https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Orom%C3%AB&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T05:02:17ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Sara_Brown&diff=388382Sara Brown2024-03-26T02:27:39Z<p>Oromë: /* Awards */</p>
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<div>{{template:stub}}<br />
'''Sara Brown''' is a Tolkien scholar and Language & Literature Department Chair at [[Signum University]]. She has a PhD from Salford University with a thesis entitled ''From Abjection to Alchemy in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle-earth Legendarium''.<br />
<br />
She also co-hosts [[The Tolkien Experience]] and [[The Rings of Power Wrap-up]] podcasts and serves on the editorial board of [[Mallorn (journal)]].<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*[[2023]]: '''[[Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Best Article''', "'All that glisters is not gold': The Ring of Power and the Deception of Simile" in [[Mallorn 63]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[https://signumuniversity.org/people/sara-brown/ Sara Brown] on Signum University website.<br />
<br />
[[Category:British people]]<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT: Brown, Sara}}</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dimitra_Fimi&diff=388379Dimitra Fimi2024-03-26T02:06:58Z<p>Oromë: /* Articles */ Added missing vol. number</p>
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<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{author infobox<br />
| image=[[File:Dimitra Fimi (2).jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Dimitra Fimi<br />
| born=[[2 June]] [[1978]]<br />
| died=<br />
| education=[[Wikipedia:Cardiff University|Cardiff University]]<br />
| occupation=Professor of Fantasy and Children's Literature<br />
| location=<br />
| website=[http://www.dimitrafimi.com/ Official website]<br />
}}<br />
'''Dimitra Fimi''' (born [[2 June]] [[1978]]) is Professor of Fantasy and Children's Literature at the [[wikipedia:University of Glasgow|University of Glasgow]]. She teaches and researches on many fantasy authors. She is also co-Director of the Centre for Fantasy and the Fantastic at Glasgow. Fimi is currently on the [[Mallorn (journal)| Mallorn]] editorial team.<ref> [https://journals.tolkiensociety.org/mallorn/about/editorialTeam ''Editorial Team''] at journals.tolkiensociety.org (accessed 18 June 2023)</ref> <br />
==Bibliography, selected==<br />
===Books===<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien, Race and Cultural History|Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits]]''<br />
* [[2016]]: ''[[A Secret Vice (book)|A Secret Vice]]'' (co-editor with Andrew Higgins)<br />
* [[2019]]: ''[[Sub-creating Arda]]'' (co-editor with [[Thomas M. Honegger]])<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Επιδράσεις της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής Γραμματείας στο Έργο του Τζ.Ρ.Ρ. Τόλκιν = Echoes of Ancient Greek Literature in the Work of J.R.R. Tolkien'' (co-editor with Dimitrios Kolovos)<br />
<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2006]]: ''Working with English: Medieval and Modern Language, Literature and Drama''<br />
** (issue 2): "[https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/documents/working-with-english/volume-2/fimi-come-sing-ye-light-fairy-things-tripping-so-gay-victorian-fairies-and-the-early-work-of-j.-r.-r.-tolkien.pdf 'Come Sing ye Light Fairy Things Tripping so Gay': Victorian Fairies and the Early Work of J.R.R. Tolkien]"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''Folklore''<br />
** (issue 117): [http://dimitrafimi.com/teaching/mad-elves-and-elusive-beauty-some-celtic-strands-of-tolkiens-mythology/ "'Mad Elves' and 'Elusive Beauty': Some Celtic Strands of Tolkien's Mythology"]<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''<br />
** Fairyology, Victorian<br />
**Greece: Reception of Tolkien<br />
* [[2007]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 6]]<br />
** "Tolkien's '"Celtic" type of legends': Merging Traditions"<br />
* [[2007]]: ''[[Silver Leaves]]''<br />
**"A Note on Túrin and Oedipus"<br />
* [[2007]]: ''Old Norse Made New: Essays on the Post-Medieval Reception of Old Norse Literature and Culture''<br />
** "Tolkien and Old Norse Antiquity: Real and Romantic Links in Material Culture"<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
** "Material Culture and Materiality in Middle-earth: Tolkien and Archaeology"<br />
* [[2008]]: [[Mallorn 46|''Mallorn'' 46]]:<br />
** "Teaching and Studying Tolkien"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Picturing Tolkien|''Picturing Tolkien: Essays on Peter Jackson's'' The Lord of the Rings ''Film Trilogy'']]<br />
** "Filming Folklore: Adapting Fantasy for the Big Screen through Peter Jackson's ''The Lord of the Rings''"<br />
* [[2012]]: ''Critical Insights: The Fantastic''<br />
**"Tolkien and the Fantasy Tradition", <br />
* [[2013]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: the Forest and the City]]''<br />
**"Wildman of the Woods': Inscribing Tragedy on the Landscape of Middle-earth in ''The Children of Húrin''"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[Mallorn 55|''Mallorn'' 55]]:<br />
** "Tolkien and Folklore: ''[[Sellic Spell]]'' and ''[[The Lay of Beowulf]]''"<br />
* [[2017]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''<br />
** "[http://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/how-to-invent-a-language-tolkien-burgess/ Inventing a whole language]"<br />
** "[https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/fantasy-writers-create-new-realities-and-cultures-essay-dimitra-fimi/ Why build new worlds]"<br />
* [[2017]]: ''[[Death and Immortality in Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "'Tears are the very wine of blessedness': joyful sorrow in J.R.R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 5<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol5/iss1/2/ Language as Communication vs. Language as Art: J.R.R. Tolkien and early 20th-century radical linguistic experimentation]"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''The Conversation''<br />
** "[https://theconversation.com/was-tolkien-really-racist-108227 Was Tolkien really racist?]"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''The Conversation''<br />
** "[https://theconversation.com/lord-of-the-rings-debunking-the-backlash-against-non-white-actors-in-amazons-new-adaption-177791 Lord of the Rings: debunking the backlash against non-white actors in Amazon’s new adaption]"<br />
<br />
===Reviews===<br />
* [[2005]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 3]]'':<br />
** Review of ''[[Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Marjorie Burns]]<br />
* [[2008]]: ''Folklore''<br />
** Review of ''[[Ents, Elves, and Eriador]]'' by [[Matthew Dickerson]] and [[Jonathan Evans]]<br />
<br />
===Interviews===<br />
* [[2012]]: [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/1057-interview-dimitra-fimi.php Interview with Dr. Dimitra Fimi on lecturing online Tolkien courses] on [[Tolkien Library]]<br />
* [[2019]]: [https://www.tolkcast.de/episode/017-das-interview-mit-dimitra-fimi-shaun-gunnar Episode 17] of [[TolkCast]]<br />
===Talks/Lectures===<br />
* [[2019]]: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAAYOnkVnwk&ab_channel=TheTolkienSociety ''Tolkien, Folklore, and Foxes: a thoroughly vulpine talk in which there may be singing!''] at [[Tolkien 2019]]<br />
* [[2023]]: ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usDl-qgsPEA&ab_channel=UniversityofBirmingham "I hold the key": J. R. R. Tolkien through interviews and reminiscences]'' at the [[wikipedia: University of Birmingham| University of Birmingham]] <br />
<br />
===Other appearances===<br />
*[[2009]]: Clash of the Gods<br />
**''[[Tolkien's Monsters]]''<br />
*[[2014]]: [[Beowulf Launch Party]]<br />
*[[2014]]: BBC - iWonder<br />
**''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zgr9kqt How was The Lord of The Rings incluenced by World War One?]''<br />
*[[2014]]: BBC - iWonder<br />
**''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z2hthyc Why do the Elves in The Hobbit sound Welsh?]''<br />
*[[2016]]: BBC Radio 4 - Archive on 4<br />
**''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07mvd5z Tolkien: The Lost Recordings]''<br />
*[[2020]]: BBC Radio 4 - Archive on 4<br />
**''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000p60n Our Sacred Story]''<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*[[2010]]: '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies]]''', ''[[Tolkien, Race and Cultural History|Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits]]''<br />
*[[2017]]:'''[[The Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Best Book''', ''[[A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]'' (co-editor with [[Andrew Higgins]])<br />
*[[2018]]: '''[[The Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Best Article''', ''"Tears are the very wine of blessedness": joyful sorrow in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings''<br />
*[[2019]]: '''[[The Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Best Article''', ''[https://theconversation.com/was-tolkien-really-racist-108227 Was Tolkien really racist?]''<br />
*[[2019]]: '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for General Myth and Fantasy Studies]]''', ''Celtic Myth in Contemporary Children’s Fantasy: Idealization, Identity, Ideology''<br />
*[[2021]]: '''[[The Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Outstanding Contribution'''<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* '''[http://www.dimitrafimi.com/ Official website]'''<br />
* [https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/critical/staff/dimitrafimi/ Dimitra Fimi] at the [https://www.gla.ac.uk/ University of Glasgow]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fimi, Dimitra}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]<br />
[[Category:Greek people]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kristine_Larsen&diff=388378Kristine Larsen2024-03-26T02:00:22Z<p>Oromë: Added Awards section</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kristine Larsen''' is an American astronomer who teaches at Central Connecticut State University. She regularly presents and writes about the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], often with an emphasis on the astronomy and cosmology of [[Middle-earth]]. Her articles have appeared in numerous journals including ''[[Mallorn]]'', ''[[Amon Hen]]'', and the ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]''.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2005]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 2]]<br />
** "A Definitive Identification of Tolkien's 'Borgil', An Astronomical and Literary Approach" <br />
* [[2005]]: [[Mallorn 43|''Mallorn'' 43]]<br />
** "Tolkien's Burning Briar - an astronomical explanation" <br />
* [[2006]]: [[Mallorn 44|''Mallorn'' 44]]<br />
** "Swords and sky stones: Meteoric iron in ''The Silmarillion''"<br />
* [[2007]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 4]]<br />
** "Sauron, Mount Doom, and Elvish Moths: The Influence of Tolkien on Modern Science" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Amon Hen 209|''Amon Hen'' 209]]<br />
** "Rose-stained in the Sunset" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Mallorn 45|''Mallorn'' 45]]<br />
** "(V)Arda Marred - The Evolution of the Queen of the Stars" <br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
** "A Little Earth of His Own: Tolkien's Lunar Creation Myths" <br />
* [[2009]]: [[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
** "The Stone of Erech and the Black Stone of Ka'aba: meteorite or 'meteor-wrong'?" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]<br />
** "The words of Húrin and Morgoth: microcosm, macrocosm and the later legendarium" <br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Music in Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "'Behold Your Music!': The Themes of Ilúvatar, the Song of Aslan, and the Real Music of the Spheres"<br />
* [[2010]]: [[Silver Leaves 3|''Silver Leaves'' 3]]<br />
** "Silmaril or Simulacrum? Simulations of the Heavens in Middle-Earth" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 7]]<br />
** "Myth, Milky Way, and the Mysteries of Tolkien's Morwinyon, Telumendil, and Anarríma"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 229|''Amon Hen'' 229]]<br />
** "And the Stars Were Hidden" <br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 230|''Amon Hen'' 230]]<br />
** "The Lunacy of ''The Hobbit''"<br />
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''<br />
** "Sea Birds and Morning Stars: Ceyx, Alcyone, and the Many Metamorphoses of Eärendil and Elwing"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Mallorn 52|''Mallorn'' 52]]<br />
** "We hatesses those tricksy numbers: Tolkien, Lewis and maths anxiety" <br />
* [[2012]]: [[Mallorn 53|''Mallorn'' 53]]<br />
** "An Elrond by any other name" (guest editorial)<br />
** "From Dunne to Desmond: disembodied time travel in Tolkien, Stapledon and ''Lost''"<br />
* [[2013]]: [[Mallorn 54|''Mallorn'' 54]]<br />
** "'That sickle of the heavenly field': celestial motifs in ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]''"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[The Hobbit and Tolkien's Mythology|The Hobbit ''and Tolkien's Mythology'']]<br />
** "'It passes our skill in these days': Primary World Influences on the Evolution of [[Durin's Day]]"<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien in the New Century|Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey]]<br />
**"'Alone Between the Dark and Light': "The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun" and Lessons from the Later ''Legendarium''"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Perilous and Fair|Perilous and Fair: Women in J.R.R. Tolkien's Work and Life]]''<br />
**"The Power of Pity and Tears: The Evolution of Nienna in the Legendarium"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2015]]''<br />
**"'A Creature of an Older World': Tolkien and the Mythology of the Prehistoric"<br />
**"A 'Perilous, Lonely Venture': Tolkien, Lewis, and the Theological Implications of Extraterrestrial Life"<br />
* [[2016]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 3<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol3/iss1/5/ Medieval Cosmology and Middle-earth: A Lewisian Walk Under Tolkienian Skies]"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 260|''Amon Hen'' 260]]<br />
** "Death to [[Bree]] Creek Quadrangle"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 261|''Amon Hen'' 261]]<br />
** "Do [[Dwarves]] Wear Their Sunglasses at Night?"<br />
* [[2017]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 4<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol4/iss2/8/ Guinevere, Grímhild, and the Corrigan: Witches and Bitches in Tolkien’s Medieval Narrative Verse]<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 263|''Amon Hen'' 263]]<br />
** "Haldane's Rule and the Half-Elven"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 264|''Amon Hen'' 264]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part One"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 265|''Amon Hen'' 265]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part Two"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 268|''Amon Hen'' 268]]<br />
** " The (Nearly) Discarded Image o"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Poetry and Song in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
** "'Diadem the Fallen Day': Astronomical and Arboreal Motifs in the Poem 'Kortirion Among the Trees'"<br />
* [[2018]]: [[Amon Hen 270|''Amon Hen'' 270]]<br />
** "'Linguistic Ghosts'... "<br />
* [[2018]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 6<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol6/iss2/2/ Magic, Matrimony, and the Moon: Medieval Lunar Symbolism in J.R.R. Tolkien’s 'The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun' and 'The Fall of Arthur']<br />
* [[2019]]: ''[[Sub-creating Arda]]''<br />
** "A Mythology for Poland: Andrzej Sapkowski's Witcher Fantasy Series as a Tolkienian Subcreation"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 276|''Amon Hen'' 276]]<br />
* [[2019]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 7<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/4 'While the World Lasted': Eschatology in Tolkien’s 1930s Writings]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/9 A Journey Down the Rabbit Hole of the OED in Search of the Meaning of 'Master' Elrond]"<br />
** "Darkness Amid the Day: Eclipses in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 279|''Amon Hen'' 279]]<br />
** "...Butterflies & Moths in the Primary & Secondary Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 8<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol8/iss1/3 Deconstructing Durin’s Day: Science, Scientific Fan Fiction, and the Fan-Scholar]"<br />
* [[2020]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 9<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol9/iss1/6 Ladies of the Forest: Melian and Mielikki]"<br />
* [[2020]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 10<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol10/iss1/5 'They’re something nightmares are from': The Notion Club Papers and The Cabin in the Woods]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol10/iss1/1 Introduction to Special issue: J.R.R. Tolkien and the Works of Joss Whedon]" (with [[Janet Brennan Croft]])<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 11<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol11/iss2/5 Númenor and the 'Devouring Wave': Literary, Historical, and Psychological Sources for Tolkien’s Self-Described 'Atlantis Complex']"<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 12<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol12/iss2/4 Signum Draco Magno Scilicet, or, Eärendel and the Dragon: Heavenly Warfare in Medieval European and Tolkienian Annals]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol12/iss1/5 'I Am No Man': Éowyn and Game of Thrones’ Lyanna Mormont]"<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 13<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/2 Cynewulf, Copernicus, and Conjunctions: The Problems of Cytherean Motions in Tolkien’s Cosmology]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/3 The Walls of the World and the Voyages of the Evening Star: The Byzantine Borders of Tolkien’s Biblical/Classical/Medieval/Geocentric/Heliocentric Complicated Cosmology]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/4 Carry on My Wayward Sonne (and Moon): Common Cosmological Quirks in the Norse Fimbul-winter and Tolkien's Early Legendarium]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/2 Who Maketh Morwinyon, and Menelmacar, and Remmirath, and the Inner Parts of the South (Where the Stars are Strange): Tolkien’s Astronomical Choices and the Books of Job and Amos]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/5 Smaug's Hoard, Durin’s Bane, and Agricola’s De Re Metallica: Cautionary Tales Against Mining in Tolkien’s Legendarium and the Classical Tradition]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/6 'Ore-ganisms': The Myth and Meaning of ‘Living Rock’ in Middle-earth]"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 14<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol14/iss2/4 'O’er the Moon, Below the Daylight': Tolkien’s Blue Bee, Pliny, and the Kalevala]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol14/iss2/9 'Pearls' of Pearl: Medieval Appropriations in Tolkien’s Mythology]"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 15<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/4 Moons, Maths, and Middle-earth: Misconceptions about Tolkien’s Scientific and Mathematical Prowess]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/5 Nailing Jell-O to the Wall: Canonicity in Middle-earth]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/6 Half-Elven and Half-Orphans: The Choices and Consequences of 'Crossing Over']"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss2/3 'I am Primarily a Scientific Philologist': J.R.R. Tolkien and the Science/Technology Divide]"<br />
* [[2023]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 16<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss1/6 Medieval Automata and J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Fall of Gondolin]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/2 Arda Remade (and Remade, and Remade…); or, Entropy, Einstein’s Blackboard, and...]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/3 'Following the Star': Eärendil, Númenor, and the Star of Bethlehem]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/7/ Falling Stars: Canonicity and 'Meteor Man' in Amazon Prime Video’s The Rings of Power]"<br />
<br />
===Reviews===<br />
