King of Gondor: Difference between revisions

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Elendil was the first King of [[Arnor]] and was succeeded by Isildur.  Elendil ruled over both realms as High King of the Dúnedain-in-exile Isildur succeeded as High King as well upon his father's death.  Isildur committed Gondor to the rule of Meneldil the son of Anarion as sole King of Gondor, but Isildur's royalty in the South-realm remained, as his line was by right High King over both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], though after Isildur's death, the realms were split. Isildur's heirs ruled Arnor and Anárion's heirs ruled Gondor.
Elendil was the first King of [[Arnor]] and was succeeded by Isildur.  Elendil ruled over both realms as High King of the Dúnedain-in-exile Isildur succeeded as High King as well upon his father's death.  Isildur committed Gondor to the rule of Meneldil the son of Anarion as sole King of Gondor, but Isildur's royalty in the South-realm remained, as his line was by right High King over both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], though after Isildur's death, the realms were split. Isildur's heirs ruled Arnor and Anárion's heirs ruled Gondor.


Eärnur was taken in [[Minas Morgul]] and never seen again, and the Kingdom of Gondor was ruled by a succession of [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]] until the restoration of the line of Kings with Elessar ([[Aragorn]]), the first king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor.
The kingship of Gondor, unlike Arnor which had a direct line from Isildur to [[Arvedui]], underwent several succession crises even before they eventually failed altogether. The first king of Gondor who had no direct offspring was [[Falastur]], who had to be succeeded by his nephew [[Eärnil I]]. The next childless king was [[Narmacil I]], who had to be succeeded by his brother
[[Calmacil]]. The worst crisis, however, was that of the [[Kin-strife]], a civil war which resulted in both the loss of [[Umbar]] and the shedding of royal blood. From this war, [[Eldacar]] emerged victorius, but the House of Anárion was greatly weakened. The house suffered further in the [[Great Plague]] until at last, after the death of [[Ondoher]], the crown passed to a cousin several times removed named [[Eärnil II]]. After him, the crown lasted only one generation before the last of the kings.
 
The final king was Eärnur, who reigned for only seven years before he was challenged to single combat by the [[Witch-king of Angmar]]. Enraged by this, Eänur accepted the challenge and rode to [[Minas Morgul]], where he vanished and was never seen again. The rule of the Kingdom of Gondor fell to a succession of [[Stewards of Gondor|Stewards]] until the restoration of the line of Kings with Elessar ([[Aragorn]]), the first king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor.
 
==Duties and Office==
 
The King was the ultimate commander of the armies and navies of Gondor. For example, King Eärnil II sent his son Eärnur as the leader of the army who defeated the [[Witch-king of Angmar]]. The King would also be in charge of building projects, such as creating fortifications.<ref>{{App|A1iv}}</ref> The King served as the ultimate arbiter of justice in court matters.<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref> The King would have the ability to forge diplomatic alliances and both administer and renew oaths.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref> The King was the only one invested with the ability to invoke the name of [[Eru]], though this power was seldom used.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> Finally, the King had the legal right of using the [[palantíri]] available to him in places such as [[Minas Ithil]]. He could also invest others to do this on his behalf if the situation required it.<ref>{{UT|Palantiri}}</ref> However, this practice ended when [[Sauron]] gained control of the [[Ithil-stone]], for fear that he might work evil with it.<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref>
 
The King appointed a Steward who would help in both the running of the King's affairs and ruling in the King's stead if he was incapacitated or otherwise away from the kingdom.<ref>{{UT|8e}}This was first done by Rómendicil I, see note 53</ref> There was also a [[Council of Gondor]] who presumably would advise the King, though it is unknown how much authority the King had over the Council and vice versa. The Council was able to appoint a new King after the death of Ondoher and his sons, so the Council's powers were more than just in an advisory capacity.


