Dúnedain of Arnor: Difference between revisions

From Tolkien Gateway
mNo edit summary
(Style)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{stub}}
{{expand}}
{{people infobox
{{people infobox
| name=Men of Arnor  
| name=Men of Arnor  
| image=
| image=
Line 25: Line 24:
==History==
==History==
===Early History===
===Early History===
After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Exiles of Númenor]], led by [[Elendil]], established the [[Realms in Exile]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. [[Elendil]] was cast up by the waves in the land of [[Lindon]], and he was befriended by [[Gil-galad]].<ref name=rings/> He then passed up the River [[Lhûn]], and beyond [[Ered Luin]], he established the realm of [[Arnor]].<ref name=rings/> The [[Exiles of Númenor|Exiles]] and later the Northern Dúnedain dwelt in many places in [[Eriador]] about the courses of the [[Lhûn]] and the [[Baranduin]]; but their chief city was  at  [[Annúminas]]  beside  Lake  [[Nenuial]].<ref name=rings/>  At  [[Fornost]]  upon  the  [[North  Downs]]  also  the  Northern Dúnedain dwelt,  and  in  [[Cardolan]],  and  in  the  hills  of  [[Rhudaur]];  and  towers  they  raised  upon  [[Emyn  Beraid]]  and  upon  [[Amon  Sûl]].<ref name=rings/>  
After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Exiles of Númenor]], led by [[Elendil]], established the [[Realms in Exile]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. [[Elendil]] was cast up by the waves in the land of [[Lindon]], and he was befriended by [[Gil-galad]].<ref name=rings/> He then passed up the River [[Lhûn]], and beyond [[Ered Luin]], he established the realm of [[Arnor]].<ref name=rings/>  
 
The [[Exiles of Númenor|Exiles]] and later the Northern Dúnedain dwelt in many places in [[Eriador]] about the courses of the [[Lhûn]] and the [[Baranduin]]; but their chief city was  at  [[Annúminas]]  beside  Lake  [[Nenuial]].<ref name=rings/>  At  [[Fornost]]  upon  the  [[North  Downs]]  also  the  Northern Dúnedain dwelt,  and  in  [[Cardolan]],  and  in  the  hills  of  [[Rhudaur]];  and  towers  they  raised  upon  [[Emyn  Beraid]]  and  upon  [[Amon  Sûl]].<ref name=rings/> The Men of Arnor were, from the beginnning of their history, always less powerful and populous than their southern counterparts, the [[Gondorians]].<ref>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>


There, many already dwelt who were in whole or part of [[Númenorean]] blood who welcomed Elendil and his sons.<ref name=rings>{{s|Rings}}</ref><ref name=languages>{{App|Men}}</ref> In [[Arnor]], these [[Men of Eriador]] accepted the new kingdom of [[Elendil]] and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.<ref name=rings/> When [[Elendil]] led his people into the south to battle against [[Sauron]], these [[Men of Eriador]] marched alongside the [[Dúnedain]].<ref name=rings/>  
There, many already dwelt who were in whole or part of [[Númenorean]] blood who welcomed Elendil and his sons.<ref name=rings>{{s|Rings}}</ref><ref name=languages>{{App|Men}}</ref> In [[Arnor]], these [[Men of Eriador]] accepted the new kingdom of [[Elendil]] and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.<ref name=rings/> When [[Elendil]] led his people into the south to battle against [[Sauron]], these [[Men of Eriador]] marched alongside the [[Dúnedain]].<ref name=rings/>  


===War of the Last Alliance and Decline===
===Decline and Division===
Originally ruled by the [[High King of the Dúnedain]], they were divided as the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]] and the [[Dúnedain of the South|Dúnedain of Gondor]], following the death of [[Isildur]], son of [[Elendil]], in {{TA|2}}.<ref name=rings/><ref name="AppB">{{App|B2}}</ref>
Originally ruled by their [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King]], the Dúnedain were divided as the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]] and the [[Dúnedain of the South|Dúnedain of Gondor]], following the death of [[Isildur]], son of [[Elendil]], in {{TA|2}}.<ref name=rings/><ref name="AppB">{{App|B2}}</ref>


Valandil, [[Isildur]]'s youngest son, took up his rule in [[Annúminas]], but his people were diminished, and of the [[Northern Dúnedain]] and [[Men of Eriador]] there remained now too few to people the land or maintain the places [[Elendil]] built; many of [[Dúnedain of Arnor]] had died in the [[War of the Last Alliance]] and at the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]].<ref name=rings/>
[[Valandil (King of Arnor)|Valandil]], [[Isildur]]'s youngest son, took up his rule in [[Annúminas]], but his people were diminished, and of the [[Northern Dúnedain]] and [[Men of Eriador]] there remained now too few to people the land or maintain the places [[Elendil]] built; many of [[Dúnedain of Arnor]] had died in the [[War of the Last Alliance]] and at the [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]].<ref name=rings/>