* [[2012]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 9|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 9]]<br />
** ''[[The Ecological Augury in the Works of JRR Tolkien]]'' (2011 book by [[Liam Campbell]])<br />
* [[2017]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 4<br />
** ''Tolkien, Self and Other: "This Queer Creature"'' (2016 book by [[Jane Chance]])<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 12<br />
** ''[[The Science of Middle-earth (2021 book)|The Science of Middle-earth]]'' (2021 book edited by Lehoucq et al.)<br />
* [[2023]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 16<br />
** ''Twenty-first Century Receptions of Tolkien'' (2022 book edited by Will Sherwood)<br />
** ''Tolkien and Diversity '' (2023 book edited by Will Sherwood)<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[2020]]: '''[[Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Best Article''', "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol8/iss1/3 Deconstructing Durin’s Day: Science, Scientific Fan Fiction, and the Fan-Scholar]" in [[Journal of Tolkien Research]]: Volume 8 <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/ Kristine Larsen's website]<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/tolkien.html Kristine Larsen's "The Astronomy of Middle-earth"]<br />
* [https://www.ccsu.edu/person/kristine-larsen Kristine Larsen] at [https://www.ccsu.edu/ Central Connecticut State University]<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Larsen, Kristine}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Society members]]<br />
[[fi:Kristine Larsen]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Beren&diff=388300Beren2024-03-24T01:31:11Z<p>Oromë: /* Inspiration */ Moved to after the paragraph about the name</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Disambig-more|Beren|[[Beren (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{Sources}}<br />
{{Edain infobox<br />
| name=Beren<br />
| image=[[Image:Tuuliky - Beren.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Beren" by [[:Category:Images by Tuuliky|Tuuliky]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Camlost'', ''Erchamion'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=Lord of [[Tol Galen]]<br />
| position=Head of the [[House of Bëor]]<br />
| location=[[Dorthonion]]</br>[[Ossiriand]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Quest for the Silmaril]]<br />
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Taliska]]<br />
| birth={{FA|432}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Dorthonion]]<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{FA|466}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Hunting of the Wolf]]<br/>Returned to life, final death: {{FA|503}} (aged 71)<br/>[[Dor Firn-i-Guinar]]<br />
| age=34<br />
| notablefor=Retrieving a [[Silmaril]] from [[Iron Crown|Morgoth's crown]]<br />
| house=[[House of Bëor]]<br />
| parentage=[[Barahir]] and [[Emeldir]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hiril (daughter of Barahir)|Hiril]]<br />
| spouse=[[Lúthien]]<br />
| children=[[Dior]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Taller than most of his House<ref name=n46>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 46</ref><br />
| hair=Golden brown<ref name=n46/><br />
| eyes=Grey<ref name=n46/><br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Spear</br>[[Angrist]]</br>[[Dagmor]] (in the [[Lays of Beleriand]])<ref>{{HM|LB}}; last version of the [[Lay of Leithian]] p. 344 cf. p.350 line 512 </ref><br />
| steed=[[Huan]]<br/>Unnamed horse (from [[Curufin]])<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|And thus in anguish Beren paid<br />for that great doom upon him laid,<br />the deathless love of Lúthien,<br />too fair for love of mortal Men...|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto III|Canto III]], vv. 786-789}}<br />
<br />
'''Beren the Renowned''', son of [[Barahir]], was a [[Men|Man]] of the [[House of Bëor]] during the [[First Age]]. He was a hero whose romance with the [[Elves|Elf]] [[Lúthien]], and their [[Quest for the Silmaril|Quest]] to obtain a [[Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]] of [[Morgoth]], was one of the great tales of the [[Elder Days]].<ref name=S19>{{S|19}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Life in Dorthonion===<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Beren Gamlost heraldic device.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Beren Gamlost's heraldic device by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
Beren was the son of [[Barahir]] and [[Emeldir]] and was named after [[Beren (son of Belemir)|Beren, his maternal grandfather]]<ref>{{WJ|West}}</ref>. He was a Man of the royal [[House of Bëor]] of [[Dorthonion]] for his father was most likely the last Chieftain of the House of Bëor. The [[Dagor Bragollach]] ("Battle of Sudden Flame") befell during his youth, bringing about the ruin of his land. The young Beren lived with his father and ten loyal followers in the highlands of Dorthonion, and the twelve of them performed many acts of bravery, to the great frustration of [[Morgoth]], the Dark Lord of [[Angband]]. But due to the treachery of [[Gorlim the Unhappy]], the [[Barahir's Outlaw Band|Outlaws of Dorthonion]] were slain at the hands of the [[Orcs]] of [[Sauron]]. Beren swore an oath to avenge his father. But he "wept not, for his heart was ice".<ref>{{LB|C2}}</ref> He slew the orcs responsible for the death of his people and recovered from them the [[Ring of Barahir]].<ref name=S19/><br />
<br />
Living as an outlaw, his daring feats won renown throughout the free world, and earned the hatred of Morgoth, who set upon his head a bounty. Thus, he was forced to abandon the land of his birth and the grave of his father. He passed through the horrors of [[Nan Dungortheb]] by paths traversed by no other elves or men, and came into [[Doriath]], where he met and fell in love with Lúthien — princess of the [[Sindar]], and daughter of [[Thingol]], King of Doriath and [[Melian]] the [[Maia]] — upon seeing her dancing in the woods of [[Neldoreth]], and she loved him too.<ref name=S19/><br />
<br />
===Quest for the Silmaril===<br />
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Beren leaves Menegroth.jpg|thumb|left|''Beren leaves Menegroth'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]<br />
{{Main|Quest for the Silmaril}}<br />
Thingol refused to give Lúthien's hand in marriage, as Beren was a mortal. He charged Beren that he would allow the marriage to take place only if he brought back a [[Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]] of Morgoth. The task was intended to be impossible, but Beren was determined. He set out on his quest with the aid of [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] of [[Nargothrond]], but was soon captured by [[Sauron]] and imprisoned in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]]. There Finrod succumbed to death, at the hands of the wolves of Sauron, saving the life of Beren with his dying act. Lúthien, along with [[Huan]] the great hound, eventually came to his rescue, and they departed that place. Near to [[Brethil]], they were ambushed by two of the [[Sons of Fëanor]], [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]], the latter of whom had swept Lúthien up into his saddle. To rescue her, Beren carried out his [[Leap of Beren|leap of renown]] to the steed of Curufin. Stripping him of his horse and knife, [[Angrist]], Beren bade the two brothers be gone. Curufin fired arrows at Lúthien as they fled, and Beren was hit. He was nursed back to health by Lúthien and Huan.<ref name=S19/><br />
<br />
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_Transformed.jpg|thumb|''Transformed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After a time, Beren continued upon his quest. Leaving Lúthien in the care of Huan, he travelled to the borders of [[Anfauglith]] and despairing, there sung the [[Song of Parting]]. Unlooked for, Lúthien and Huan heard his lament and came to him, and Beren tried to dissuade her from joining his quest, but then Huan spoke, counselling that their fates were now entwined. Then, disguising themselves as fell servants of Sauron, they crossed leagues of desert, ashes and dust until they came to the [[Gates of Angband]].<ref name=S19/><br />
<br />
Using Lúthien's powers to place Morgoth's court into a deep sleep, they were able to enter Angband where Beren cut a Silmaril from the [[Iron Crown]] of Morgoth. However, as they escaped from Angband, the great wolf [[Carcharoth]], whom Morgoth had personally bred, awoke. Beren held out the Silmaril, hoping that its radiance would avert the beast, but he was mistaken. Carcharoth bit off his hand, swallowing it along with the Silmaril, and proceeded to run rampant through Doriath. Thus Beren was called '''''Erchamion''''', "One-handed". Lúthien and the unconscious Beren were rescued by the Eagles of [[Manwë]]. Coming back to Thingol's court, both told him the tale of their quest and how Beren had fulfilled Thingol's demand, as he had one Silmaril in his hand. Thus, Thingol relented, and Beren and Lúthien were married; this was the first [[Unions of Elves and Men|union of Elves and Men]].<br />
Beren participated in the hunting of Carcharoth, where the beast was slain and the Silmaril recovered; the quest was accomplished, but in the process Huan was slain and Beren was mortally wounded.<ref name=S19/><br />
<br />
Succumbing to grief over the death of her beloved, Lúthien died, and her soul fled to the [[Halls of Mandos]], where she moved [[Mandos]] to pity. So it came to pass that Lúthien and Beren were granted a life together in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=S19/> Both she and Beren were restored to life, but both of them would die the mortal death of Men, and go beyond the walls of [[Arda]] to the unknown [[Doom of Men]].<ref name=doriath>{{S|Doriath}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Aftermath===<br />
{{Quote|(...) and whether the second span of his life was brief or long is not known to Elves or Men|''The Lost Road and Other Writings'', "VI. Quenta Silmarillion"}}<br />
Thus Beren and Lúthien lived again, and dwelt on [[Tol Galen]] in the middle of the [[Adurant|River Adurant]] in [[Ossiriand]]. There they stayed apart from other mortals. Lúthien bore Beren a son, named [[Dior]], Thingol's heir.<ref name=S20/> He was considered to be one of the fairest beings to ever live, for in him flowed the blood of Men, the blood of Elves, and the blood of the [[Ainur]]. Through his descendants, the blood of Beren and of Lúthien was preserved among the [[Eldar]] and the [[Edain]].<br />
[[File:Turner Mohan - Beren and Luthien.jpg|thumb|''Beren and Luthien'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]<br />
<br />
The taking of the Silmaril from Angband by Beren and Lúthien led [[Maedhros]], the eldest of the [[sons of Fëanor]] to lead a [[Union of Maedhros|union]] of Elves and Men in an assault upon Angband in the ill-fated [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. It was here that Morgoth gained a greater control over Beleriand and where [[Húrin]] of the [[House of Hador]] was taken prisoner to Angband.<ref name=S20>{{S|20}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beren was involved with the events of the [[First Age]] only one further time. After the murder of Thingol, [[Mablung]] was sent by Melian to warn Beren. He gathered the [[Green-elves]], and with the aid of some [[Ents]]<ref>{{L|248}}</ref> they waylaid a group of the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] who had [[Battle of the Thousand Caves|destroyed]] Doriath and stolen its treasures. They ambushed the Dwarves and vanquished them in the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]]. Because the [[Naugladur|Lord of Nogrod]] cursed the treasure, Beren threw it in the river [[Ascar]], but salvaged the [[Nauglamir]] which he brought to his wife. Their son Dior left to restore and rule [[Menegroth]].<ref name=doriath/><br />
<br />
Beren and Lúthien died together on Tol Galen. Among the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] the final death of Beren and Lúthien is accounted in {{FA|503}}, for in the Autumn of that year Dior received the Silmaril in Doriath, and it was taken as a sign of his parents' death. In truth the date of their death is unknown.<ref name=doriath/><ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 306</ref><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Beren had golden-brown hair and grey eyes. He was taller than most of his kinsmen, but (according to the trait of his House) he was broad-shouldered, and his limbs were very strong.<ref name=n46/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Beren Erchamion.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Beren'' is glossed as "bold" in [[Noldorin]] of ''[[The Etymologies]]''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, root "[[BER]]"</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
His epithet '''''Erchamion''''' means "one-handed".<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, pp. 51, 231</ref> Its [[Quenya]] cognate was '''''Ercambo'''''.<ref>{{VT|47a}}, p. 8</ref> It has been suggested that '''''Camlost''''' means "empty-handed". Both epithets contain [[Sindarin]] ''cam'' ("hand").<ref>{{S|Elements}}, entry ''cam''</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | |BRE| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BRE=[[Bregor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | |BGL| | | |BAR|y|EME| | | | | | | | |BGL=[[Bregolas]]|BAR=[[Barahir]]|EME=[[Emeldir]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | |BAR| |BEL| |HIR| |BER|y|LUT| | | | | | |BAR=[[Baragund]]|BEL=[[Belegund]]|HIR=[[Hiril (daughter of Barahir)|Hiril]]|BER='''BEREN'''|LUT=[[Lúthien]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | |HUR|y|MOR| |RIA|y|HUO| | | |DIO|y|NIM| | | | |HUR=[[Húrin]]|MOR=[[Morwen]]|RIA=[[Rían]]|HUO=[[Huor]]|DIO=[[Dior]]|NIM=[[Nimloth of Doriath|Nimloth]]}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;|TUR| |LAL| |NIE| |TUO|y|IDR| | | | |!| | | | | | | |TUR=[[Túrin]]|LAL=[[Lalaith]]|NIE=[[Nienor]]|TUO=[[Tuor]]|IDR=[[Idril]]}}<br />
{{familytree | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |EAR|y|ELW| |ELD| |ELN|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]|ELD=[[Eluréd]]|ELN=[[Elurín]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | |ELS| | | | | |ELD|y|CEL| | | | |ELS=[[Elros]]|ELD=[[Elrond]]|CEL=[[Celebrían]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | |KON| |LOA| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |KON=[[King of Númenor|Kings of Númenor]]|LOA= [[Lords of Andúnië]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ELE| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |ELE= [[Elendil]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | |KOG|y|KOA| | | | |!| | | | | | | |KOG= [[Kings of Gondor]]|KOA= [[Kings of Arnor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |COD| | | | | | |!| | |COD=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftains of]]<br/>[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|the Dúnedain]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ARA|y|ARW| |ELL| |ELR| | |ARA= [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]|ARW= [[Arwen]]|ELL= [[Elladan]]|ELR= [[Elrohir]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ELD| |DTR| | | | | | | | | | |ELD= [[Eldarion]]|DTR=Daughters}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |KRK| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |KRK= Kings of the<br/>[[Reunited Kingdom]]}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In the first pencilled draft of the story of the Beren and Lúthien, Beren was a mortal Man;<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.52">{{LT2|In}}, p. 52</ref> but when Tolkien erased it and wrote the "[[Tale of Tinúviel]]" of the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', he became an Elf: one of the [[Gnomes]] of [[Dor-lómin]], the son of [[Egnor]] the Forester.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.11">{{LT2|In}}, p. 11</ref> <br />
<br />
He arrived in [[Artanor]] (an early form of Doriath) and saw Tinúviel (the early name of Lúthien) as in the later work, although the backstory regarding the outlaws of Barahir is absent in the early tale. The displeasure of King [[Tinwelint]] against him was because the [[Dark Elves]] of [[Artanor]] considered those Elves treacherous.<ref>{{BL|Introduction}}</ref> After being sent to obtain a Silmaril by Tinwelint, Beren heads directly to [[Angamandi]], and is captured by orcs and brought before [[Melko]]<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp.14-5">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 14-5</ref> rather than going to seek the aid of King Finrod Felagund. Throughout this early tale, the entire "Nargothrond element" is absent.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.53">{{LT2|In}}, p. 53</ref> Instead of being imprisoned in Tol-in-Gaurhoth by Sauron, Beren is put to work as a scullion in the kitchens of [[Tevildo]], Prince of Cats, a very early narrative forerunner to Sauron.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.54">{{LT2|In}}, p. 54</ref> Upon his rescue from the castle of Tevildo by Tinúviel, he emerged with a kitchen knife<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.29">{{LT2|In}}, p. 29</ref> which he later used to cut a Silmaril from the Iron Crown of Melko.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.33">{{LT2|In}}, p. 33</ref> This weapon is used in place of Angrist, since the encounter with Celegorm Curufin is absent in this early tale. <br />
<br />
After obtaining the Silmaril, the jewel and the hand of Beren were bitten off by the wolf Karkaras (an early name for Carcharoth).<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.34">{{LT2|In}}, p. 34</ref> Beren and Tinúviel then fled and were found by Huan, who brought them to Artanor.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp.35-7">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 35-7</ref> This contrasts with the rescue of Beren and Lúthien from the gates of Angband by Thorondor and the [[Eagles]] in the published version of [[The Silmarillion]]; Christopher Tolkien remarks that "far more is made of the healing of Beren's wound" in the final work.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p. 58">{{LT2|In}}, p. 58</ref><br />
<br />
The death of Beren in the early tale follows a similar story arc, however Christopher Tolkien discusses the consequences of Beren's Elvish nature in the early tale here.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp. 59-60">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 59-60</ref><br />
<br />
== Inspiration==<br />
The story of Beren and Lúthien, though mentioned only briefly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', was a central part of the [[Legendarium]]. Tolkien once referred to it as "the kernel of the mythology".<ref>{{L|165}}</ref> He went on to say that it "arose from a small woodland glade filled with 'hemlocks'", which he visited while serving in the Humber Garrison in 1918 (during [[World War I]]).<br />
<br />
Tolkien seemed to be somehow connected to this character, and parallels can be drawn with his relationship with [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]. Furthermore it is possible that ''Beren'' (meaning 'brave') is a reference to the original meaning of his Germanic surname (Toll kühn) of similar meaning. It is said that, like the story of Lúthien dancing in the woods before Beren, that one day while Tolkien and his wife were on a picnic in the woods she danced for him, thus creating another parallel to Beren and Luthien. <br />
<br />
[[John Garth]] has theorized that the name Beren could have originally come from Beren’s Hill in [[Wikipedia:South Oxfordshire|South Oxfordshire]].<ref name="VanityFair">{{webcite|authorJohn Garth|articleurl=https://steadyhq.com/en/john-garth-on-tolkiens-life-and-works/posts/40c3274b-ffc1-4c1e-aba4-547f4d15bd6b?utm_campaign=steady_sharing_button|articlename=Where did Tolkien’s Silmarillion hero Beren get his name?|dated=22-March-2024|website=Steady|accessed=23-March-2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien was buried in [[Wolvercote Cemetery]] (North [[Oxford]]) and this name appears on the stone:<br />
<br />
:JOHN RONALD REUEL TOLKIEN Beren 1892 – 1973<br />
<br />
The name of Lúthien also appears on the stone:<br />
<br />
:EDITH MARY TOLKIEN Lúthien 1889 – 1971<br />
<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| name=Beren<br />
| race=edain<br />
| house=[[House of Bëor]]<br />
| born={{FA|432}}<br />
| died={{FA|466}}/{{FA|503|n}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prow=<br />
| pvac=<br />
| prev=[[Barahir]]<br />
| list=8th Head of the [[House of Bëor]]<br />
| dates={{FA|460}} - {{FA|466|n}}<br />
| next=''House of Bëor ceased to exist''<br />
| nvac=None<br />
| nrow=<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{Outlaws}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:Edain]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gnomish names]]<br />