==List of Kings==
==List of Kings==
Line 22: Line 31:
| style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" | '''Notes'''
| style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" | '''Notes'''
|-
|-
| 1. || [[Anárion]] || {{SA|3320}} – {{SA|3440}}† || Co-ruler with Isildur
| 1. || [[Anárion]] & [[Isildur]] || {{SA|3320}} – {{SA|3440}}† || Sons of Elendil and co-rulers.
|-
| 1. || [[Isildur]] || {{SA|3320}} – {{TA|2}}† || Co-ruler with Anárion
|-
|-
| 3. || [[Meneldil]] || {{TA|2}} – {{TA|158}} || Son of Anárion. First sole ruler of Gondor
| 2. || [[Meneldil]] || {{TA|2}} – {{TA|158}} || Son of Anárion. First sole ruler of Gondor
|-
|-
| 4. || [[Cemendur (King of Gondor)|Cemendur]] || {{TA|158}} – {{TA|238}} ||
| 3. || [[Cemendur (King of Gondor)|Cemendur]] || {{TA|158}} – {{TA|238}} ||
|-
|-
| 5. || [[Eärendil (King of Gondor)|Eärendil]] || {{TA|238}} – {{TA|324}} ||
| 4. || [[Eärendil (King of Gondor)|Eärendil]] || {{TA|238}} – {{TA|324}} ||
|-
|-
| 6. || [[Anardil (King of Gondor)|Anardil]] || {{TA|324}} – {{TA|411}} ||
| 5. || [[Anardil (King of Gondor)|Anardil]] || {{TA|324}} – {{TA|411}} ||
|-
|-
| 7. || [[Ostoher]] || {{TA|411}} – {{TA|491}} ||
| 6. || [[Ostoher]] || {{TA|411}} – {{TA|492}} ||
|-
|-
| 8. || [[Rómendacil I]] || {{TA|491}} – {{TA|541}}† || Born [[Tarostar]]
| 7. || [[Rómendacil I]] || {{TA|492}} – {{TA|541}}† || Born [[Tarostar]]
|-
|-
| 9. || [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] || {{TA|541}} – {{TA|667}} ||
| 8. || [[Turambar (King of Gondor)|Turambar]] || {{TA|541}} – {{TA|667}} ||
|-
|-
| 10. || [[Atanatar I]] || {{TA|667}} – {{TA|748}} ||
| 9. || [[Atanatar I]] || {{TA|667}} – {{TA|748}} ||
|-
|-
| 11. || [[Siriondil (King of Gondor)|Siriondil]] || {{TA|748}} – {{TA|830}} ||
| 10. || [[Siriondil (King of Gondor)|Siriondil]] || {{TA|748}} – {{TA|830}} ||
|-
|-
| 12. || [[Tarannon Falastur]] || {{TA|830}} – {{TA|913}} || First of the [[Ship-kings]]. Died childless
| 11. || [[Tarannon Falastur]] || {{TA|830}} – {{TA|913}} || First of the [[Ship-kings]]. Died childless
|-
|-
| 13. || [[Eärnil I]] || {{TA|913}} – {{TA|936}} || Nephew of Tarannon
| 12. || [[Eärnil I]] || {{TA|913}} – {{TA|936}} || Nephew of Tarannon
|-
|-
| 14. || [[Ciryandil]] || {{TA|936}} – {{TA|1015}}† ||
| 13. || [[Ciryandil]] || {{TA|936}} – {{TA|1015}}† ||
|-
|-
| 15. || [[Hyarmendacil I]] || {{TA|1015}} – {{TA|1149}} || Last of the Ship-kings
| 14. || [[Hyarmendacil I]] || {{TA|1015}} – {{TA|1149}} || Last of the Ship-kings
|-
|-
| 16. || [[Atanatar II|Atanatar II Alcarin]] || {{TA|1149}} – {{TA|1226}} ||
| 15. || [[Atanatar II|Atanatar II Alcarin]] || {{TA|1149}} – {{TA|1226}} ||
|-
|-
| 17. || [[Narmacil I]] || {{TA|1226}} – {{TA|1294}} || Second childless king
| 16. || [[Narmacil I]] || {{TA|1226}} – {{TA|1294}} || Second childless king
|-
|-
| 18. || [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]] || {{TA|1294}} – {{TA|1304}} || Younger brother of Narmacil. His son [[Minalcar]] ruled as prince-regent from 1240 – 1304
| 17. || [[Calmacil (King of Gondor)|Calmacil]] || {{TA|1294}} – {{TA|1304}} || Younger brother of Narmacil. His son [[Minalcar]] ruled as prince-regent from 1240 – 1304
|-
|-
| 19. || [[Rómendacil II]] || {{TA|1304}} – {{TA|1366}} || Born Minalcar
| 18. || [[Rómendacil II]] || {{TA|1304}} – {{TA|1366}} || Born Minalcar
|-
|-
| 20. || [[Valacar]] || {{TA|1366}} – {{TA|1432}} || Married [[Vidumavi]], the daughter of [[Vidugavia]]
| 19. || [[Valacar]] || {{TA|1366}} – {{TA|1432}} || Married [[Vidumavi]], the daughter of [[Vidugavia]]