After the reign of [[Eärendur]], the seventh king that followed [[Valandil]], the [[Dúnedain of the North]] became divided into the petty realms and lordships of [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], and [[Rhudaur]], owing to dissensions among his sons.<ref name=rings/><ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>
After the reign of [[Eärendur]], the seventh king that followed [[Valandil]], the [[Dúnedain of the North]] became divided into the petty realms and lordships of [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], and [[Rhudaur]], owing to dissensions among his sons.<ref name=rings/><ref name=eriador>{{App|Eriador}}</ref>


===The Great Plague===
===Conflicts with Angmar===
The remnants of the [[Northern Dúnedain]] were also heavily affected by the [[Great Plague]]; the joint garrison (of the North and South Kingdoms) at [[Tharbad]] ceased to exist,<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> and the last of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]] died on the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=eriador/>
{{main|Angmar War}}
In the beginning of the reign of [[Malvegil]] of [[Arthedain]], the realm of [[Angmar]], lead by the [[Witch-King]], arose in the North beyond the [[Ettenmoors]]; the [[Witch-king]] was indeed the [[Lord of the Nazgûl]] who came north with the purpose of destroying the Northern Dúnedain in disunion.<ref name=eriador/>


===Conflicts with Angmar===
In the days of [[Argeleb I]], son of [[Malvegil]], the line of [[Isildur]] had failed in the other kingdoms and so, the [[Kings of Arthedain]] laid claim to the lordship of all the Northern Dúnedain.<ref name=eriador/>  This claim was resisted in [[Rhudaur]], where the [[Dúnedain]] there were few, and a lord of the [[Hill-men]], whose allegiance lay with [[Angmar]] in secret, seized power.<ref name=eriador/>
{{stub}}
 
A great host came out of [[Angmar]] in {{TA|1409}} and entered [[Cardolan]], besiegeing the [[Tower of Amon Sûl]]. The Northern Dúnedain were defeated and [[Arveleg I]] as well as the last prince of [[Cardolan]] were slain.<ref name=eriador/> From that time onward, [[Rhudaur]] was occupied by evil Men subject to [[Angmar]], and the Northern Dúnedain that remained were slain of fled west.<ref name=eriador/>  Although [[Cardolan]] was ravaged, a remnant of the faithful among the Dúnedain of Cardolan also held out in [[Tyrn Gorthad]] (the [[Barrow-downs]]), or took refuge in the [[Old Forest]].<ref name=eriador/> 
 
Although the northern parts of [[Arthedain]] were little affected, the remnants of the [[Northern Dúnedain]] were affected by the [[Great Plague]]; the joint garrison (of the North and South Kingdoms) at [[Tharbad]] ceased to exist,<ref>{{UT|6d}}</ref> and the last of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]] died on the [[Barrow-downs]].<ref name=eriador/>
 
In {{TA|1974}}, the [[Witch-king]], with his host from [[Angmar]], invaded [[Arthedain]] and captured [[Fornost Erain]], driving most of the Northern Dúnedain there over the [[Lune]],<ref name=eriador/> including the sons of [[Arvedui Last-king]],<ref name=eriador/>  who later perished in a shipwreck. The remnants of the Men of Arnor later joined the great [[Host of the West (Arnor)|Host of the West]], lead by [[Cirdan|Cirdan the Shipwright]] and [[Eärnur]], [[Captain of Gondor]], in which, also with the help of [[Elves]] from [[Rivendell]] lead by [[Glorfindel]], overthrew [[Angmar]].<ref name=gondor>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>
 
===Later History===
{{main|Rangers of the North}}
After the [[Angmar War]], all the people of [[Arnor]] were diminished.<ref name=eriador/> The Dúnedain of the North were reduced to a few [[Ranger of the North|Rangers]] wandering secretly in the wild, and their heritage was forgotten, save in [[Imladris]], where the [[Heir of Isildur|Heirs of Isildur]] were harboured and their line, from father to son, remained unbroken.<ref name=rings/><ref name=eriador/>