[[Category:House of Bëor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Beren Erchamion]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:1a:peuple_de_beor:beren]]<br />
[[fi:Beren]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Beren&diff=388298Beren2024-03-24T00:56:43Z<p>Oromë: /* Etymology */ New research from John Garth</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Disambig-more|Beren|[[Beren (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{Sources}}<br />
{{Edain infobox<br />
| name=Beren<br />
| image=[[Image:Tuuliky - Beren.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Beren" by [[:Category:Images by Tuuliky|Tuuliky]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Camlost'', ''Erchamion'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=Lord of [[Tol Galen]]<br />
| position=Head of the [[House of Bëor]]<br />
| location=[[Dorthonion]]</br>[[Ossiriand]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Quest for the Silmaril]]<br />
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Taliska]]<br />
| birth={{FA|432}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Dorthonion]]<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{FA|466}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Hunting of the Wolf]]<br/>Returned to life, final death: {{FA|503}} (aged 71)<br/>[[Dor Firn-i-Guinar]]<br />
| age=34<br />
| notablefor=Retrieving a [[Silmaril]] from [[Iron Crown|Morgoth's crown]]<br />
| house=[[House of Bëor]]<br />
| parentage=[[Barahir]] and [[Emeldir]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hiril (daughter of Barahir)|Hiril]]<br />
| spouse=[[Lúthien]]<br />
| children=[[Dior]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Taller than most of his House<ref name=n46>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 46</ref><br />
| hair=Golden brown<ref name=n46/><br />
| eyes=Grey<ref name=n46/><br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Spear</br>[[Angrist]]</br>[[Dagmor]] (in the [[Lays of Beleriand]])<ref>{{HM|LB}}; last version of the [[Lay of Leithian]] p. 344 cf. p.350 line 512 </ref><br />
| steed=[[Huan]]<br/>Unnamed horse (from [[Curufin]])<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|And thus in anguish Beren paid<br />for that great doom upon him laid,<br />the deathless love of Lúthien,<br />too fair for love of mortal Men...|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto III|Canto III]], vv. 786-789}}<br />
<br />
'''Beren the Renowned''', son of [[Barahir]], was a [[Men|Man]] of the [[House of Bëor]] during the [[First Age]]. He was a hero whose romance with the [[Elves|Elf]] [[Lúthien]], and their [[Quest for the Silmaril|Quest]] to obtain a [[Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]] of [[Morgoth]], was one of the great tales of the [[Elder Days]].<ref name=S19>{{S|19}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Life in Dorthonion===<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Beren Gamlost heraldic device.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Beren Gamlost's heraldic device by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
Beren was the son of [[Barahir]] and [[Emeldir]] and was named after [[Beren (son of Belemir)|Beren, his maternal grandfather]]<ref>{{WJ|West}}</ref>. He was a Man of the royal [[House of Bëor]] of [[Dorthonion]] for his father was most likely the last Chieftain of the House of Bëor. The [[Dagor Bragollach]] ("Battle of Sudden Flame") befell during his youth, bringing about the ruin of his land. The young Beren lived with his father and ten loyal followers in the highlands of Dorthonion, and the twelve of them performed many acts of bravery, to the great frustration of [[Morgoth]], the Dark Lord of [[Angband]]. But due to the treachery of [[Gorlim the Unhappy]], the [[Barahir's Outlaw Band|Outlaws of Dorthonion]] were slain at the hands of the [[Orcs]] of [[Sauron]]. Beren swore an oath to avenge his father. But he "wept not, for his heart was ice".<ref>{{LB|C2}}</ref> He slew the orcs responsible for the death of his people and recovered from them the [[Ring of Barahir]].<ref name=S19/><br />
<br />
Living as an outlaw, his daring feats won renown throughout the free world, and earned the hatred of Morgoth, who set upon his head a bounty. Thus, he was forced to abandon the land of his birth and the grave of his father. He passed through the horrors of [[Nan Dungortheb]] by paths traversed by no other elves or men, and came into [[Doriath]], where he met and fell in love with Lúthien — princess of the [[Sindar]], and daughter of [[Thingol]], King of Doriath and [[Melian]] the [[Maia]] — upon seeing her dancing in the woods of [[Neldoreth]], and she loved him too.<ref name=S19/><br />
<br />
===Quest for the Silmaril===<br />
[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Beren leaves Menegroth.jpg|thumb|left|''Beren leaves Menegroth'' by [[Peter Xavier Price]]]]<br />
{{Main|Quest for the Silmaril}}<br />
Thingol refused to give Lúthien's hand in marriage, as Beren was a mortal. He charged Beren that he would allow the marriage to take place only if he brought back a [[Silmaril]] from the [[Iron Crown]] of Morgoth. The task was intended to be impossible, but Beren was determined. He set out on his quest with the aid of [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] of [[Nargothrond]], but was soon captured by [[Sauron]] and imprisoned in [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]]. There Finrod succumbed to death, at the hands of the wolves of Sauron, saving the life of Beren with his dying act. Lúthien, along with [[Huan]] the great hound, eventually came to his rescue, and they departed that place. Near to [[Brethil]], they were ambushed by two of the [[Sons of Fëanor]], [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]], the latter of whom had swept Lúthien up into his saddle. To rescue her, Beren carried out his [[Leap of Beren|leap of renown]] to the steed of Curufin. Stripping him of his horse and knife, [[Angrist]], Beren bade the two brothers be gone. Curufin fired arrows at Lúthien as they fled, and Beren was hit. He was nursed back to health by Lúthien and Huan.<ref name=S19/><br />
<br />
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_Transformed.jpg|thumb|''Transformed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After a time, Beren continued upon his quest. Leaving Lúthien in the care of Huan, he travelled to the borders of [[Anfauglith]] and despairing, there sung the [[Song of Parting]]. Unlooked for, Lúthien and Huan heard his lament and came to him, and Beren tried to dissuade her from joining his quest, but then Huan spoke, counselling that their fates were now entwined. Then, disguising themselves as fell servants of Sauron, they crossed leagues of desert, ashes and dust until they came to the [[Gates of Angband]].<ref name=S19/><br />
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Using Lúthien's powers to place Morgoth's court into a deep sleep, they were able to enter Angband where Beren cut a Silmaril from the [[Iron Crown]] of Morgoth. However, as they escaped from Angband, the great wolf [[Carcharoth]], whom Morgoth had personally bred, awoke. Beren held out the Silmaril, hoping that its radiance would avert the beast, but he was mistaken. Carcharoth bit off his hand, swallowing it along with the Silmaril, and proceeded to run rampant through Doriath. Thus Beren was called '''''Erchamion''''', "One-handed". Lúthien and the unconscious Beren were rescued by the Eagles of [[Manwë]]. Coming back to Thingol's court, both told him the tale of their quest and how Beren had fulfilled Thingol's demand, as he had one Silmaril in his hand. Thus, Thingol relented, and Beren and Lúthien were married; this was the first [[Unions of Elves and Men|union of Elves and Men]].<br />
Beren participated in the hunting of Carcharoth, where the beast was slain and the Silmaril recovered; the quest was accomplished, but in the process Huan was slain and Beren was mortally wounded.<ref name=S19/><br />
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Succumbing to grief over the death of her beloved, Lúthien died, and her soul fled to the [[Halls of Mandos]], where she moved [[Mandos]] to pity. So it came to pass that Lúthien and Beren were granted a life together in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=S19/> Both she and Beren were restored to life, but both of them would die the mortal death of Men, and go beyond the walls of [[Arda]] to the unknown [[Doom of Men]].<ref name=doriath>{{S|Doriath}}</ref><br />
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===Aftermath===<br />
{{Quote|(...) and whether the second span of his life was brief or long is not known to Elves or Men|''The Lost Road and Other Writings'', "VI. Quenta Silmarillion"}}<br />
Thus Beren and Lúthien lived again, and dwelt on [[Tol Galen]] in the middle of the [[Adurant|River Adurant]] in [[Ossiriand]]. There they stayed apart from other mortals. Lúthien bore Beren a son, named [[Dior]], Thingol's heir.<ref name=S20/> He was considered to be one of the fairest beings to ever live, for in him flowed the blood of Men, the blood of Elves, and the blood of the [[Ainur]]. Through his descendants, the blood of Beren and of Lúthien was preserved among the [[Eldar]] and the [[Edain]].<br />
[[File:Turner Mohan - Beren and Luthien.jpg|thumb|''Beren and Luthien'' by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]]]<br />
<br />
The taking of the Silmaril from Angband by Beren and Lúthien led [[Maedhros]], the eldest of the [[sons of Fëanor]] to lead a [[Union of Maedhros|union]] of Elves and Men in an assault upon Angband in the ill-fated [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. It was here that Morgoth gained a greater control over Beleriand and where [[Húrin]] of the [[House of Hador]] was taken prisoner to Angband.<ref name=S20>{{S|20}}</ref><br />
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Beren was involved with the events of the [[First Age]] only one further time. After the murder of Thingol, [[Mablung]] was sent by Melian to warn Beren. He gathered the [[Green-elves]], and with the aid of some [[Ents]]<ref>{{L|248}}</ref> they waylaid a group of the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] who had [[Battle of the Thousand Caves|destroyed]] Doriath and stolen its treasures. They ambushed the Dwarves and vanquished them in the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]]. Because the [[Naugladur|Lord of Nogrod]] cursed the treasure, Beren threw it in the river [[Ascar]], but salvaged the [[Nauglamir]] which he brought to his wife. Their son Dior left to restore and rule [[Menegroth]].<ref name=doriath/><br />
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Beren and Lúthien died together on Tol Galen. Among the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] the final death of Beren and Lúthien is accounted in {{FA|503}}, for in the Autumn of that year Dior received the Silmaril in Doriath, and it was taken as a sign of his parents' death. In truth the date of their death is unknown.<ref name=doriath/><ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, p. 306</ref><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Beren had golden-brown hair and grey eyes. He was taller than most of his kinsmen, but (according to the trait of his House) he was broad-shouldered, and his limbs were very strong.<ref name=n46/><br />
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==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Beren Erchamion.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Beren'' is glossed as "bold" in [[Noldorin]] of ''[[The Etymologies]]''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, root "[[BER]]"</ref> However, Tolkien scholar [[John Garth]] has theorized that the name could have originally come from Beren’s Hill in [[Wikipedia:South Oxfordshire|South Oxfordshire]].<ref name="VanityFair">{{webcite|authorJohn Garth|articleurl=https://steadyhq.com/en/john-garth-on-tolkiens-life-and-works/posts/40c3274b-ffc1-4c1e-aba4-547f4d15bd6b?utm_campaign=steady_sharing_button|articlename=Where did Tolkien’s Silmarillion hero Beren get his name?<br />
|dated=22-March-2024|website=Steady|accessed=23-March-2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
His epithet '''''Erchamion''''' means "one-handed".<ref>{{HM|WJ}}, pp. 51, 231</ref> Its [[Quenya]] cognate was '''''Ercambo'''''.<ref>{{VT|47a}}, p. 8</ref> It has been suggested that '''''Camlost''''' means "empty-handed". Both epithets contain [[Sindarin]] ''cam'' ("hand").<ref>{{S|Elements}}, entry ''cam''</ref><br />
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== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | |BRE| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |BRE=[[Bregor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | |BGL| | | |BAR|y|EME| | | | | | | | |BGL=[[Bregolas]]|BAR=[[Barahir]]|EME=[[Emeldir]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | |BAR| |BEL| |HIR| |BER|y|LUT| | | | | | |BAR=[[Baragund]]|BEL=[[Belegund]]|HIR=[[Hiril (daughter of Barahir)|Hiril]]|BER='''BEREN'''|LUT=[[Lúthien]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | |HUR|y|MOR| |RIA|y|HUO| | | |DIO|y|NIM| | | | |HUR=[[Húrin]]|MOR=[[Morwen]]|RIA=[[Rían]]|HUO=[[Huor]]|DIO=[[Dior]]|NIM=[[Nimloth of Doriath|Nimloth]]}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;|TUR| |LAL| |NIE| |TUO|y|IDR| | | | |!| | | | | | | |TUR=[[Túrin]]|LAL=[[Lalaith]]|NIE=[[Nienor]]|TUO=[[Tuor]]|IDR=[[Idril]]}}<br />
{{familytree | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |EAR|y|ELW| |ELD| |ELN|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]|ELD=[[Eluréd]]|ELN=[[Elurín]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | |ELS| | | | | |ELD|y|CEL| | | | |ELS=[[Elros]]|ELD=[[Elrond]]|CEL=[[Celebrían]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | |KON| |LOA| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |KON=[[King of Númenor|Kings of Númenor]]|LOA= [[Lords of Andúnië]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ELE| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |ELE= [[Elendil]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | |KOG|y|KOA| | | | |!| | | | | | | |KOG= [[Kings of Gondor]]|KOA= [[Kings of Arnor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |COD| | | | | | |!| | |COD=[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftains of]]<br/>[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|the Dúnedain]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ARA|y|ARW| |ELL| |ELR| | |ARA= [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]|ARW= [[Arwen]]|ELL= [[Elladan]]|ELR= [[Elrohir]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |ELD| |DTR| | | | | | | | | | |ELD= [[Eldarion]]|DTR=Daughters}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree |boxstyle=white-space:;background-color:#FFFFFF;| | | | | | | | | | | | |KRK| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |KRK= Kings of the<br/>[[Reunited Kingdom]]}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
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==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In the first pencilled draft of the story of the Beren and Lúthien, Beren was a mortal Man;<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.52">{{LT2|In}}, p. 52</ref> but when Tolkien erased it and wrote the "[[Tale of Tinúviel]]" of the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', he became an Elf: one of the [[Gnomes]] of [[Dor-lómin]], the son of [[Egnor]] the Forester.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.11">{{LT2|In}}, p. 11</ref> <br />
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He arrived in [[Artanor]] (an early form of Doriath) and saw Tinúviel (the early name of Lúthien) as in the later work, although the backstory regarding the outlaws of Barahir is absent in the early tale. The displeasure of King [[Tinwelint]] against him was because the [[Dark Elves]] of [[Artanor]] considered those Elves treacherous.<ref>{{BL|Introduction}}</ref> After being sent to obtain a Silmaril by Tinwelint, Beren heads directly to [[Angamandi]], and is captured by orcs and brought before [[Melko]]<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp.14-5">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 14-5</ref> rather than going to seek the aid of King Finrod Felagund. Throughout this early tale, the entire "Nargothrond element" is absent.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.53">{{LT2|In}}, p. 53</ref> Instead of being imprisoned in Tol-in-Gaurhoth by Sauron, Beren is put to work as a scullion in the kitchens of [[Tevildo]], Prince of Cats, a very early narrative forerunner to Sauron.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.54">{{LT2|In}}, p. 54</ref> Upon his rescue from the castle of Tevildo by Tinúviel, he emerged with a kitchen knife<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.29">{{LT2|In}}, p. 29</ref> which he later used to cut a Silmaril from the Iron Crown of Melko.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.33">{{LT2|In}}, p. 33</ref> This weapon is used in place of Angrist, since the encounter with Celegorm Curufin is absent in this early tale. <br />
<br />
After obtaining the Silmaril, the jewel and the hand of Beren were bitten off by the wolf Karkaras (an early name for Carcharoth).<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p.34">{{LT2|In}}, p. 34</ref> Beren and Tinúviel then fled and were found by Huan, who brought them to Artanor.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp.35-7">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 35-7</ref> This contrasts with the rescue of Beren and Lúthien from the gates of Angband by Thorondor and the [[Eagles]] in the published version of [[The Silmarillion]]; Christopher Tolkien remarks that "far more is made of the healing of Beren's wound" in the final work.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel p. 58">{{LT2|In}}, p. 58</ref><br />
<br />
The death of Beren in the early tale follows a similar story arc, however Christopher Tolkien discusses the consequences of Beren's Elvish nature in the early tale here.<ref name="LT2 Tinuviel pp. 59-60">{{LT2|In}}, pp. 59-60</ref><br />
<br />
== Inspiration==<br />
The story of Beren and Lúthien, though mentioned only briefly in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', was a central part of the [[Legendarium]]. Tolkien once referred to it as "the kernel of the mythology".<ref>{{L|165}}</ref> He went on to say that it "arose from a small woodland glade filled with 'hemlocks'", which he visited while serving in the Humber Garrison in 1918 (during [[World War I]]).<br />
<br />
Tolkien seemed to be somehow connected to this character, and parallels can be drawn with his relationship with [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]. Furthermore it is possible that ''Beren'' (meaning 'brave') is a reference to the original meaning of his Germanic surname (Toll kühn) of similar meaning. It is said that, like the story of Lúthien dancing in the woods before Beren, that one day while Tolkien and his wife were on a picnic in the woods she danced for him, thus creating another parallel to Beren and Luthien.<br />
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Tolkien was buried in [[Wolvercote Cemetery]] (North [[Oxford]]) and this name appears on the stone:<br />
<br />
:JOHN RONALD REUEL TOLKIEN Beren 1892 – 1973<br />
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The name of Lúthien also appears on the stone:<br />
<br />
:EDITH MARY TOLKIEN Lúthien 1889 – 1971<br />
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{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| name=Beren<br />
| race=edain<br />
| house=[[House of Bëor]]<br />
| born={{FA|432}}<br />
| died={{FA|466}}/{{FA|503|n}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prow=<br />
| pvac=<br />
| prev=[[Barahir]]<br />
| list=8th Head of the [[House of Bëor]]<br />
| dates={{FA|460}} - {{FA|466|n}}<br />
| next=''House of Bëor ceased to exist''<br />
| nvac=None<br />
| nrow=<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{Outlaws}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:Edain]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gnomish names]]<br />
[[Category:House of Bëor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Beren Erchamion]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:1a:peuple_de_beor:beren]]<br />
[[fi:Beren]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gates_of_Summer&diff=384995Gates of Summer2024-01-21T02:51:57Z<p>Oromë: Cleaner wording</p>
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<div>{{events<br />
| image=[[File:Alystraea - Tarnin Austa, Gondolin.png|250px]]<br />
| event=Gates of Summer<br />
| othernames=''Tarnin Austa'', ''Andonavestan''<br />
| location=[[Gondolin]]<br />
| date=<br />
| result=<br />
| partof=<br />
| participants=[[Gondolindrim]]<br />
| description=<br />
