nazgul, not by his Witch-king epithet.<br />
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===Games===<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown without distinction of the other Nazgûl.<br />
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'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king's role and voice are similar to that of the film, but his appearance is different. An early helmet design, that had been removed from the film because it resembled [[Sauron]]'s helm too much, was used here, presumably because there was no time to make a new character model.<br />
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'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Witch-King is one the main "Hero" units for the Servants of Sauron, his signature ability is being able to turn Wights into Nazgûl. The evil campaign storyline shows him reclaiming Dol Guldur for Sauron.<br />
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'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Witch-King is a "Hero" unit for Mordor faction. He is an airborne unit riding on a Fell Beast and one of the strongest units in the game.<br />
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'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:In addition to his appearance from the first game, the Witch-King can now also dismount and become a landscape unit armed with a mace. <br />
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'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king is a non-playable character present in several scenes. His most memorable appearance takes place in the Great Barrow within the Barrow-Downs. There are also multiple references to him in quest dialogue, the most notable is that the Witch-King for whatever reason cannot return to rule [[Carn Dum]] and instead has erected a Steward named [[Mordirith]] to rule in his place, in mockery of the Stewards of Gondor.<br />
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'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''<br />
:In the campaign for the "Evil" side, the Witch-King is revived by other Nazgûl after Sauron reclaims The One Ring.<br />
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''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king appears in a flashback of the playable characters during the prologue of the game. He and the other [[Nazgûl]] attack and destroy the [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]] camp at [[Sarn Ford]]. Shortly after he speaks with [[Agandaûr]], who explains that he has assembled an army in [[Fornost]]. The Witch-king commands him to return and attack immediately, to aid in the [[Hunt of the Ring]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</reF><br />
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''''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king is featured in the game. Voiced by Matthew Mercer, he serves as the main antagonist of the game.<ref>[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]], ''Prologue''</reF><br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]<br />
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{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Featured Articles]]<br />
[[Category:Nazgûl]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[de:Der Hexenkönig von Angmar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/roi-sorcier]]<br />
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