|-
|-
| 21. || [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] || {{TA|1432}} – {{TA|1437}} || Born [[Vinitharya]]  
| 20. || [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] || {{TA|1432}} – {{TA|1437}} || Born [[Vinitharya]]  
|-
|-
| 22. || [[Castamir]] || {{TA|1437}} – {{TA|1447}}† || Usurped the throne during the [[Kin-strife]]. Known as the Usurper
| || [[Castamir]] || {{TA|1437}} – {{TA|1447}}† || Usurped the throne during the [[Kin-strife]]. Known as the Usurper
|-
|-
| - || [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] || {{TA|1447}} – {{TA|1490}} || Won back the throne with aid from the [[Northmen]] and Dúnedain of Gondor
| 21. || [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] || {{TA|1447}} – {{TA|1490}} || Won back the throne with aid from the [[Northmen]] and Dúnedain of Gondor
|-
|-
| 23. || [[Aldamir]] || {{TA|1490}} – {{TA|1540}}† ||
| 22. || [[Aldamir]] || {{TA|1490}} – {{TA|1540}}† ||
|-
|-
| 24. || [[Hyarmendacil II]] || {{TA|1540}} – {{TA|1621}} || Born [[Vinyarion]]
| 23. || [[Hyarmendacil II]] || {{TA|1540}} – {{TA|1621}} || Born [[Vinyarion]]
|-
|-
| 25. || [[Minardil]] || {{TA|1621}} – {{TA|1634}}† ||
| 24. || [[Minardil]] || {{TA|1621}} – {{TA|1634}}† ||
|-
|-
| 26. || [[Telemnar]] || {{TA|1634}} – {{TA|1636}} || Died in the [[Great Plague]] with all his children
| 25. || [[Telemnar]] || {{TA|1634}} – {{TA|1636}} || Died in the [[Great Plague]] with all his children
|-
|-
| 27. || [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]] || {{TA|1636}} – {{TA|1798}} || Nephew of Telemnar
| 26. || [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]] || {{TA|1636}} – {{TA|1798}} || Nephew of Telemnar
|-
|-
| 28. || [[Telumehtar Umbardacil]] || {{TA|1798}} – {{TA|1850}} ||
| 27. || [[Telumehtar Umbardacil]] || {{TA|1798}} – {{TA|1850}} ||
|-
|-
| 29. || [[Narmacil II]] || {{TA|1850}} – {{TA|1856}}† ||
| 28. || [[Narmacil II]] || {{TA|1850}} – {{TA|1856}}† ||
|-
|-
| 30. || [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]] || {{TA|1856}} – {{TA|1936}} ||
| 29. || [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]] || {{TA|1856}} – {{TA|1936}} ||
|-
|-
| 31. || [[Ondoher]] || {{TA|1936}} – {{TA|1944}}† || Died in battle with his two sons. His daughter [[Fíriel]] might have been ruling queen but was passed by.
| 30. || [[Ondoher]] || {{TA|1936}} – {{TA|1944}}† || Died in battle with his two sons. His daughter [[Fíriel]] might have been ruling queen but was passed by.
|-
|-
| 32. || [[Eärnil II]] || {{TA|1945}} – {{TA|2043}} || Descendant of Telumehtar Umbardacil. Was crowned after a year of rule by the [[Stewards of Gondor|Steward]] [[Pelendur]]
| 31. || [[Eärnil II]] || {{TA|1945}} – {{TA|2043}} || Descendant of Telumehtar Umbardacil. Was crowned after a year of rule by the [[Stewards of Gondor|Steward]] [[Pelendur]]
|-
|-
| 33. || [[Eärnur]] || {{TA|2043}} – {{TA|2050}}† || Last King of Gondor. Reign of the Stewards begins
| 32. || [[Eärnur]] || {{TA|2043}} – {{TA|2050}}† || Last King of Gondor. Reign of the Stewards begins
|-
|-
| 34. || [[Aragorn|Elessar]] || {{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}} || First High King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
| 33. || [[Aragorn|Elessar]] || {{TA|3019}} – {{FoA|120}} || First High King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]
|-
|-
| 35. || [[Eldarion]] || {{FoA|120}} – c. {{FoA|220}} ||
| 34. || [[Eldarion]] || {{FoA|120}} – c. {{FoA|220}} ||
|}
|}