| references=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Gates of Summer''' was a great feast held in [[Gondolin]] when the [[Gondolindrim]] sang as the [[Sun]] rose. <br />
<br />
It was upon the morning of this feast that [[Morgoth]]'s armies attacked the city, beginning the infamous [[Fall of Gondolin]].<ref>{{S|23}}</ref><ref>{{SM|Q16}}, p. 144</ref><br />
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==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In early versions of the [[legendarium]], more details are provided about the feast: '''Tarnin Austa''' (meaning "Gates of Summer" in [[Gnomish]], the first version of later [[Sindarin]]) was held on the eve of the first day of summer. It was custom to begin a solemn ceremony at midnight, continuing it until dawn of Tarnin Austa. The [[Gondothlim]] did not speak from midnight to daybreak, but upon the rising of the [[Sun]] they would burst into ancient songs, with choirs standing upon the eastern wall. At that time the city was filled with silver lamps, and lights of jewelled colours hung on the branches of the new-leaved trees.<ref>{{HM|LT2}}, pp. 172, 211, 347</ref><br />
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In the early 1920s as Tolkien continued to evolve his ideas of [[Gnomish]] phonology, vocabulary, and plural-formation, he changed the name of the festival to ''Ternin Awest''<ref name="PE13">{{PE|13}}</ref>{{rp|153}} (or ''Ennyn Awest'') in the Noldorin Word-lists, with the festival's [[Qenya]] name being ''Andonavestan''.<ref name="PE13" />{{rp|143}} In his c. 1923 Noldorin Dictionary, Tolkien further emended ''Ternin'' to ''Teirn'',<ref name="PE13" />{{rp|160}} reflecting his next conception for pluralizing ''[[tarn]]'' ("gate").<ref name="PE13" />{{rp|153}}<br />
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{{references}}<br />
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{{gondolin}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Festivals and feasts]]<br />
[[Category:Gondolin]]<br />
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[[fi:Kesänportti]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Glorfindel&diff=384994Glorfindel2024-01-21T02:49:30Z<p>Oromë: /* Life in Gondolin */ Removing non-narrative text from History section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Glorfindel<br />
| image=[[File:Venlian - Glorfindel Before the Storm.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Glorfindel Before the Storm" by [[:Category:Images by Venlian|Venlian]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ɡlorˈfindel]}}<br />
| othernames=''Laurefindelë'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=Chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]]<br />
| location=[[Aman]]</br>''Presumably'' [[Nevrast]]</br>[[Gondolin]]</br>[[Rivendell]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Quenya]]</br>[[Sindarin]]</br>[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=During [[Years of the Trees]]<br />
| birthlocation=[[Aman]]<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{FA|510}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Gondolin]]</br>Was re-embodied before {{FA|590}} and sent back to [[Middle-earth]] between {{SA|1200}} & {{SA|1600|n}}<ref name="PoME-LW"/>{{rp|382}}<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=The slaying of the Balrog, returing to Middle-earth after death<br />
| house=[[House of the Golden Flower]]<br />
| parentage=Unknown (a kinsman of [[Turgon]])<ref name="PoME-LW"/>{{rp|380}}<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Golden (long)<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=[[Asfaloth]]<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Glorfindel was tall and straight; his hair was of shining gold, his face fair and young and fearless and full of joy; his eyes were bright and keen, and his voice like music; on his brow sat wisdom, and in his hand was strength.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Many Meetings]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Glorfindel''' was one of the mightiest [[Elves]] of [[Middle-earth]]. During the [[First Age]], he was the lord of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] of [[Gondolin]], and died fighting a [[Balrog]]. After his re-embodiment, he was allowed to come back to Middle-earth in the [[Second Age]], acting as an emissary of the [[Valar]], on a similar mission to the [[Wizards|Istari]] who were to come several years later.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Early history ===<br />
Glorfindel was born in [[Valinor]] sometime during the [[Years of the Trees]]. During the [[Exile of the Noldor]], he was of the host of [[Turgon]]. Glorfindel himself was reluctant; only for his allegiance and kinship with Turgon did he go, and had no part in the [[Kinslaying of Alqualondë]].<ref name="PoME-LW">{{PM|Last}}, "Glorfindel I & II"</ref>{{rp|380}}<br />
<br />
=== Life in Gondolin ===<br />
After the Return of the Noldor to [[Middle-earth]], Glorfindel's history is obscure. As a great follower of Turgon he was appointed chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]], one of the [[Twelve houses of the Gondothlim|noble houses]] of [[Gondolin]]. He was dearly loved by all the [[Gondolindrim]].<br />
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[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Glorfindel and Ecthelion.jpg|thumb|left|''Glorfindel and Ecthelion'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
He followed [[Turgon]] who surprisingly came to fight in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. When the war turned against the [[Union of Maedhros|alliance]], Turgon's and [[Fingon]]'s forces retreated to the [[Pass of Sirion]] with Glorfindel and [[Ecthelion]] guarding their flanks.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Ted Nasmith - Glorfindel's Bane.jpg|thumb|right|''Glorfindel's Bane'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
In the year {{FA|510}},<ref>{{WJ|Years}}, p. 351</ref> [[Morgoth]] sent a great force against Gondolin, resulting in the complete destruction of the city. Glorfindel managed to escape the [[Fall of Gondolin]] with the [[Exiles of Gondolin|Exiles]], and after crossing [[Tumladen]] they reached the [[Cirith Thoronath]], a narrow pass between the mountains. There the survivors were attacked by an ambush of [[Orcs]] led by a [[Balrog]]. The [[Eagles]] came to help them, but Glorfindel fought the Balrog alone upon the pinnacle of a rock. Both died after falling in the abyss, and their duel is sung of by many songs. [[Thorondor]] rescued Glorfindel's body, and a cairn was raised, which remained there, covered by grass and yellow flowers, [[War of Wrath|until the world changed]].<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref><br />
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=== Re-embodiment and return ===<br />
Glorfindel's spirit passed to the [[Halls of Waiting]], where he waited with the spirits of the other Noldor who had died during their war against [[Morgoth]]. But because of Glorfindel's noble actions in life, his reluctance at the Exile, and his furthering of the purposes of the Valar by saving Tuor and Idril, Manwë allowed his re-embodiment after only a short time. Being already an Elda of great corporal and spiritual stature, in his new incarnated life his spiritual power was enhanced by his self-sacrifice. He lived in Valinor for many years in company of Eldar and [[Maiar]], and these spirits considered him an equal, as he was an incarnate. At some point, he became a follower of [[Olórin]], a Maia with special concern for Middle-earth.<ref name="PoME-LW"></ref>{{rp|380-381}}<br />
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Eventually, [[Manwë]] sent him across the [[Belegaer|sea]] to [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Second Age]]. He possibly came as early as {{SA|1200}}, but more likely in {{SA|1600}},<ref name="PoME-LW"></ref>{{rp|381-382}} at the same time as the [[Blue Wizards]].<ref>{{PM|XIII}}, "The Five Wizards", p. 384</ref> If he arrived in S.A. 1600, he arrived just after [[the One Ring]] had been forged, [[Barad-dûr]] built, and [[Celebrimbor]] dead or soon to be so. While the Blue Wizards were sent to the east, Glorfindel's mission was to aid [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] in the struggle against [[Sauron]].<ref name="PoME-LW" />{{rp|382}} He may have played a prominent behind-the-scenes role in the war in [[Eriador]] and the other struggles of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]]. His part, though great, was mostly overlooked by the histories, because his immense, angelic power was not usually displayed openly.<br />
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=== Third Age ===<br />
Over time, as the few remaining great Elves of Middle-earth took ship to Aman or fell one by one, only [[Galadriel]], [[Celeborn]], [[Elrond]], and [[Círdan]] were left of the Wise. Glorfindel took a more active role, leading the Elven forces in the [[Battle of Fornost]]. Upon the humiliation of [[Eärnur]] before the [[Witch-king]], Glorfindel bade him not pursue, and prophesied that the wraith would not fall by the hand of man.<ref>{{App|A1iv}}</ref> Not much can be said about his deeds and role in the events and struggles of the [[Westlands]] before the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Glorfindel.jpg|thumb|''Glorfindel'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]<br />
During the War, he was one of the elves dispatched from [[Rivendell]] by Elrond to search for the [[Ring-bearer]]. Elrond had chosen him partially because Glorfindel did not fear the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], as he had great presence in both the [[Seen]] and [[Unseen]] worlds. While on his perilous mission the Ringwraiths avoided him; he met five of them, and they fled at his presence. It was Glorfindel indeed who accomplished his mission and found the Ringbearer, [[Frodo Baggins]], and his friend [[Aragorn]] with him. Glorfindel put Frodo on his horse, [[Asfaloth]], and upon the approach of the Ringwraiths ordered him to go on. The white horse bore Frodo to safety across the [[Ford of Bruinen]], but Frodo, in a rash act of attempted heroism, turned around at the other side and defied the Nine. Glorfindel, expecting the flood that protected Rivendell to come down and smite the riders, revealed his power to the Riders, and drove them (willingly or not) into the River, where they were swept away by the ensuing waters.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
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After this adventure, he helped bear Frodo to Rivendell, where the wounded Ringbearer was tended to. Glorfindel attended the [[Council of Elrond]], playing an active role in the conversation, speaking prophetically of [[Tom Bombadil]] and other matters with authority. Glorfindel stood beside Elrond and Gandalf as the backbone of the Council, laying out clearly their options. At first Glorfindel suggested that the Ring would be safe in the depths of the Sea, but the far-sighted Gandalf noted the change of landscapes, and the unforeseen possibilities that could bring the Ring forth once more in a hundred or even a thousand years in the future. He was briefly considered as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], but as his friend Gandalf said, Glorfindel's power would be of little use against the might of [[Mordor]], on a mission of secrecy.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
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During the [[War of the Ring]] nothing is said of Glorfindel. Whatever his role, he survived and joined Elrond's company to the Wedding of Elessar.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}</ref> After that no more is said of him. Like Olórin, his task in Middle-earth was done, and the age of the [[Elves]] was over. He probably passed West, perhaps with the bearers of the [[Three Rings]] and [[the One Ring]]. Or he may have remained for a time in Middle-earth to oversee the cleanup after the war.<br />
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== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Glorfindel.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
With the development of the [[Elvish]] languages, the name ''Glorfindel'' had different etymologies, ultimately meaning the same. <br />
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The early [[Gnomish]] conception meant "Goldtress" or "Goldlocks". At this stage of the legendarium, [[Tolkien]] considered many other variants, like ''Glorfinn'' or ''Glorfing''.<ref>{{LT2|Appendix}}, entry "Glorfindel"</ref> [[Qenya]] cognates were '''''Laurifindl''''' or '''''Kulufindl'''''.<ref>{{PE|13}}, p. 104</ref><br />
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At the [[Noldorin]] stage, the name was composed of the words ''[[glaur]]'' ("gold") + ''findel/finnel'' ("braided hair"),<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "[[LAWAR]]", "SPIN"</ref> but it is not properly glossed.<br />
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In the final [[Sindarin]] conception, ''Glorfindel'' meant "Golden-hair", from ''glaur'' ("gold") + ''findel'' ("head of hair").<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|17}}</ref>{{rp|17}} It was supposedly derived from the [[Quenya]] form '''''Laurefindelë'''''.<ref name=Eldarin/>{{rp|119}} Tolkien also created a [[Primitive Quendian]] version: ''Malaphinde'' ("Goldilocks"), which is mentioned as an ''[[anessë]]'' (a given name).<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 86</ref><br />
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== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
=== ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' ===<br />
The most detailed text about the deeds of Glorfindel during the Fall of Gondolin is the chapter "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]", in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''. There he is described as the chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]], who bore a rayed sun upon their shields. He wore a mantle embroidered in threads of gold, decorated with celandine "as a field in spring", while his arms were [[Uncommon words#D|damascened]] with "cunning gold".<ref name=Gondolin>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|173}} <br />
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Glorfindel witnessed the coming of [[Tuor]] and later the [[Fall of Gondolin]]. During the ensuing battle in the streets, Glorfindel chose (or was ordered) to hold the [[Great Market]] from the advancing [[Orcs]]. He attempted to flank them, taking the enemy by surprise, but was himself ambushed and surrounded. Cut off, the House of the Golden Flower fought on fiercely for hours, until a fire-breathing [[Dragons|dragon]] came and levelled their ranks. Glorfindel, with some of the strongest of his followers, cut his way out, but the survivors of that battle were very few. Even then they were pursued and might have all been killed, but the [[House of the Harp]] arrived in time, after rebelling from their treacherous leader [[Salgant]], ambushing their pursuers. The Golden Flower arrived at the [[Square of the King]], one of the last of the houses to be driven in.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|182}} <br />
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As many of the lords had fallen, [[Ecthelion]] was wounded, [[Galdor (elf of Gondolin)|Galdor]] was engaged, and [[Egalmoth]] had not yet arrived, Glorfindel joined Tuor in leading the defence of the King's Square. When Egalmoth arrived, bringing with him many women and children, he took over Glorfindel's job in going from place to place, strengthening the defences. Glorfindel presumably threw himself once more into the thick of the fight. But even he could not prevent a dragon from coming down from the [[Alley of Roses]], breaking through their lines. The dragon was accompanied by orcs and balrogs, among them [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]. Even Tuor was thrown down, but Ecthelion sacrificed himself to kill Gothmog and buy the Gondothlim a little more time.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|183-4}} After King Turgon ordered the survivors to follow Tuor, they fled southward, and Glorfindel held the rear manfully, losing many more of his House in the process.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|186}}<br />
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After they had escaped Gondolin via [[Idril's secret way]], and passed through the [[Cristhorn]], Glorfindel again held the rear with the largest number of the unwounded. It was at that time that a Balrog and a contingent of Orcs ambushed their company.<ref name=Gondolin></ref>{{rp|192-3}} There Glorfindel saved the lives of the [[Exiles of Gondolin]] when he defied the Balrog:<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Glorfindel and the Balrog Above Gondolin.jpg|thumb|''Glorfindel and the Balrog above Gondolin'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
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{{blockquote|Then Glorfindel leapt forward upon him and his golden armour gleamed strangely in the moon, and he hewed at that demon that it leapt again upon a great boulder and Glorfindel after. Now there was a deadly combat upon that high rock above the folk; and these, pressed behind and hindered ahead, were grown so close that well nigh all could see, yet was it over ere Glorfindel's men could leap to his side. The ardour of Glorfindel drave that Balrog from point to point, and his mail fended him from its whip and claw. Now had he beaten a heavy swinge upon its iron helm, now hewn off the creature's whip-arm at the elbow. Then sprang the Balrog in the torment of his pain and fear full at Glorfindel, who stabbed like a dart of a snake; but he found only a shoulder, and was grappled, and they swayed to a fall upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel's left hand sought a dirk, and this he thrust up that it pierced the Balrog's belly nigh his own face (for that demon was double his stature); and it shrieked, and fell backwards from the rock, and falling clutched Glorfindel's yellow locks beneath his cap, and those twain fell into the abyss.}}<br />
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The [[Noldoli]] still mourn the death of Glorfindel, and every time the [[Eldar]] see a powerful fight between good and evil, they still say: "''Alas! 'Tis Glorfindel and the Balrog''". After the body of Glorfindel was recovered by Thorndor, Tuor allowed the folk of the Golden Flower to rise a cairn for him, there near the dangerous [[Thorn Sir]]. Despite being a unkindly place, yellow flowers grew upon the mound, and the place was always protected by Thorndor.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|194}}<br />
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=== Aredhel's escort ===<br />
While composing the chapter about [[Maeglin]], [[Tolkien]] considered Glorfindel, [[Ecthelion]] and [[Egalmoth]] as the escort of Aredhel when she left the [[Gondolin|Hidden City]] in her way to visit [[Fingon]].<ref name=Maeglin/>{{rp|318}} However, in the published ''[[Silmarillion]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] didn't mention any of the escorts of Aredhel, based on a note in which his father discussed about the motives of Celegorm and Curufin of not sending any message to Gondolin about Aredhel. Tolkien decided that it was necessary ''not'' to name the most eminent and bravest chieftains as Aredhel's escort, as they would have sought for her beyond the [[Bridge of Esgalduin]].<ref name=Maeglin>{{WJ|Maeglin}}</ref>{{rp|328}}<br />
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=== Return to Middle-earth ===<br />
Tolkien first suggested that Glorfindel returned to Middle-earth about {{TA|1000}}, with [[Gandalf]].<ref name="PoME-LW"></ref>{{rp|377}} But he later realized that Glorfindel only could come ''before'' the end of the Second Age and the [[Drowning of Númenor]], as with the [[Changing of the World]] Aman was removed from the [[Circles of the World]] and no living embodied creature could return from there. This was directly decreed by [[Ilúvatar]] to favour the [[Dominion of Men]]. It seems improbable that Manwë would have obtained special permission and devised a way of transportation, as that would seem to give Glorfindel an excessive importance.<ref name="PoME-LW"></ref>{{rp|381-2}}<br />
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As told above, Glorfindel might have come as early as {{SA|1200}} and the years following, or as late as {{SA|1600}}. Although Tolkien declared the first to be possible, he favoured the last as the most probable.<br />
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=== ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'' ===<br />
In a hasty note about the Council of Elrond, Tolkien suggested that Glorfindel could tell of his ancestry in Gondolin, but this idea was never developed.<ref name=Ancestry>{{RS|1XI}}, p. 214</ref><br />