===Rangers of the North===
By the time of the [[War of the Ring]], [[Halbarad]], kinsman of [[Aragorn]], mustered 30 Northern Dúnedain (all that could be gathered in haste),<ref name="Grey"/> and this [[Grey Company]] rode to the aid of [[Aragorn]] in [[Rohan]].<ref name="Grey"/>
After the [[Angmar War]], the Dúnedain of the North were reduced to [[Ranger of the North|Rangers]] wandering secretly in the wild, and their heritage was forgotten, save in [[Imladris]], where the [[Heir of Isildur|Heirs of Isildur]] were harboured and their line, from father to son, remained unbroken.<ref name=rings/><ref name=eriador/>


==Culture==
==Culture==
{{stub}}
===Skills and Customs===
The Northern Dúnedain were a martial folk, even considered great warriors in their decline as [[Théoden]] remarked that the skill of the [[Grey Company]] could not be counted by their numbers.<ref name="Grey">{{RK|V2}}</ref>
 
The Rangers were believed to have strange powers of sight and hearing, and to understand the language of beasts and birds.<ref name="Sign"/>
 
The [[Númenórean]] monarch of the Men of Arnor governed the realm and its people with the frame of ancient law, of which he was administrator (and interpreter) but not the maker.<ref name="politics">{{L|244}}</ref>
 
The [[Heir of Isildur|Heirs of Isildur]], being men of long life,  were  not  accustomed  to  wed  until  they  had  laboured  long and journeyed in the  world.<ref name=Tale>{{PM|Aii}}</ref> For women, the age of 22 is considered too early, according to the customs of the Northern Dúnedain, to be wed.<ref name="Av">{{App|Tale}}</ref>
 
===Languages===
[[Westron]], or the Common Speech, was the native language of the people of [[Arnor]].<ref name=lang>{{App|F1}}</ref> Among  the [[Dúnedain]] however, including those of [[Arnor]], the  kings and  high lords, and  indeed  all  those  of  [[Númenorean]]  blood  in any  degree, for long  used [[Númenórean Sindarin]].<ref>{{PM|Languages}}</ref> [[Quenya]] was known to the learned of [[Arnor]], a tradition which has continued from the loremasters of [[Númenor]], to be used for places of fame and reverence in addition to the names of royalty and men of great renown.<ref name=languages/> All the royal names of the [[Kings of Arnor]] were [[Quenya]] names.<ref name=North>{{App|North}}</ref> The [[Kings of Arthedain]] and later the [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain|Chieftains of the Dúnedain]], however, took [[Sindarin]] names.<ref name=North/>
 
==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
{{stub}}
===Physical Description===
The Dúnedain, including those of Arnor, were lords of long life, great power, and wisdom; far superior to the [[Middle Men|Men of Middle-earth]] among whom they dwelt and whom they ruled.<ref name=languages/> They were from the beginning far fewer in number than the [[Middle Men|lesser men]].<ref name=languages/>
 
They were tall, pale-skinned, with dark hair, shining grey eyes, and proud faces.<ref name="Sign">{{FR|Sign}}</ref> They were taller and darker than the [[Men of Bree]].<ref name="Sign"/> They were described as being stout and lordly men; the [[Rohirrim]] looked like boys beside them.<ref name="Grey"/> Despite being stern, grim-faced and silent for the most part, they were a courteous people if moved to speak.<ref name="Grey"/><ref name="Sign"/>
 
===Lifespan===
The [[Third Age]] marked the beginning of the waning of the Dúnedain, including the Northern ones, in which their gifts of wisdom, nobility, and long life were slowly withdrawn due to the [[Downfall of Númenor]] and their mingling with [[Middle Men|lesser men]].<ref name=gondor/> More  swift  was  the  waning  in  the  [[Arnor|North-kingdom]],  for  [[Eriador]]  became  colder  and  there,  the  [[Dúnedain]]  became  ever  less.<ref>{{PM|Third}}</ref>
 
In the beginning of their history, the [[Dúnedain]] were blessed with a lifespan thrice the life of [[Middle Men|lesser men]], yet this ever-diminished over the course of the [[Third Age]].<ref name=eriador/><ref name=languages/>
 
In [[Arnor]], the strife and dissensions between the kingdoms of [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]], and [[Rhudaur]] hastened the waning of the Dúnedain.<ref name=eriador/> Although, their lifespans ever continued to shorten,<ref name=eriador/> the [[Dúnedain of Arnor]], especially their [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain|Chieftains]], maintained significant longevity living to twice the age of [[Middle Men|lesser men]].<ref name=eriador/> The [[Heir of Isildur|Heirs of Isildur]] even lived up to 160 years or more.<ref name=Tale/>
 