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"King of Gondor" was translated as '''''Aran Ondóreo''''' in [[Quenya]],<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 27</ref> and '''''Aran Gondor''''' in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{SD|XI}}, p. 128</ref>
"King of Gondor" was translated as '''''Aran Ondóreo''''' in [[Quenya]],<ref>{{VT|49a}}, p. 27</ref> and '''''Aran Gondor''''' in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{SD|XI}}, p. 128</ref>


{{references}}
==The ancestry of the Kings of Gondor==
==The ancestry of the Kings of Gondor==
{{Dúnedain}}
{{Dúnedain}}
[[Category:Rulers of Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Rulers of Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Gondor]]
[[Category:Gondor]]
[[Category:Mannish Titles]]
[[Category:Mannish titles]]
[[de:Gondor#Herrscher_von_Gondor]]
[[de:Gondor#Herrscher_von_Gondor]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/gondoriens/rois_du_gondor]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/gondoriens/rois_du_gondor]]
[[fi:Gondorin kuninkaat]]
[[fi:Gondorin kuninkaat]]
{{references}}

Revision as of 23:44, 12 May 2021

"...It is a long tale..." — Aragorn
This article or section needs expansion and/or modification. Please help the wiki by expanding it.

The King of Gondor was the Númenórean ruler of Gondor.

The King of Gondor governed the realm with the frame of ancient law, of which he was administrator (and interpreter) but not the maker.[1] The Kings were buried in the Hallows of Minas Tirith. Stone statues of the Kings were in the Tower Hall. The symbol of his authority was the Crown of Gondor.

History

Through Amandil the Kings claimed descent from the Lords of Andúnië, and from there to Silmariën and the Kings of Númenor. The line of the Kings of Gondor was associated with the House of Anárion.

Elendil was the first King of Arnor and was succeeded by Isildur. Elendil ruled over both realms as High King of the Dúnedain-in-exile Isildur succeeded as High King as well upon his father's death. Isildur committed Gondor to the rule of Meneldil the son of Anarion as sole King of Gondor, but Isildur's royalty in the South-realm remained, as his line was by right High King over both Arnor and Gondor, though after Isildur's death, the realms were split. Isildur's heirs ruled Arnor and Anárion's heirs ruled Gondor.

The kingship of Gondor, unlike Arnor which had a direct line from Isildur to Arvedui, underwent several succession crises even before they eventually failed altogether. The first king of Gondor who had no direct offspring was Falastur, who had to be succeeded by his nephew Eärnil I. The next childless king was Narmacil I, who had to be succeeded by his brother Calmacil. The worst crisis, however, was that of the Kin-strife, a civil war which resulted in both the loss of Umbar and the shedding of royal blood. From this war, Eldacar emerged victorius, but the House of Anárion was greatly weakened. The house suffered further in the Great Plague until at last, after the death of Ondoher, the crown passed to a cousin several times removed named Eärnil II. After him, the crown lasted only one generation before the last of the kings.

The final king was Eärnur, who reigned for only seven years before he was challenged to single combat by the Witch-king of Angmar. Enraged by this, Eänur accepted the challenge and rode to Minas Morgul, where he vanished and was never seen again. The rule of the Kingdom of Gondor fell to a succession of Stewards until the restoration of the line of Kings with Elessar (Aragorn), the first king of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor.

Duties and Office

The King was the ultimate commander of the armies and navies of Gondor. For example, King Eärnil II sent his son Eärnur as the leader of the army who defeated the Witch-king of Angmar. The King would also be in charge of building projects, such as creating fortifications.[2] The King served as the ultimate arbiter of justice in court matters.[3] The King would have the ability to forge diplomatic alliances and both administer and renew oaths.[4] The King was the only one invested with the ability to invoke the name of Eru, though this power was seldom used.[5] Finally, the King had the legal right of using the palantíri available to him in places such as Minas Ithil. He could also invest others to do this on his behalf if the situation required it.[6] However, this practice ended when Sauron gained control of the Ithil-stone, for fear that he might work evil with it.[7]

The King appointed a Steward who would help in both the running of the King's affairs and ruling in the King's stead if he was incapacitated or otherwise away from the kingdom.[8] There was also a Council of Gondor who presumably would advise the King, though it is unknown how much authority the King had over the Council and vice versa. The Council was able to appoint a new King after the death of Ondoher and his sons, so the Council's powers were more than just in an advisory capacity.