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Glorfindel was originally planned to be part of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], in a way taking the place of [[Legolas]].<ref>{{RS|4XXIII}}, pp. 397-8, 406</ref><br />
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== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
Glorfindel is rarely portrayed like in the book. His role in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is too small to be introduced and forgotten - he basically does little else beyond providing fast transport to Rivendell. In the more popular works, his role has been filled by another Elf.<br />
<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Glorfindel in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Glorfindel.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''<br />
|File:BFME2 - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego The Lord of the Rings The Video Game - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:In this adaptation, the role of Glorfindel was taken by [[Legolas]]. In a simplification of that character, and as a reason for ''his'' coming, he is portrayed as an Elf of Rivendell rather than [[Mirkwood]].<br />
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'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Glorfindel appears in his original role at the Last Bridge, voiced by [[John Webb]]. Because the part of [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] was cut, the heavily wounded Frodo says the [[Quenya]] greeting ''[[Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo]]'' to him, and Glorfindel replies with Gildor's answer. Glorfindel keeps his two [[Sindarin]] lines, ''[[A na vedui, Dúnadan!]]'' and ''[[Noro lim, noro lim, Asfaloth!]]'', though he says them with a heavy English accent. Glorfindel's role at the Council of Elrond is omitted. His name is pronounced correctly in the adaptation, but in the credits, his name is pronounced "Glorfindle".<br />
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'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel is a powerful playable character once [[the One Ring|the Ring]] passes the [[Last Bridge]], who leads the Fellowship to [[Rivendell]]. <br />
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'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Glorfindel is played by Stefan Schwartz.<br />
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'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:To limit the already large number of one-appearance characters, Glorfindel has been omitted in this adaptation as well. [[Peter Jackson]] decided to have [[Arwen]] meet the travellers and then ride on [[Asfaloth]].<br />
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'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Glorfindel is provided by Marián Zednikovič.<br />
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'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Glorfindel appears on the Last Bridge. He has several Sindarin lines: ''A na vedui, Dúnadan'', like in the book, and ''Mae govannen, mellon'' (which Frodo accurately translates as "Well met, friend"). He comes to the aid of the hobbits at the request of Elrond, who had received news from [[Gildor|a group of Elves travelling near the Shire]] - even though there is no mention of that group earlier in the gameplay. Glorfindel does so in a monotonous voice, and his speech continues without pause. He also uses the lines ''Noro lim, Asfaloth'', though he does not say them to his horse: he says them to Frodo. No actor is specified for this part.<br />
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'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:[[Decipher]] made two [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game|cards]] featuring extra [[Jarl Benzon]] as Glorfindel, one of them being at the Coronation of Elessar.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scrapbook.theonering.net/scrapbook/movies/characters/other/view/12658|articlename=Glorfindel's Cameo in ROTK!|dated=|website=TORN|accessed=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070323204416/http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/04/040504lotrwetafalconer.html|articlename=The Making of the Weta "Book Cards": An Interview With Weta Workshop's Daniel Falconer|dated=5 April 2004|website=Decipher.com (archived)|accessed=15 October 2013}}</ref> He is briefly seen in the film at Aragorn's coronation when Arwen is revealed.<br />
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'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel played an important part in this video game, set during the [[War of the Ring]]. Together with [[Glóin]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], Glorfindel fights in several places in northern [[Eriador]] and [[Rhovanion]]. He is voiced by [[Jason Carter]], and portrayed as white haired. His design was changed to a more movie-accurate version in the expansion pack, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]''. He serves as narrator throughout, and appears in the story itself after the death of [[Arvedui]].<br />
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'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
: Glorfindel is featured in an extended flashback sequence depicting the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. During this time, he is the leader of the Bright Company, a group of [[High Elves]] who fighting to rid [[Middle-earth]] of [[Sauron]]'s evil long before that war and who continue their duty long after.<br />
: In the present day, Glorfindel can be found in Rivendell just south of the [[Rivendell|Last Homely House]]. He is involved in the campaign against [[Angmar]] during the main story and also talks to the player after defeating the [[balrog]] Thaurlach. Glorfindel disappears in the final weeks of the [[War of the Ring]] and the player tracks him across Middle-Earth to summon him to the Council of Elf-Lords between [[Thranduil]], [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]. He joins the procession that escorts Lady [[Arwen]] to [[Minas Tirith]] for her wedding; along the way Glorfindel and [[Elrond]] assist [[Gandalf]] and the player in uncovering a mystery within the [[Gladden Fields]].<br />
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'''2012: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel is purchasable as an optional player character in DLC character pack 2 for use in free play and on the open world. He is portrayed with light tan hair (rather than yellow blond like Legolas), wears an outfit which is a mix of light blue robe parts and silver armour whilst wearing a light blue cape. He wields a bow of the Galadhrim and also carries a golden Elvish longsword (all Elvish longswords appear gold in the game). Glorfindel is one of the most proficient fighter characters in the game.<br />
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== Collectibles ==<br />
[[Gentle Giant]] produced a ''Glorfindel Mini Bust'' for [[Comic-Con 2007]], based on Glorfindel's appearance in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II|EA's ''The Battle for Middle-earth II'']].<br />
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{{References}}<br />
{{councilofelrond}}<br />
{{HousesofGondolin}}<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gnomish names]]<br />
[[Category:Gondolindrim]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Glorfindel]]<br />
[[fi:Glorfindel]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/glorfindel]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Green-elves&diff=384757Green-elves2024-01-16T14:50:15Z<p>Oromë: /* Etymology */ It didn't actually explain the etymology</p>
<hr />
<div>{{people infobox<br />
| name=Green-elves<br />
| image=[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Green-elf of Ossiriand.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Green-elf of Ossiriand" by [[Peter Xavier Price]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Elves of Ossiriand, Laiquendi<br />
| origin=[[Nandor]] who crossed into [[Beleriand]]<br />
| location=[[Ossiriand]], [[Lindon]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Nandorin]], [[Sindarin]]<br />
| members=[[Denethor (son of Lenwë)|Denethor]]<br />
| lifespan=Immortal<br />
| distinctions=Skilled in woodcraft<ref name="Sindar"/><br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing="raiment of the colour of leaves"<ref name="Sindar"/><br />
| weapons="light-armed"<ref name="Sindar"/><br />
}}<br />
The '''Green-elves''' ([[Quenya|Q]] '''''[[Green-elves#Etymology|Laiquendi]]''''', [[Sindarin|S]] '''''[[Green-elves#Etymology|Laegrim]]'''''; also '''Green Elves'''<ref>{{PM|XI4}}, p. 349</ref>) were a clan of the [[Nandor]].<ref name=WJC/><br />
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==History==<br />
[[Lenwë]] was an [[Elves|Elf]] of the [[Telerin]] clan, who set out with the [[Great Journey]] of the [[Elves]] into the West during the [[Years of the Trees|early years]] of the [[First Age]]. When his people found their path blocked by the [[Misty Mountains]], he resolved to leave the Journey and instead led his followers south down the [[Vales of Anduin]], and they became known as the Nandor. After many years, Lenwë's son [[Denethor of the Nandor|Denethor]] set out westward once again, and led some part of the Nandor across the Misty Mountains and the Blue, settling at last in the [[Ossiriand|Land of Seven Rivers]] beneath the [[Ered Luin]]; the land called [[Ossiriand]].<br />
[[File:Turner Mohan - Green Elves.jpg|''Green Elves'' by Turner Mohan|thumb|left]]<br />
Denethor and his followers did not have peace for long, for war came; soon after his return to [[Middle-earth]], before the [[Noldor]] had followed him, [[Morgoth]] [[First Battle of Beleriand|invaded Beleriand]] loosing armies of orcs on King [[Thingol]] and his allies. Morgoth managed to cut him off from the [[Falathrim]] in the west, but not the wide Ossiriand in the east. Thingol called Denethor to his aid and as he attacked the orc-host from the west, the ill-equipped Laegrim pushed them from the east, but suffered great hardship from the iron-shod orcs. Denethor himself was cut off at [[Amon Ereb]] and was slain with those nearest about him before Thingol could rescue him; the Elves beat back the [[Orcs]] at last. The Laegrim loved him and mourned his loss, and henceforth would take no king. They became reclusive, camouflaging in green, pulling away from the many troubles of Beleriand, and fighting no longer against Belegurth.<ref name="Sindar">{{S|Sindar}}</ref> From that time, they were known as the Green-elves. When the [[Noldor]] returned from over the [[Belegaer|Sea]], they gave the Laegrim the name (in [[Quenya]]) ''[[Laiquendi]]''.<br />
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Some left Ossiriand for the guarded forests of [[Doriath]]: these settled in [[Arthórien]] and became known as the [[Guest-elves]].<ref name=UT>{{UT|2d}}</ref><ref name=WJP1>{{WJ|P1}}, pp. 112-3</ref> <br />
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The hidden people of the Green-elves played little part in history after the [[First Battle]] of the [[Wars of Beleriand]] as they did not participate in the great events of Beleriand throughout the [[Years of the Sun|late years]] of the First Age. Most significantly, they accepted [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]], who came to [[Tol Galen]] in the far south of their land, and made it one of the most beautiful places in Beleriand. After the loss of their ancient ally Thingol at the hands of the [[Dwarves]], they went with Beren to avenge him in the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]]. Much later, after the deaths of Beren and [[Lúthien]], one of their lords took up the [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] that Lúthien had borne, and brought it to [[Menegroth]] where Dior now dwelt.<ref name="ref3">{{S|Doriath}}</ref><br />
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After the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], the [[Sons of Fëanor]] wandered in the lands of the Laiquendi, bereft of lands, often mixing with them.<ref name="ref4">{{S|Fifth}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the end of the First Age, their fate is not clearly known. Much of their land survived the destruction of [[Beleriand]], and as [[Lindon]] came under the rule of [[Gil-galad]]. In the early [[Second Age]], some at least seem to have removed to [[Eriador]], and dwelt on the shores of [[Lake Evendim|Lake Nenuial]].<ref name=concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref> Others went east to live among the [[Silvan Elves]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> After this, nothing is known of their fate.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The [[Sindarin]] name '''''Laegrim''''' (class plural; sing ''Laegel'', pl ''Laegil'') or ''Laegel(d)rim'', meaning "Green-elves", was a name used by the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] for the inhabitants of [[Ossiriand]] because of their leaf-coloured clothing.<ref name="Sindar"/> This term was translated by the [[Noldor]] to [[Quenya]] '''''Laiquendi'''''.<ref name=WJC>{{WJ|C}}, p. 385</ref><ref group="note">While [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] states in the late manuscript ''[[Quendi and Eldar]]'' (ca. 1959-60) that the Quenya form ''Laiquendi'' "was not much used" (p. 385), it is the only [[Elvish]] translation of "Green-elves" which occurs in the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]''.</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']] appears early Elvish names for the Green-elves: [[Qenya]] ''Laiqendi'' and [[Noldorin]] ''Lhoebenidh'' or ''Lhoebelidh''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 368 ([[Sundocarme|root]] LÁYAK)</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
Originally, the Green-elves were [[Noldor]] in the Silmarillion writings of the 1930s.<ref>{{SM|VN}}, p. 270</ref> They remained so in the final ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'' of that period.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 215</ref> By the time of the major revisions of the early 1950s they had become [[Teleri]].<ref>{{GA|30}}, p. 13</ref> However, in a late note of c. 1968, Tolkien writes that they were "probably in origin of Noldorin kinship" reverting to the original conception.<ref>{{NM|P3xvii}}, p. 357</ref> This, however, was not incorporated into any narrative writing.<br />
<br />
==Other writings==<br />
In ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]'', '''green elves''' are mentioned as kin of the [[Red Elves|red elves]].<ref>{{LFC|1936}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
{{elves}}<br />
[[Category:Elven peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Moriquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Nandor]]<br />
[[de:Laiquendi]]<br />
[[fi:Viherhaltiat]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Forsaken_Elves&diff=384695Forsaken Elves2024-01-15T03:57:07Z<p>Oromë: They're called Forsaken Elves in Of the Ruin of Doriath, so worth a redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Eglath]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Sarati&diff=383686Sarati2023-12-16T00:28:18Z<p>Oromë: Reverting the previous two edits because this is neither clear nor sourced</p>
<hr />
<div>{{expansion}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Rúmil|[[Rúmil (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[File:Sarati - The Two Trees.png|250px|thumb|right|''Valar empannen Aldaru / mi kon-alkorin / ar sealálan táro / ar sílankálan ve laure ve misil.''<br />"The Gods planted the Two Trees / in a blessed garth / and they grow high / and shine like gold like silver".]]<br />
The '''Sarati''', or '''The Alphabet of Rúmil''', was invented by [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]] of [[Tirion]] in [[Valinor]]. When [[Fëanor]] created the later [[Tengwar]] script, more ubiquitous both in [[Middle-earth]] and in real life, he modeled it after the Sarati. Unlike the Tengwar and Tolkien's other Elvish alphabet, the [[Cirth]], the Sarati is written from top to bottom, then left to right. Sarati is unusual in that it is legible if written by either hand moving in either direction and can be mirrored.<br />
<br />
As in the later Tengwar, each full character represents a consonant, while vowels are represented with diacritics called [[tehtar]]. In the Sarati, vowel signs are written to the left or right of the consonants. According to Tolkien, consonants were considered more salient than vowels, and vowels were considered merely modifiers. When writing Quenya, the sign for "a" is usually omitted, as it is the most common vowel in Quenya. This would technically make the Sarati an [[:Wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]] with an inherent vowel of "a".<br />
<br />
Tolkien used the Sarati in one of [[The Diaries of J.R.R. Tolkien|his diaries]].<ref>{{B|III}}, p. 100</ref><ref>[[Måns Björkman]], [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/references.htm ''References''] on Amanye Tenceli (external link)</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/sarati.htm Amanye Tenceli -- The Sarati]<br />
* [http://www.elbisch.info/sarati.html Sarati on Elbisch] (German)<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/sarati.htm Sarati at Omniglot]<br />
<br />
===Modes===<br />
* [http://at.mansbjorkman.net/sarati_quenya.htm Sarati mode for Quenya]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{languages}}<br />
[[Category:Writing systems]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[de:Sarati]]<br />
[[fr:/langues/ecritures/sarati/sarati-de-rumil]]<br />
[[fi:Sarati]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Saul_Zaentz&diff=382391Saul Zaentz2023-11-22T20:29:12Z<p>Oromë: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Saul Zaentz.jpg|thumb|250px]]<br />
'''Saul Zaentz''' ([[12 February]], [[1921]]-[[3 January]], [[2014]]) was an American film producer. He was the founder of the ''Saul Zaentz Company''. [[Middle-earth Enterprises]], that owns the worldwide film, stage, and merchandise rights to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', until [[2022]], was a division of the Saul Zaentz Company and it was too created by Zaentz. He acquired the film, stage, and merchandise rights of these two books from [[United Artists]] in [[1976]].<br />
<br />
He was credited as the producer of [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]].<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Middle-earth Enterprises/Copyrights]]<br />
* [[Middle-earth Enterprises]]<br />
* [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* {{WP|Saul Zaentz}}<br />
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0951763/ Saul Zaentz] at [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]<br />
* [http://www.zaentz.com/ The Saul Zaentz Company]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaentz, Saul}}<br />
[[Category:Producers]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Orom%C3%AB/Sandbox&diff=380456User:Oromë/Sandbox2023-09-16T02:22:03Z<p>Oromë: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Bibliography clean layout testing ==<br />
Examples pulled from [[John Garth#Bibliography]] (click to see original list form). Only some entries are included in the tables below.<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003]]<br />
|''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020]]<br />
|''[[The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Publication<br />
!Title<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2006]]<br />
|''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004|The Lord of the Rings 1954–2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]''<br />
|"Frodo and the Great War"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''<br />
|Various entries<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007]]<br />
|''[[Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]''<br />
|"'As under a green sea': visions of war in the Dead Marshes"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2008]]<br />
|''[[Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings – Sources of Inspiration]]''<br />
|"Tolkien, Exeter College, and the Great War"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
|"'As under a green sea': visions of war in the Dead Marshes"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2009]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
|"Tolkien of the Many Names" (guest editorial)<br />
|-<br />
|"Views of a lost world" (review of [[Black & White Ogre Country]]'')''<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016]]<br />
|''The Telegraph''<br />
|"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/jrr-tolkien-bet-cs-lewis-wager-gave-birth-lord-rings/ When JRR Tolkien bet CS Lewis: the wager that gave birth to ''The Lord of the Rings'']"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2022]]<br />