Even upon the reunification of the [[Kingdoms of the Dúnedain]], the life-span of all Dúnedain, even those of [[Arnor]], was not restored and continued to wane until it became as that of other men.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>


{{references}}
{{references}}

Revision as of 03:29, 14 June 2020

Template:Expand

Men of Arnor
People
General Information
OriginsDescendants of the Númenóreans in Arnor (partly Men of Eriador)
LocationsEriador, Arnor
AffiliationLast Alliance of Elves and Men, Host of the West, Grey Company
RivalriesHill-men
LanguagesWestron, Númenórean Sindarin, Quenya
MembersArgeleb I, Aragorn II, Gilraen

The Men of Arnor were the inhabitants of Arnor and its successor kingdoms. The Dúnedain of Arnor, also known as the Dúnedain of the North or the Northern Dúnedain, constituted the ruling class and nobility of Arnor being descendants of the Exiles of Númenor who established the North-Kingdom. The history of the Men of Arnor is extensively dominated by the actions of the Dúnedain of the North.

History

Early History

After the Downfall of Númenor, the Exiles of Númenor, led by Elendil, established the Realms in Exile of Arnor and Gondor. Elendil was cast up by the waves in the land of Lindon, and he was befriended by Gil-galad.[1] He then passed up the River Lhûn, and beyond Ered Luin, he established the realm of Arnor.[1]

The Exiles and later the Northern Dúnedain dwelt in many places in Eriador about the courses of the Lhûn and the Baranduin; but their chief city was at Annúminas beside Lake Nenuial.[1] At Fornost upon the North Downs also the Northern Dúnedain dwelt, and in Cardolan, and in the hills of Rhudaur; and towers they raised upon Emyn Beraid and upon Amon Sûl.[1] The Men of Arnor were, from the beginnning of their history, always less powerful and populous than their southern counterparts, the Gondorians.[2]

There, many already dwelt who were in whole or part of Númenorean blood who welcomed Elendil and his sons.[1][3] In Arnor, these Men of Eriador accepted the new kingdom of Elendil and helped to people and maintain the many places that the Northern Dúnedain built.[1] When Elendil led his people into the south to battle against Sauron, these Men of Eriador marched alongside the Dúnedain.[1]

Decline and Division

Originally ruled by their High King, the Dúnedain were divided as the Dúnedain of Arnor and the Dúnedain of Gondor, following the death of Isildur, son of Elendil, in T.A. 2.[1][4]

Valandil, Isildur's youngest son, took up his rule in Annúminas, but his people were diminished, and of the Northern Dúnedain and Men of Eriador there remained now too few to people the land or maintain the places Elendil built; many of Dúnedain of Arnor had died in the War of the Last Alliance and at the Disaster of the Gladden Fields.[1]

After the reign of Eärendur, the seventh king that followed Valandil, the Dúnedain of the North became divided into the petty realms and lordships of Arthedain, Cardolan, and Rhudaur, owing to dissensions among his sons.[1][5]

Conflicts with Angmar

Main article: Angmar War

In the beginning of the reign of Malvegil of Arthedain, the realm of Angmar, lead by the Witch-King, arose in the North beyond the Ettenmoors; the Witch-king was indeed the Lord of the Nazgûl who came north with the purpose of destroying the Northern Dúnedain in disunion.[5]

In the days of Argeleb I, son of Malvegil, the line of Isildur had failed in the other kingdoms and so, the Kings of Arthedain laid claim to the lordship of all the Northern Dúnedain.[5] This claim was resisted in Rhudaur, where the Dúnedain there were few, and a lord of the Hill-men, whose allegiance lay with Angmar in secret, seized power.[5]

A great host came out of Angmar in T.A. 1409 and entered Cardolan, besiegeing the Tower of Amon Sûl. The Northern Dúnedain were defeated and Arveleg I as well as the last prince of Cardolan were slain.[5] From that time onward, Rhudaur was occupied by evil Men subject to Angmar, and the Northern Dúnedain that remained were slain of fled west.[5] Although Cardolan was ravaged, a remnant of the faithful among the Dúnedain of Cardolan also held out in Tyrn Gorthad (the Barrow-downs), or took refuge in the Old Forest.[5]

Although the northern parts of Arthedain were little affected, the remnants of the Northern Dúnedain were affected by the Great Plague; the joint garrison (of the North and South Kingdoms) at Tharbad ceased to exist,[6] and the last of the Dúnedain of Cardolan died on the Barrow-downs.[5]