List of Kings

Elendil, son of Amandil, reigned titularly as High King from S.A. 33203441 while his sons Isildur and Anárion were the co-rulers of Gondor itself until Anárion's death in S.A. 3440

Kings of Gondor
  Name Reign Notes
1. Anárion & Isildur S.A. 3320S.A. 3440 Sons of Elendil and co-rulers.
2. Meneldil T.A. 2T.A. 158 Son of Anárion. First sole ruler of Gondor
3. Cemendur T.A. 158T.A. 238
4. Eärendil T.A. 238T.A. 324
5. Anardil T.A. 324T.A. 411
6. Ostoher T.A. 411T.A. 492
7. Rómendacil I T.A. 492T.A. 541 Born Tarostar
8. Turambar T.A. 541T.A. 667
9. Atanatar I T.A. 667T.A. 748
10. Siriondil T.A. 748T.A. 830
11. Tarannon Falastur T.A. 830T.A. 913 First of the Ship-kings. Died childless
12. Eärnil I T.A. 913T.A. 936 Nephew of Tarannon
13. Ciryandil T.A. 936T.A. 1015
14. Hyarmendacil I T.A. 1015T.A. 1149 Last of the Ship-kings
15. Atanatar II Alcarin T.A. 1149T.A. 1226
16. Narmacil I T.A. 1226T.A. 1294 Second childless king
17. Calmacil T.A. 1294T.A. 1304 Younger brother of Narmacil. His son Minalcar ruled as prince-regent from 1240 – 1304
18. Rómendacil II T.A. 1304T.A. 1366 Born Minalcar
19. Valacar T.A. 1366T.A. 1432 Married Vidumavi, the daughter of Vidugavia
20. Eldacar T.A. 1432T.A. 1437 Born Vinitharya
Castamir T.A. 1437T.A. 1447 Usurped the throne during the Kin-strife. Known as the Usurper
21. Eldacar T.A. 1447T.A. 1490 Won back the throne with aid from the Northmen and Dúnedain of Gondor
22. Aldamir T.A. 1490T.A. 1540
23. Hyarmendacil II T.A. 1540T.A. 1621 Born Vinyarion
24. Minardil T.A. 1621T.A. 1634
25. Telemnar T.A. 1634T.A. 1636 Died in the Great Plague with all his children
26. Tarondor T.A. 1636T.A. 1798 Nephew of Telemnar
27. Telumehtar Umbardacil T.A. 1798T.A. 1850
28. Narmacil II T.A. 1850T.A. 1856
29. Calimehtar T.A. 1856T.A. 1936
30. Ondoher T.A. 1936T.A. 1944 Died in battle with his two sons. His daughter Fíriel might have been ruling queen but was passed by.
31. Eärnil II T.A. 1945T.A. 2043 Descendant of Telumehtar Umbardacil. Was crowned after a year of rule by the Steward Pelendur
32. Eärnur T.A. 2043T.A. 2050 Last King of Gondor. Reign of the Stewards begins
33. Elessar T.A. 3019Fo.A. 120 First High King of the Reunited Kingdom
34. Eldarion Fo.A. 120 – c. Fo.A. 220
For a detailed family tree of the individual Kings of Gondor, see: House of Anárion.

Other names

"King of Gondor" was translated as Aran Ondóreo in Quenya,[9] and Aran Gondor in Sindarin.[10]

The ancestry of the Kings of Gondor

Kings of the Dúnedain

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Elros
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tar-Elendil
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Kings of Númenor
 
Lords of Andúnië
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Elendil
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Isildur
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anárion
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Kings of Arnor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Kings of Gondor
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Kings of Arthedain
 
Kings of Cardolan
 
Kings of Rhudaur
 
Ondoher
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Arvedui
 
Fíriel
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aranarth
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chieftains of the Dúnedain
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aragorn
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High Kings of the Reunited Kingdom
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 244, (undated, written circa 1963)
  2. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
  3. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Steward and the King"
  4. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The House of Eorl"
  5. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan"
  6. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Palantíri"
  7. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion", "The Stewards"
  8. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan", "Notes"This was first done by Rómendicil I, see note 53
  9. J.R.R. Tolkien, "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings — Part Three" (edited by Patrick H. Wynne), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 49, June 2007, p. 27
  10. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Sauron Defeated, "Part One: The End of the Third Age: XI. The Epilogue", p. 128