|''The Smithsonian''<br />
|"[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/jrr-tolkien-write-stories-rings-power-180980686/ How J.R.R. Tolkien Came to Write the Stories of 'The Rings of Power']"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Great Tales Never End]]''<br />
|"The Chronology of Creation: How J.R.R. Tolkien Misremembered the Beginnings of his Mythology"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reviews ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Publication<br />
!Work reviewed<br />
!Work by<br />
|-<br />
|[[2005]]<br />
|''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2]]''<br />
|[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''The Alphabet of Rumil & Early Noldorin Fragments'']] and [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Early Qenya & Valmaric'']]<br />
|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2006]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 3]]''<br />
|[[War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien|''War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien'']]<br />
|[[Janet Brennan Croft]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Parma Eldalamberon 15|''Si Qente Feanor & Other Elvish Writings'']]<br />
|J.R.R. Tolkien<br />
|}</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Orom%C3%AB/Sandbox&diff=380455User:Oromë/Sandbox2023-09-16T02:16:53Z<p>Oromë: /* Bibliography clean layout testing */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Bibliography clean layout testing ==<br />
Examples pulled from [[John Garth#Bibliography]] (click to see original list form). Only some entries are included in the tables below.<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003]]<br />
|''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020]]<br />
|''[[The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Publication<br />
!Title<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2006]]<br />
|''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004|The Lord of the Rings 1954–2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]''<br />
|"Frodo and the Great War"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''<br />
|Various entries<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007]]<br />
|''[[Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]''<br />
|"'As under a green sea': visions of war in the Dead Marshes"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2008]]<br />
|''[[The Lord of the Rings: Sources of Inspiration]]''<br />
|"Tolkien, Exeter College, and the Great War"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
|"'As under a green sea': visions of war in the Dead Marshes"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2009]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
|"Tolkien of the Many Names" (guest editorial)<br />
|-<br />
|"Views of a lost world" (review of [[Black & White Ogre Country]]'')''<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016]]<br />
|''The Telegraph''<br />
|"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/jrr-tolkien-bet-cs-lewis-wager-gave-birth-lord-rings/ When JRR Tolkien bet CS Lewis: the wager that gave birth to ''The Lord of the Rings'']"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2022]]<br />
|''The Smithsonian''<br />
|"[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/jrr-tolkien-write-stories-rings-power-180980686/ How J.R.R. Tolkien Came to Write the Stories of 'The Rings of Power']"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Great Tales Never End]]''<br />
|"The Chronology of Creation: How J.R.R. Tolkien Misremembered the Beginnings of his Mythology"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reviews ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Publication<br />
!Work reviewed<br />
!Work by<br />
|-<br />
|[[2005]]<br />
|''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2]]''<br />
|[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''The Alphabet of Rumil & Early Noldorin Fragments'']] and [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Early Qenya & Valmaric'']]<br />
|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2006]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 3]]''<br />
|[[War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien|''War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien'']]<br />
|[[Janet Brennan Croft]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Parma Eldalamberon 15|''Si Qente Feanor & Other Elvish Writings'']]<br />
|J.R.R. Tolkien<br />
|}</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User:Orom%C3%AB/Sandbox&diff=380454User:Oromë/Sandbox2023-09-16T02:12:08Z<p>Oromë: Testing a table format for the bibliography section</p>
<hr />
<div>== Bibliography clean layout testing ==<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003]]<br />
|''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020]]<br />
|''[[The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Publication<br />
!Title<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2006]]<br />
|''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004|The Lord of the Rings 1954–2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]''<br />
|"Frodo and the Great War"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''<br />
|Various entries<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007]]<br />
|''[[Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]''<br />
|"'As under a green sea': visions of war in the Dead Marshes"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2008]]<br />
|''[[The Lord of the Rings: Sources of Inspiration]]''<br />
|"Tolkien, Exeter College, and the Great War"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
|"'As under a green sea': visions of war in the Dead Marshes"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2009]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
|"Tolkien of the Many Names" (guest editorial)<br />
|-<br />
|"Views of a lost world" (review of [[Black & White Ogre Country]]'')''<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016]]<br />
|''The Telegraph''<br />
|"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/jrr-tolkien-bet-cs-lewis-wager-gave-birth-lord-rings/ When JRR Tolkien bet CS Lewis: the wager that gave birth to ''The Lord of the Rings'']"<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2022]]<br />
|''The Smithsonian''<br />
|"[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/jrr-tolkien-write-stories-rings-power-180980686/ How J.R.R. Tolkien Came to Write the Stories of 'The Rings of Power']"<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Great Tales Never End]]''<br />
|"The Chronology of Creation: How J.R.R. Tolkien Misremembered the Beginnings of his Mythology"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Reviews ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Publication<br />
!Work reviewed<br />
!Work by<br />
|-<br />
|[[2005]]<br />
|''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2]]''<br />
|[[Parma Eldalamberon 13|''The Alphabet of Rumil & Early Noldorin Fragments'']] and [[Parma Eldalamberon 14|''Early Qenya & Valmaric'']]<br />
|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[2006]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 3]]''<br />
|[[War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien|''War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien'']]<br />
|[[Janet Brennan Croft]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Parma Eldalamberon 15|''Si Qente Feanor & Other Elvish Writings'']]<br />
|J.R.R. Tolkien<br />
|}</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=John_Garth&diff=380453John Garth2023-09-16T01:48:32Z<p>Oromë: /* Articles */ Fixed links and removed duplicate (the conference was in 2005, but it was published in 2008)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{author infobox<br />
| image=[[File:John Garth.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=John Garth<br />
| born=[[9 June]] [[1966]]<br />
| died=<br />
| education=<br />
| occupation=Journalist, Author<br />
| location=<br />
| website=[https://www.johngarth.co.uk Official website]<br />
}}<br />
'''John Garth''' (b. [[9 June]] [[1966]]), winner of the 2004 [[Mythopoeic Society]] Scholarship Award, studied English at [[Oxford University]] and has since worked as a newspaper journalist in London. A long-standing taste for the works of Tolkien, combined with an interest in the [[First World War]], fueled the five years of research that have gone into ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'' and he has drawn extensively on previously unpublished personal papers as well as Tolkien's service record and other unique military documents. Since 2005, he is a member of the Review Panel of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''.<ref>{{VT|47}}, p. 2</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Books===<br />
* [[2003]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''<br />
* [[2020]]: ''[[The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
<br />
===Booklets===<br />
* [[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien at Exeter College|Tolkien at Exeter College: How an Oxford undergraduate created Middle-earth]]''<br />
<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004|The Lord of the Rings 1954–2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]''<br />
** "Frodo and the Great War"<br />
* [[2006]]: Various entries in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''<br />
* [[2007]]: ''[[Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]''<br />
** "'As under a green sea': visions of war in the Dead Marshes"<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings – Sources of Inspiration]]''<br />
** "Tolkien, Exeter College, and the Great War"<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
** "As under a green sea': visions of war in the Dead Marshes"<br />
* [[2009]]: [[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
** "Tolkien of the Many Names" (guest editorial)<br />
** "Views of a lost world" (review of [[Black & White Ogre Country]]'')<br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7]]''<br />
** "J.R.R. Tolkien and the Boy Who Didn't Believe in Fairies"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 8|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 8]]<br />
** "Robert Quilter Gilson, T.C.B.S.: A Brief Life in Letters"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 11|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 11]]<br />
** "'The road from adaptation to invention': How Tolkien Came to the Brink of Middle-earth in 1914"<br />
* [[2016]]: ''[[The Return Of The Ring: Proceedings of the Tolkien Society Conference 2012]]''<br />
** "Robert Quilter Gilson, [[T.C.B.S.]]: A brief life in letters"<br />
* [[2016]]: ''The Telegraph''<br />
** "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/jrr-tolkien-bet-cs-lewis-wager-gave-birth-lord-rings/ When JRR Tolkien bet CS Lewis: the wager that gave birth to ''The Lord of the Rings'']"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "Tolkien and the Inklings"<br />
* [[2019]]: ''[[Sub-creating Arda]]''<br />
** "Ilu's Music: The Creation of Tolkien's Creation Myth"<br />
*[[2019]]: ''[["Something Has Gone Crack"]]''<br />
** "Revenants and Angels: Tolkien, Machen, and Mons"<br />
*[[2020]]: [[Amon Hen 286|''Amon Hen'' 286]]:<br />
** "''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' Toughest Quiz Ever"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''The Smithsonian''<br />
** "[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/jrr-tolkien-write-stories-rings-power-180980686/ How J.R.R. Tolkien Came to Write the Stories of 'The Rings of Power']"<br />
*[[2022]]: ''[[The Great Tales Never End]]<br />
** "The Chronology of Creation: How J.R.R. Tolkien Misremembered the Beginnings of his Mythology"<br />
<br />
===Reviews===<br />
* [[2005]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2]]<br />
** "[[Parma Eldalamberon 13| The Alphabet of Rumil & Early Noldorin Fragments,]] and: [[Parma Eldalamberon 14| Early Qenya & Valmaric]] (review)"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 3]]<br />
** "[[War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien]] (review)"<br />
** "[[Parma Eldalamberon 15| Si Qente Feanor & Other Elvish Writings]] (review)"<br />
* [[2007]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4]]<br />
** "[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide|The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide, Volume I: Chronology, and: Volume II: Reader's Guide]] (review)"<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5]]<br />
** "[[Parma Eldalamberon 16|Early Elvish Poetry and Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets]] (review)<br />
* [[2009]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 6]]<br />
** "[[Parma Eldalamberon 17|Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in "The Lord of the Rings"]] (review)"<br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7]]''<br />
** "[[Parma Eldalamberon 18|Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets Part 2]] (review)"<br />
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 8]]''<br />
** "[[Parma Eldalamberon 19|Quenya Phonology: Comparative Tables, Outline of Phonetic Development, Outline of Phonology]] (review)"<br />
* [[2013]]: ''The Daily Beast'' (23 March)<br />
** "[https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/23/tolkien-s-unfinished-epic-the-fall-of-arthur.html Tolkien’s Unfinished Epic: ‘The Fall of Arthur’]<br />
* [[2013]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 10]]<br />
** "[[The Broken Scythe|''The Broken Scythe: Death and Immortality in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien'' ed. by Roberto Arduini and Claudio A. Testi]] (review)"<br />
* [[2014]]: ''New Statesman'' (29 May)<br />
** "[https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2014/05/j-r-r-tolkien-beowulf-one-mans-passion-threshold-between-myth-and-reality J R R Tolkien's Beowulf: one man's passion for the threshold between myth and reality]"<br />
* [[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 11]]<br />
** "[[Parma Eldalamberon 21|Qenya Noun Structure by J.R.R. Tolkien]], and: [[Parma Eldalamberon 12|Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon, together with The Poetic and Mythologic Words of Eldarissa by J.R.R. Tolkien]], and: [[Omentielva|Proceedings of the Third International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien’s Invented Languages, Omentielva Nelya, Whitehaven, 2009 ed. by “Beregond,” Anders Stenström]] (review)"<br />
* [[2016]]: ''New Statesman'' (15 April)<br />
** "[https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2016/04/teach-yourself-dwarvish-behind-tolkien-s-invented-languages Teach yourself Dwarvish: behind Tolkien’s invented languages]" (review of ''[[A Secret Vice (book)|A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]'')<br />
* [[2016]]: ''The Telegraph'' (12/16 November)<br />
** "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/unseen-tolkien-sex-infertility-adultery-and-the-birth-of-galadri/ Unseen Tolkien: sex, infertility, adultery and the birth of Galadriel]" (review of ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'')<br />
* [[2022]]: ''The Guardian''<br />
** [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/23/the-fall-of-numenor-by-jrr-tolkien-review-masterful-world-building-from-the-father-of-fantasy The Fall of Númenor by JRR Tolkien review – masterful world-building from the father of fantasy]"<br />
* [[2023]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 19]]<br />
** "[[The Nature of Middle-earth]] (review)"<br />
<br />
===Filmography===<br />
* [[2001]]: [[Beyond the Movie: The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
* [[2004]]: [[The Real Middle-earth (documentary)]]<br />
* [[2004]]: [[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Legacy of Middle-Earth]]<br />
* [[2014]]: [[War of Words: Soldier-Poets of the Somme]]<br />
* [[2014]]: [[Tolkien's Great War (documentary)]]<br />
* [[2014]]: [[JRR Tolkien, le seigneur des écrivains]]<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[2004]]: '''[[Mythopoeic Society| Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inklings Studies]]''', ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]''<br />
* [[2014]]: '''[[Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Best Article''', ''[https://johngarth.co.uk/php/boy_didnt_believe_fairies.php Tolkien and the boy who didn't believe in fairies]''<br />
* [[2016]]: '''[[Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Best Article''', ''[https://johngarth.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/tolkiens-immortal-four-meet-for-the-last-time/ Tolkien's 'immortal four' meet for the last time]''<br />
* [[2017]]: '''[[Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Outstanding Contribution'''<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.johngarth.co.uk Official website]<br />
* [https://johngarth.wordpress.com/ Official blog]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFA92YMq6QpEl8RZNgKy53wSLP2Fr4lyI YouTube playlist of interviews and talks], compiled by [[John Garth]]<br />
* [https://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/06/15/an-interview-with-john-garth/ An Interview with John Garth] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Garth, John}}<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]<br />
[[Category:British people]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
[[fi:John Garth]]<br />
{{references}}</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kristine_Larsen&diff=380444Kristine Larsen2023-09-15T19:00:40Z<p>Oromë: /* Reviews */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kristine Larsen''' is an American astronomer who teaches at Central Connecticut State University. She regularly presents and writes about the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], often with an emphasis on the astronomy and cosmology of [[Middle-earth]]. Her articles have appeared in numerous journals including ''[[Mallorn]]'', ''[[Amon Hen]]'', and the ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]''.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2005]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 2]]<br />
** "A Definitive Identification of Tolkien's 'Borgil', An Astronomical and Literary Approach" <br />
* [[2005]]: [[Mallorn 43|''Mallorn'' 43]]<br />
** "Tolkien's Burning Briar - an astronomical explanation" <br />
* [[2006]]: [[Mallorn 44|''Mallorn'' 44]]<br />
** "Swords and sky stones: Meteoric iron in ''The Silmarillion''"<br />
* [[2007]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 4]]<br />
** "Sauron, Mount Doom, and Elvish Moths: The Influence of Tolkien on Modern Science" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Amon Hen 209|''Amon Hen'' 209]]<br />
** "Rose-stained in the Sunset" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Mallorn 45|''Mallorn'' 45]]<br />
** "(V)Arda Marred - The Evolution of the Queen of the Stars" <br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
** "A Little Earth of His Own: Tolkien's Lunar Creation Myths" <br />
* [[2009]]: [[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
** "The Stone of Erech and the Black Stone of Ka'aba: meteorite or 'meteor-wrong'?" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]<br />
** "The words of Húrin and Morgoth: microcosm, macrocosm and the later legendarium" <br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Music in Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "'Behold Your Music!': The Themes of Ilúvatar, the Song of Aslan, and the Real Music of the Spheres"<br />
* [[2010]]: [[Silver Leaves 3|''Silver Leaves'' 3]]<br />
** "Silmaril or Simulacrum? Simulations of the Heavens in Middle-Earth" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 7]]<br />
** "Myth, Milky Way, and the Mysteries of Tolkien's Morwinyon, Telumendil, and Anarríma"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 229|''Amon Hen'' 229]]<br />
** "And the Stars Were Hidden" <br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 230|''Amon Hen'' 230]]<br />
** "The Lunacy of ''The Hobbit''"<br />
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''<br />
** "Sea Birds and Morning Stars: Ceyx, Alcyone, and the Many Metamorphoses of Eärendil and Elwing"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Mallorn 52|''Mallorn'' 52]]<br />
** "We hatesses those tricksy numbers: Tolkien, Lewis and maths anxiety" <br />
* [[2012]]: [[Mallorn 53|''Mallorn'' 53]]<br />
** "An Elrond by any other name" (guest editorial)<br />
** "From Dunne to Desmond: disembodied time travel in Tolkien, Stapledon and ''Lost''"<br />
* [[2013]]: [[Mallorn 54|''Mallorn'' 54]]<br />