In T.A. 1974, the Witch-king, with his host from Angmar, invaded Arthedain and captured Fornost Erain, driving most of the Northern Dúnedain there over the Lune,[5] including the sons of Arvedui Last-king,[5] who later perished in a shipwreck. The remnants of the Men of Arnor later joined the great Host of the West, lead by Cirdan the Shipwright and Eärnur, Captain of Gondor, in which, also with the help of Elves from Rivendell lead by Glorfindel, overthrew Angmar.[7]

Later History

Main article: Rangers of the North

After the Angmar War, all the people of Arnor were diminished.[5] The Dúnedain of the North were reduced to a few Rangers wandering secretly in the wild, and their heritage was forgotten, save in Imladris, where the Heirs of Isildur were harboured and their line, from father to son, remained unbroken.[1][5]

By the time of the War of the Ring, Halbarad, kinsman of Aragorn, mustered 30 Northern Dúnedain (all that could be gathered in haste),[8] and this Grey Company rode to the aid of Aragorn in Rohan.[8]

Culture

Skills and Customs

The Northern Dúnedain were a martial folk, even considered great warriors in their decline as Théoden remarked that the skill of the Grey Company could not be counted by their numbers.[8]

The Rangers were believed to have strange powers of sight and hearing, and to understand the language of beasts and birds.[9]

The Númenórean monarch of the Men of Arnor governed the realm and its people with the frame of ancient law, of which he was administrator (and interpreter) but not the maker.[10]

The Heirs of Isildur, being men of long life, were not accustomed to wed until they had laboured long and journeyed in the world.[11] For women, the age of 22 is considered too early, according to the customs of the Northern Dúnedain, to be wed.[12]

Languages

Westron, or the Common Speech, was the native language of the people of Arnor.[13] Among the Dúnedain however, including those of Arnor, the kings and high lords, and indeed all those of Númenorean blood in any degree, for long used Númenórean Sindarin.[14] Quenya was known to the learned of Arnor, a tradition which has continued from the loremasters of Númenor, to be used for places of fame and reverence in addition to the names of royalty and men of great renown.[3] All the royal names of the Kings of Arnor were Quenya names.[15] The Kings of Arthedain and later the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, however, took Sindarin names.[15]

Characteristics

Physical Description

The Dúnedain, including those of Arnor, were lords of long life, great power, and wisdom; far superior to the Men of Middle-earth among whom they dwelt and whom they ruled.[3] They were from the beginning far fewer in number than the lesser men.[3]

They were tall, pale-skinned, with dark hair, shining grey eyes, and proud faces.[9] They were taller and darker than the Men of Bree.[9] They were described as being stout and lordly men; the Rohirrim looked like boys beside them.[8] Despite being stern, grim-faced and silent for the most part, they were a courteous people if moved to speak.[8][9]

Lifespan

The Third Age marked the beginning of the waning of the Dúnedain, including the Northern ones, in which their gifts of wisdom, nobility, and long life were slowly withdrawn due to the Downfall of Númenor and their mingling with lesser men.[7] More swift was the waning in the North-kingdom, for Eriador became colder and there, the Dúnedain became ever less.[16]

In the beginning of their history, the Dúnedain were blessed with a lifespan thrice the life of lesser men, yet this ever-diminished over the course of the Third Age.[5][3]

In Arnor, the strife and dissensions between the kingdoms of Arthedain, Cardolan, and Rhudaur hastened the waning of the Dúnedain.[5] Although, their lifespans ever continued to shorten,[5] the Dúnedain of Arnor, especially their Chieftains, maintained significant longevity living to twice the age of lesser men.[5] The Heirs of Isildur even lived up to 160 years or more.[11]

Even upon the reunification of the Kingdoms of the Dúnedain, the life-span of all Dúnedain, even those of Arnor, was not restored and continued to wane until it became as that of other men.[17]

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  2. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "X. Of Dwarves and Men", "The Atani and their Languages"
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix F, "The Languages and Peoples of the Third Age", "Of Men"
  4. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Eriador, Arnor, and the Heirs of Isildur"
  6. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", "Appendix D: The Port of Lond Daer"
  7. 7.0 7.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Passing of the Grey Company"
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "At the Sign of the Prancing Pony"
  10. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 244, (undated, written circa 1963)
  11. 11.0 11.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "IX. The Making of Appendix A": (ii) "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
  12. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
  13. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix F, "The Languages and Peoples of the Third Age"
  14. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "II. The Appendix on Languages"
  15. 15.0 15.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "The Realms in Exile", "The Northern Line: Heirs of Isildur"
  16. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "VIII. The Tale of Years of the Third Age"
  17. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "VII. The Heirs of Elendil"