** "'That sickle of the heavenly field': celestial motifs in ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]''"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[The Hobbit and Tolkien's Mythology|The Hobbit ''and Tolkien's Mythology'']]<br />
** "'It passes our skill in these days': Primary World Influences on the Evolution of [[Durin's Day]]"<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien in the New Century|Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey]]<br />
**"'Alone Between the Dark and Light': "The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun" and Lessons from the Later ''Legendarium''"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Perilous and Fair|Perilous and Fair: Women in J.R.R. Tolkien's Work and Life]]''<br />
**"The Power of Pity and Tears: The Evolution of Nienna in the Legendarium"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2015]]''<br />
**"'A Creature of an Older World': Tolkien and the Mythology of the Prehistoric"<br />
**"A 'Perilous, Lonely Venture': Tolkien, Lewis, and the Theological Implications of Extraterrestrial Life"<br />
* [[2016]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 3<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol3/iss1/5/ Medieval Cosmology and Middle-earth: A Lewisian Walk Under Tolkienian Skies]"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 260|''Amon Hen'' 260]]<br />
** "Death to [[Bree]] Creek Quadrangle"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 261|''Amon Hen'' 261]]<br />
** "Do [[Dwarves]] Wear Their Sunglasses at Night?"<br />
* [[2017]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 4<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol4/iss2/8/ Guinevere, Grímhild, and the Corrigan: Witches and Bitches in Tolkien’s Medieval Narrative Verse]<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 263|''Amon Hen'' 263]]<br />
** "Haldane's Rule and the Half-Elven"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 264|''Amon Hen'' 264]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part One"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 265|''Amon Hen'' 265]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part Two"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 268|''Amon Hen'' 268]]<br />
** " The (Nearly) Discarded Image o"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Poetry and Song in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
** "'Diadem the Fallen Day': Astronomical and Arboreal Motifs in the Poem 'Kortirion Among the Trees'"<br />
* [[2018]]: [[Amon Hen 270|''Amon Hen'' 270]]<br />
** "'Linguistic Ghosts'... "<br />
* [[2018]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 6<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol6/iss2/2/ Magic, Matrimony, and the Moon: Medieval Lunar Symbolism in J.R.R. Tolkien’s 'The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun' and 'The Fall of Arthur']<br />
* [[2019]]: ''[[Sub-creating Arda]]''<br />
** "A Mythology for Poland: Andrzej Sapkowski's Witcher Fantasy Series as a Tolkienian Subcreation"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 276|''Amon Hen'' 276]]<br />
* [[2019]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 7<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/4 'While the World Lasted': Eschatology in Tolkien’s 1930s Writings]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/9 A Journey Down the Rabbit Hole of the OED in Search of the Meaning of 'Master' Elrond]"<br />
** "Darkness Amid the Day: Eclipses in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 279|''Amon Hen'' 279]]<br />
** "...Butterflies & Moths in the Primary & Secondary Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 8<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol8/iss1/3 Deconstructing Durin’s Day: Science, Scientific Fan Fiction, and the Fan-Scholar]"<br />
* [[2020]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 9<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol9/iss1/6 Ladies of the Forest: Melian and Mielikki]"<br />
* [[2020]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 10<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol10/iss1/5 'They’re something nightmares are from': The Notion Club Papers and The Cabin in the Woods]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol10/iss1/1 Introduction to Special issue: J.R.R. Tolkien and the Works of Joss Whedon]" (with [[Janet Brennan Croft]])<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 11<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol11/iss2/5 Númenor and the 'Devouring Wave': Literary, Historical, and Psychological Sources for Tolkien’s Self-Described 'Atlantis Complex']"<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 12<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol12/iss2/4 Signum Draco Magno Scilicet, or, Eärendel and the Dragon: Heavenly Warfare in Medieval European and Tolkienian Annals]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol12/iss1/5 'I Am No Man': Éowyn and Game of Thrones’ Lyanna Mormont]"<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 13<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/2 Cynewulf, Copernicus, and Conjunctions: The Problems of Cytherean Motions in Tolkien’s Cosmology]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/3 The Walls of the World and the Voyages of the Evening Star: The Byzantine Borders of Tolkien’s Biblical/Classical/Medieval/Geocentric/Heliocentric Complicated Cosmology]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/4 Carry on My Wayward Sonne (and Moon): Common Cosmological Quirks in the Norse Fimbul-winter and Tolkien's Early Legendarium]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/2 Who Maketh Morwinyon, and Menelmacar, and Remmirath, and the Inner Parts of the South (Where the Stars are Strange): Tolkien’s Astronomical Choices and the Books of Job and Amos]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/5 Smaug's Hoard, Durin’s Bane, and Agricola’s De Re Metallica: Cautionary Tales Against Mining in Tolkien’s Legendarium and the Classical Tradition]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/6 'Ore-ganisms': The Myth and Meaning of ‘Living Rock’ in Middle-earth]"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 14<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol14/iss2/4 'O’er the Moon, Below the Daylight': Tolkien’s Blue Bee, Pliny, and the Kalevala]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol14/iss2/9 'Pearls' of Pearl: Medieval Appropriations in Tolkien’s Mythology]"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 15<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/4 Moons, Maths, and Middle-earth: Misconceptions about Tolkien’s Scientific and Mathematical Prowess]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/5 Nailing Jell-O to the Wall: Canonicity in Middle-earth]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/6 Half-Elven and Half-Orphans: The Choices and Consequences of 'Crossing Over']"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss2/3 'I am Primarily a Scientific Philologist': J.R.R. Tolkien and the Science/Technology Divide]"<br />
* [[2023]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 16<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss1/6 Medieval Automata and J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Fall of Gondolin]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/2 Arda Remade (and Remade, and Remade…); or, Entropy, Einstein’s Blackboard, and...]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/3 'Following the Star': Eärendil, Númenor, and the Star of Bethlehem]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/7/ Falling Stars: Canonicity and 'Meteor Man' in Amazon Prime Video’s The Rings of Power]"<br />
<br />
===Reviews===<br />
* [[2012]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 9|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 9]]<br />
** ''[[The Ecological Augury in the Works of JRR Tolkien]]'' (2011 book by [[Liam Campbell]])<br />
* [[2017]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 4<br />
** ''Tolkien, Self and Other: "This Queer Creature"'' (2016 book by [[Jane Chance]])<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 12<br />
** ''[[The Science of Middle-earth (2021 book)|The Science of Middle-earth]]'' (2021 book edited by Lehoucq et al.)<br />
* [[2023]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 16<br />
** ''Twenty-first Century Receptions of Tolkien'' (2022 book edited by Will Sherwood)<br />
** ''Tolkien and Diversity '' (2023 book edited by Will Sherwood)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/ Kristine Larsen's website]<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/tolkien.html Kristine Larsen's "The Astronomy of Middle-earth"]<br />
* [https://www.ccsu.edu/person/kristine-larsen Kristine Larsen] at [https://www.ccsu.edu/ Central Connecticut State University]<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Larsen, Kristine}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Society members]]<br />
[[fi:Kristine Larsen]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kristine_Larsen&diff=380434Kristine Larsen2023-09-15T17:21:54Z<p>Oromë: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kristine Larsen''' is an American astronomer who teaches at Central Connecticut State University. She regularly presents and writes about the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], often with an emphasis on the astronomy and cosmology of [[Middle-earth]]. Her articles have appeared in numerous journals including ''[[Mallorn]]'', ''[[Amon Hen]]'', and the ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]''.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2005]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 2]]<br />
** "A Definitive Identification of Tolkien's 'Borgil', An Astronomical and Literary Approach" <br />
* [[2005]]: [[Mallorn 43|''Mallorn'' 43]]<br />
** "Tolkien's Burning Briar - an astronomical explanation" <br />
* [[2006]]: [[Mallorn 44|''Mallorn'' 44]]<br />
** "Swords and sky stones: Meteoric iron in ''The Silmarillion''"<br />
* [[2007]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 4]]<br />
** "Sauron, Mount Doom, and Elvish Moths: The Influence of Tolkien on Modern Science" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Amon Hen 209|''Amon Hen'' 209]]<br />
** "Rose-stained in the Sunset" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Mallorn 45|''Mallorn'' 45]]<br />
** "(V)Arda Marred - The Evolution of the Queen of the Stars" <br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
** "A Little Earth of His Own: Tolkien's Lunar Creation Myths" <br />
* [[2009]]: [[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
** "The Stone of Erech and the Black Stone of Ka'aba: meteorite or 'meteor-wrong'?" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]<br />
** "The words of Húrin and Morgoth: microcosm, macrocosm and the later legendarium" <br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Music in Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "'Behold Your Music!': The Themes of Ilúvatar, the Song of Aslan, and the Real Music of the Spheres"<br />
* [[2010]]: [[Silver Leaves 3|''Silver Leaves'' 3]]<br />
** "Silmaril or Simulacrum? Simulations of the Heavens in Middle-Earth" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 7]]<br />
** "Myth, Milky Way, and the Mysteries of Tolkien's Morwinyon, Telumendil, and Anarríma"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 229|''Amon Hen'' 229]]<br />
** "And the Stars Were Hidden" <br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 230|''Amon Hen'' 230]]<br />
** "The Lunacy of ''The Hobbit''"<br />
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''<br />
** "Sea Birds and Morning Stars: Ceyx, Alcyone, and the Many Metamorphoses of Eärendil and Elwing"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Mallorn 52|''Mallorn'' 52]]<br />
** "We hatesses those tricksy numbers: Tolkien, Lewis and maths anxiety" <br />
* [[2012]]: [[Mallorn 53|''Mallorn'' 53]]<br />
** "An Elrond by any other name" (guest editorial)<br />
** "From Dunne to Desmond: disembodied time travel in Tolkien, Stapledon and ''Lost''"<br />
* [[2013]]: [[Mallorn 54|''Mallorn'' 54]]<br />
** "'That sickle of the heavenly field': celestial motifs in ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]''"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[The Hobbit and Tolkien's Mythology|The Hobbit ''and Tolkien's Mythology'']]<br />
** "'It passes our skill in these days': Primary World Influences on the Evolution of [[Durin's Day]]"<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien in the New Century|Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey]]<br />
**"'Alone Between the Dark and Light': "The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun" and Lessons from the Later ''Legendarium''"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Perilous and Fair|Perilous and Fair: Women in J.R.R. Tolkien's Work and Life]]''<br />
**"The Power of Pity and Tears: The Evolution of Nienna in the Legendarium"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2015]]''<br />
**"'A Creature of an Older World': Tolkien and the Mythology of the Prehistoric"<br />
**"A 'Perilous, Lonely Venture': Tolkien, Lewis, and the Theological Implications of Extraterrestrial Life"<br />
* [[2016]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 3<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol3/iss1/5/ Medieval Cosmology and Middle-earth: A Lewisian Walk Under Tolkienian Skies]"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 260|''Amon Hen'' 260]]<br />
** "Death to [[Bree]] Creek Quadrangle"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 261|''Amon Hen'' 261]]<br />
** "Do [[Dwarves]] Wear Their Sunglasses at Night?"<br />
* [[2017]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 4<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol4/iss2/8/ Guinevere, Grímhild, and the Corrigan: Witches and Bitches in Tolkien’s Medieval Narrative Verse]<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 263|''Amon Hen'' 263]]<br />
** "Haldane's Rule and the Half-Elven"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 264|''Amon Hen'' 264]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part One"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 265|''Amon Hen'' 265]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part Two"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 268|''Amon Hen'' 268]]<br />
** " The (Nearly) Discarded Image o"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Poetry and Song in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
** "'Diadem the Fallen Day': Astronomical and Arboreal Motifs in the Poem 'Kortirion Among the Trees'"<br />
* [[2018]]: [[Amon Hen 270|''Amon Hen'' 270]]<br />
** "'Linguistic Ghosts'... "<br />
* [[2018]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 6<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol6/iss2/2/ Magic, Matrimony, and the Moon: Medieval Lunar Symbolism in J.R.R. Tolkien’s 'The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun' and 'The Fall of Arthur']<br />
* [[2019]]: ''[[Sub-creating Arda]]''<br />
** "A Mythology for Poland: Andrzej Sapkowski's Witcher Fantasy Series as a Tolkienian Subcreation"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 276|''Amon Hen'' 276]]<br />
* [[2019]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 7<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/4 'While the World Lasted': Eschatology in Tolkien’s 1930s Writings]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/9 A Journey Down the Rabbit Hole of the OED in Search of the Meaning of 'Master' Elrond]"<br />
** "Darkness Amid the Day: Eclipses in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 279|''Amon Hen'' 279]]<br />
** "...Butterflies & Moths in the Primary & Secondary Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 8<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol8/iss1/3 Deconstructing Durin’s Day: Science, Scientific Fan Fiction, and the Fan-Scholar]"<br />
* [[2020]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 9<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol9/iss1/6 Ladies of the Forest: Melian and Mielikki]"<br />
* [[2020]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 10<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol10/iss1/5 'They’re something nightmares are from': The Notion Club Papers and The Cabin in the Woods]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol10/iss1/1 Introduction to Special issue: J.R.R. Tolkien and the Works of Joss Whedon]" (with [[Janet Brennan Croft]])<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 11<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol11/iss2/5 Númenor and the 'Devouring Wave': Literary, Historical, and Psychological Sources for Tolkien’s Self-Described 'Atlantis Complex']"<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 12<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol12/iss2/4 Signum Draco Magno Scilicet, or, Eärendel and the Dragon: Heavenly Warfare in Medieval European and Tolkienian Annals]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol12/iss1/5 'I Am No Man': Éowyn and Game of Thrones’ Lyanna Mormont]"<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 13<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/2 Cynewulf, Copernicus, and Conjunctions: The Problems of Cytherean Motions in Tolkien’s Cosmology]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/3 The Walls of the World and the Voyages of the Evening Star: The Byzantine Borders of Tolkien’s Biblical/Classical/Medieval/Geocentric/Heliocentric Complicated Cosmology]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/4 Carry on My Wayward Sonne (and Moon): Common Cosmological Quirks in the Norse Fimbul-winter and Tolkien's Early Legendarium]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/2 Who Maketh Morwinyon, and Menelmacar, and Remmirath, and the Inner Parts of the South (Where the Stars are Strange): Tolkien’s Astronomical Choices and the Books of Job and Amos]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/5 Smaug's Hoard, Durin’s Bane, and Agricola’s De Re Metallica: Cautionary Tales Against Mining in Tolkien’s Legendarium and the Classical Tradition]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/6 'Ore-ganisms': The Myth and Meaning of ‘Living Rock’ in Middle-earth]"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 14<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol14/iss2/4 'O’er the Moon, Below the Daylight': Tolkien’s Blue Bee, Pliny, and the Kalevala]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol14/iss2/9 'Pearls' of Pearl: Medieval Appropriations in Tolkien’s Mythology]"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 15<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/4 Moons, Maths, and Middle-earth: Misconceptions about Tolkien’s Scientific and Mathematical Prowess]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/5 Nailing Jell-O to the Wall: Canonicity in Middle-earth]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss1/6 Half-Elven and Half-Orphans: The Choices and Consequences of 'Crossing Over']"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol15/iss2/3 'I am Primarily a Scientific Philologist': J.R.R. Tolkien and the Science/Technology Divide]"<br />
* [[2023]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 16<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss1/6 Medieval Automata and J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Fall of Gondolin]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/2 Arda Remade (and Remade, and Remade…); or, Entropy, Einstein’s Blackboard, and...]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/3 'Following the Star': Eärendil, Númenor, and the Star of Bethlehem]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/7/ Falling Stars: Canonicity and 'Meteor Man' in Amazon Prime Video’s The Rings of Power]"<br />
<br />
===Reviews===<br />
* [[2012]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 9|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 9]]<br />
** ''[[The Ecological Augury in the Works of JRR Tolkien]]''<br />
* [[2017]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 4<br />
** ''Tolkien, Self and Other: "This Queer Creature"''<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 12<br />
** ''[[The Science of Middle-earth (2021 book)|The Science of Middle-earth]]'' (2021 book edited by Lehoucq et al.)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/ Kristine Larsen's website]<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/tolkien.html Kristine Larsen's "The Astronomy of Middle-earth"]<br />
* [https://www.ccsu.edu/person/kristine-larsen Kristine Larsen] at [https://www.ccsu.edu/ Central Connecticut State University]<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Larsen, Kristine}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Society members]]<br />
[[fi:Kristine Larsen]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kristine_Larsen&diff=380433Kristine Larsen2023-09-15T17:07:56Z<p>Oromë: Expanded further</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kristine Larsen''' is an American astronomer who teaches at Central Connecticut State University. She regularly presents and writes about the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], often with an emphasis on the astronomy and cosmology of [[Middle-earth]]. Her articles have appeared in numerous journals including ''[[Mallorn]]'', ''[[Amon Hen]]'', and the ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]''.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2005]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 2]]<br />
** "A Definitive Identification of Tolkien's 'Borgil', An Astronomical and Literary Approach" <br />
* [[2005]]: [[Mallorn 43|''Mallorn'' 43]]<br />
** "Tolkien's Burning Briar - an astronomical explanation" <br />
* [[2006]]: [[Mallorn 44|''Mallorn'' 44]]<br />
** "Swords and sky stones: Meteoric iron in ''The Silmarillion''"<br />
* [[2007]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 4]]<br />
** "Sauron, Mount Doom, and Elvish Moths: The Influence of Tolkien on Modern Science" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Amon Hen 209|''Amon Hen'' 209]]<br />
** "Rose-stained in the Sunset" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Mallorn 45|''Mallorn'' 45]]<br />
** "(V)Arda Marred - The Evolution of the Queen of the Stars" <br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
** "A Little Earth of His Own: Tolkien's Lunar Creation Myths" <br />
* [[2009]]: [[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
** "The Stone of Erech and the Black Stone of Ka'aba: meteorite or 'meteor-wrong'?" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]<br />
** "The words of Húrin and Morgoth: microcosm, macrocosm and the later legendarium" <br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Music in Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "'Behold Your Music!': The Themes of Ilúvatar, the Song of Aslan, and the Real Music of the Spheres"<br />
* [[2010]]: [[Silver Leaves 3|''Silver Leaves'' 3]]<br />
** "Silmaril or Simulacrum? Simulations of the Heavens in Middle-Earth" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 7]]<br />
** "Myth, Milky Way, and the Mysteries of Tolkien's Morwinyon, Telumendil, and Anarríma"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 229|''Amon Hen'' 229]]<br />
** "And the Stars Were Hidden" <br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 230|''Amon Hen'' 230]]<br />
** "The Lunacy of ''The Hobbit''"<br />
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''<br />
** "Sea Birds and Morning Stars: Ceyx, Alcyone, and the Many Metamorphoses of Eärendil and Elwing"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Mallorn 52|''Mallorn'' 52]]<br />
** "We hatesses those tricksy numbers: Tolkien, Lewis and maths anxiety" <br />
* [[2012]]: [[Mallorn 53|''Mallorn'' 53]]<br />
** "An Elrond by any other name" (guest editorial)<br />
** "From Dunne to Desmond: disembodied time travel in Tolkien, Stapledon and ''Lost''"<br />
* [[2013]]: [[Mallorn 54|''Mallorn'' 54]]<br />
** "'That sickle of the heavenly field': celestial motifs in ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]''"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[The Hobbit and Tolkien's Mythology|The Hobbit ''and Tolkien's Mythology'']]<br />
** "'It passes our skill in these days': Primary World Influences on the Evolution of [[Durin's Day]]"<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien in the New Century|Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey]]<br />
**"'Alone Between the Dark and Light': "The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun" and Lessons from the Later ''Legendarium''"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Perilous and Fair|Perilous and Fair: Women in J.R.R. Tolkien's Work and Life]]''<br />
**"The Power of Pity and Tears: The Evolution of Nienna in the Legendarium"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2015]]''<br />
**"'A Creature of an Older World': Tolkien and the Mythology of the Prehistoric"<br />
**"A 'Perilous, Lonely Venture': Tolkien, Lewis, and the Theological Implications of Extraterrestrial Life"<br />
* [[2016]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 3<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol3/iss1/5/ Medieval Cosmology and Middle-earth: A Lewisian Walk Under Tolkienian Skies]"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 260|''Amon Hen'' 260]]<br />
** "Death to [[Bree]] Creek Quadrangle"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 261|''Amon Hen'' 261]]<br />
** "Do [[Dwarves]] Wear Their Sunglasses at Night?"<br />
* [[2017]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 4<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol4/iss2/8/ Guinevere, Grímhild, and the Corrigan: Witches and Bitches in Tolkien’s Medieval Narrative Verse]<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 263|''Amon Hen'' 263]]<br />
** "Haldane's Rule and the Half-Elven"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 264|''Amon Hen'' 264]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part One"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 265|''Amon Hen'' 265]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part Two"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 268|''Amon Hen'' 268]]<br />
** " The (Nearly) Discarded Image o"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Poetry and Song in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
** "'Diadem the Fallen Day': Astronomical and Arboreal Motifs in the Poem 'Kortirion Among the Trees'"<br />
* [[2018]]: [[Amon Hen 270|''Amon Hen'' 270]]<br />
** "'Linguistic Ghosts'... "<br />
* [[2018]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 6<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol6/iss2/2/ Magic, Matrimony, and the Moon: Medieval Lunar Symbolism in J.R.R. Tolkien’s 'The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun' and 'The Fall of Arthur']<br />
* [[2019]]: ''[[Sub-creating Arda]]''<br />
** "A Mythology for Poland: Andrzej Sapkowski's Witcher Fantasy Series as a Tolkienian Subcreation"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 276|''Amon Hen'' 276]]<br />
* [[2019]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 7<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/4 'While the World Lasted': Eschatology in Tolkien’s 1930s Writings]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol7/iss1/9 A Journey Down the Rabbit Hole of the OED in Search of the Meaning of 'Master' Elrond]"<br />
** "Darkness Amid the Day: Eclipses in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 279|''Amon Hen'' 279]]<br />
** "...Butterflies & Moths in the Primary & Secondary Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 8<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol8/iss1/3 Deconstructing Durin’s Day: Science, Scientific Fan Fiction, and the Fan-Scholar]"<br />
* [[2020]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 9<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol9/iss1/6 Ladies of the Forest: Melian and Mielikki]"<br />
* [[2020]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 10<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol10/iss1/5 'They’re something nightmares are from': The Notion Club Papers and The Cabin in the Woods]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol10/iss1/1 Introduction to Special issue: J.R.R. Tolkien and the Works of Joss Whedon]" (with [[Janet Brennan Croft]])<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 11<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol11/iss2/5 Númenor and the 'Devouring Wave': Literary, Historical, and Psychological Sources for Tolkien’s Self-Described 'Atlantis Complex']"<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 12<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol12/iss2/4 Signum Draco Magno Scilicet, or, Eärendel and the Dragon: Heavenly Warfare in Medieval European and Tolkienian Annals]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol12/iss1/5 'I Am No Man': Éowyn and Game of Thrones’ Lyanna Mormont]"<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 13<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/2 Cynewulf, Copernicus, and Conjunctions: The Problems of Cytherean Motions in Tolkien’s Cosmology]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/3 The Walls of the World and the Voyages of the Evening Star: The Byzantine Borders of Tolkien’s Biblical/Classical/Medieval/Geocentric/Heliocentric Complicated Cosmology]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss1/4 Carry on My Wayward Sonne (and Moon): Common Cosmological Quirks in the Norse Fimbul-winter and Tolkien's Early Legendarium]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/2 Who Maketh Morwinyon, and Menelmacar, and Remmirath, and the Inner Parts of the South (Where the Stars are Strange): Tolkien’s Astronomical Choices and the Books of Job and Amos]"<br />
** "[http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/5 Smaug's Hoard, Durin’s Bane, and Agricola’s De Re Metallica: Cautionary Tales Against Mining in Tolkien’s Legendarium and the Classical Tradition]"<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol13/iss2/6 'Ore-ganisms': The Myth and Meaning of ‘Living Rock’ in Middle-earth]"<br />
* [[2023]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 16<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/7/ Falling Stars: Canonicity and 'Meteor Man' in Amazon Prime Video’s The Rings of Power]"<br />
<br />
===Reviews===<br />
* [[2012]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 9|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 9]]<br />
** ''[[The Ecological Augury in the Works of JRR Tolkien]]''<br />
* [[2017]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 4<br />
** ''Tolkien, Self and Other: "This Queer Creature"''<br />
* [[2021]]: ''Journal of Tolkien Research'': Volume 12<br />
** ''[[The Science of Middle-earth (2021 book)|The Science of Middle-earth]]'' (2021 book edited by Lehoucq et al.)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/ Kristine Larsen's website]<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/tolkien.html Kristine Larsen's "The Astronomy of Middle-earth"]<br />
* [https://www.ccsu.edu/person/kristine-larsen Kristine Larsen] at [https://www.ccsu.edu/ Central Connecticut State University]<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Larsen, Kristine}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Society members]]<br />
[[fi:Kristine Larsen]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kristine_Larsen&diff=380395Kristine Larsen2023-09-14T14:34:51Z<p>Oromë: Added another entry- articles can still be expanded further, especially from Journal of Tolkien Research</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kristine Larsen''' is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the Central Connecticut State University. She regularly writes about the astronomy and cosmology of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]].<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2005]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 2]]<br />
** "A Definitive Identification of Tolkien's 'Borgil', An Astronomical and Literary Approach" <br />
* [[2005]]: [[Mallorn 43|''Mallorn'' 43]]<br />
** "Tolkien's Burning Briar - an astronomical explanation" <br />
* [[2006]]: [[Mallorn 44|''Mallorn'' 44]]<br />
** "Swords and sky stones: Meteoric iron in ''The Silmarillion''"<br />
* [[2007]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 4]]<br />
** "Sauron, Mount Doom, and Elvish Moths: The Influence of Tolkien on Modern Science" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Amon Hen 209|''Amon Hen'' 209]]<br />
** "Rose-stained in the Sunset" <br />
* [[2008]]: [[Mallorn 45|''Mallorn'' 45]]<br />
** "(V)Arda Marred - The Evolution of the Queen of the Stars" <br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
** "A Little Earth of His Own: Tolkien's Lunar Creation Myths" <br />
* [[2009]]: [[Mallorn 48|''Mallorn'' 48]]<br />
** "The Stone of Erech and the Black Stone of Ka'aba: meteorite or 'meteor-wrong'?" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]<br />
** "The words of Húrin and Morgoth: microcosm, macrocosm and the later legendarium" <br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Music in Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "'Behold Your Music!': The Themes of Ilúvatar, the Song of Aslan, and the Real Music of the Spheres"<br />
* [[2010]]: [[Silver Leaves 3|''Silver Leaves'' 3]]<br />
** "Silmaril or Simulacrum? Simulations of the Heavens in Middle-Earth" <br />
* [[2010]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 7]]<br />
** "Myth, Milky Way, and the Mysteries of Tolkien's Morwinyon, Telumendil, and Anarríma"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 229|''Amon Hen'' 229]]<br />
** "And the Stars Were Hidden" <br />
* [[2011]]: [[Amon Hen 230|''Amon Hen'' 230]]<br />
** "The Lunacy of ''The Hobbit''"<br />
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''<br />
** "Sea Birds and Morning Stars: Ceyx, Alcyone, and the Many Metamorphoses of Eärendil and Elwing"<br />
* [[2011]]: [[Mallorn 52|''Mallorn'' 52]]<br />
** "We hatesses those tricksy numbers: Tolkien, Lewis and maths anxiety" <br />
* [[2012]]: [[Mallorn 53|''Mallorn'' 53]]<br />
** "An Elrond by any other name" (guest editorial)<br />
** "From Dunne to Desmond: disembodied time travel in Tolkien, Stapledon and ''Lost''"<br />
* [[2013]]: [[Mallorn 54|''Mallorn'' 54]]<br />
** "'That sickle of the heavenly field': celestial motifs in ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]''"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[The Hobbit and Tolkien's Mythology|The Hobbit ''and Tolkien's Mythology'']]<br />
** "'It passes our skill in these days': Primary World Influences on the Evolution of [[Durin's Day]]"<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien in the New Century|Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey]]<br />
**"'Alone Between the Dark and Light': "The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun" and Lessons from the Later ''Legendarium''"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Perilous and Fair|Perilous and Fair: Women in J.R.R. Tolkien's Work and Life]]''<br />
**"The Power of Pity and Tears: The Evolution of Nienna in the Legendarium"<br />
*[[2015]]: ''[[Lembas Extra 2015]]''<br />
**"'A Creature of an Older World': Tolkien and the Mythology of the Prehistoric"<br />
**"A 'Perilous, Lonely Venture': Tolkien, Lewis, and the Theological Implications of Extraterrestrial Life"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 260|''Amon Hen'' 260]]<br />
** "Death to [[Bree]] Creek Quadrangle"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Amon Hen 261|''Amon Hen'' 261]]<br />
** "Do [[Dwarves]] Wear Their Sunglasses at Night?"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 263|''Amon Hen'' 263]]<br />
** "Haldane's Rule and the Half-Elven"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 264|''Amon Hen'' 264]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part One"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 265|''Amon Hen'' 265]]<br />
** "Medieval Fostering...Part Two"<br />
* [[2017]]: [[Amon Hen 268|''Amon Hen'' 268]]<br />
** " The (Nearly) Discarded Image o"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Poetry and Song in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
** "‘Diadem the Fallen Day’: Astronomical and Arboreal Motifs in the Poem ‘Kortirion Among the Trees’"<br />
* [[2018]]: [[Amon Hen 270|''Amon Hen'' 270]]<br />
** "'Linguistic Ghosts'... "<br />
* [[2019]]: ''[[Sub-creating Arda]]''<br />
** "A Mythology for Poland: Andrzej Sapkowski's Witcher Fantasy Series as a Tolkienian Subcreation"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 276|''Amon Hen'' 276]]<br />
** "Darkness Amid the Day: Eclipses in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Amon Hen 279|''Amon Hen'' 279]]<br />
** " ...Butterflies & Moths in the Primary & Secondary Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien "<br />
* [[2023]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 16<br />
** "[https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol16/iss2/7/ Falling Stars: Canonicity and 'Meteor Man' in Amazon Prime Video’s The Rings of Power]"<br />
<br />
===Reviews===<br />
* [[2012]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 9|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 9]]<br />
** ''[[The Ecological Augury in the Works of JRR Tolkien]]''<br />
* [[2021]]: ''[[Journal of Tolkien Research]]'': Volume 12<br />
** ''[[The Science of Middle-earth (2021 book)|The Science of Middle-earth]]'' (2021 book edited by Lehoucq et al.)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/ Kristine Larsen's website]<br />
* [https://www.physics.ccsu.edu/larsen/tolkien.html Kristine Larsen's "The Astronomy of Middle-earth"]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Larsen, Kristine}}<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Society members]]<br />
[[fi:Kristine Larsen]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ABanor&diff=379389Fëanor2023-08-26T03:14:54Z<p>Oromë: IPA was wrong</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Fëanor<br />
| image=[[File:Venlian - Heart of Venlian.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Heart of Venlian" by [[:Category:Images by Venlian|Venlian]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈfɛ.anɔr])}}<br />
| othernames=''[[Curufinwë]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]])<br />''Fëanáro'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]])<br />
| titles=[[King of the Noldor]]<br/>Son of the Þerindë<br/>Lord of the lights<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Tirion]], [[Formenos]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Oath of Fëanor]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Valarin]]<ref>{{VT|39a}}, pp. 7-8</ref><br />
| birth={{YT|1169}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]<br />
| rule={{YT|1495}} – {{YT|1497|n}}<br />
| death={{YT|1497}}<br />
| deathlocation=Slopes of [[Ered Wethrin]]<br />
| age=328 [[Years of the Trees|Y.T.]]/3142 [[Years of the Sun|years]]<br />
| notablefor=Created the [[Silmarils]] and ''[[Palantíri]]''<br/>Invented the [[Tengwar]]<br />
| house=[[House of Finwë]], founded the [[House of Fëanor]]<br />
| parentage=[[Finwë]] & [[Míriel]]<br />
| siblings=[[Findis]], [[Fingolfin]], [[Írimë]], and [[Finarfin]] (half-siblings)<br />
| spouse=[[Nerdanel]]<br />
| children=[[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]], [[Celegorm]], [[Caranthir]], [[Curufin]], [[Amrod]], and [[Amras]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Black<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Sword<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|For Fëanor was made the mightiest in all parts of body and mind: in valour, in endurance, in beauty, in understanding, in skill, in strength and subtlety alike: of all the Children of Ilúvatar, and a bright flame was in him.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Fëanor''' was the eldest and most beloved son of [[Finwë]] and succeeded him to the [[King of the Noldor|Kingship of the Noldor]]. <br />
<br />
Being the greatest of the [[Noldor]], he had the greatest skill of word and hand, was a renowned craftsman, gem-smith, and warrior. His most famous deed was the creation of the [[Silmarils]], whose theft made him lead his people to the [[Exile of the Noldor|exile]]. As the leader of the rebellion, his passionate hatred of [[Morgoth]] and terrible [[Oath of Fëanor|oath]] led directly to the great triumphs and tragedies of the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Life in Tirion ===<br />
Born in {{YT|1169}},<ref>{{MR|P2k}}, p. 101, note 1</ref> Fëanor was the eldest son of [[Finwë]], the first [[King of the Noldor]], and his first wife [[Míriel|Míriel Þerindë]]. He drew so much of Míriel's life energy when he was born that she grew weary of living, and departed to [[Lórien in Valinor|Lórien]], where she voluntarily left her corporeal form and died. Finwë remarried, and had two more sons, Fëanor's half-brothers [[Fingolfin]] and [[Finarfin]],<ref name="Feanor">{{S|Feanor}}</ref> and two daughters, [[Findis]] and [[Írimë]].<ref name="Shibboleth"/><br />
[[File:Ryszard Derdziński - Feanor.jpg|thumb|left|Feanor, deviser of the Tengwar. Art by [[Ryszard Derdziński]]]]<br />
Fëanor's skills began to blossom, and other than a skilled smith, he was a linguist and a [[Lambengolmor|Loremaster]].<ref name=WJ>{{WJ|Quendi}}, pp. 396-8</ref> In {{YT|1250|n}}, he devised the lettering system of [[Tengwar]], improving the work of [[Rúmil (elf of Tirion)|Rúmil]]. He created the ''[[palantíri]]'',<ref name="SIndex">{{S|Index}}, entry "Fëanor"</ref> and also wrought the [[Fëanorian lamps]] in this time.<ref>{{UT|Tuor}}, note 2</ref> He then turned his mind to the study of gems.<ref name="AAsec4">{{MR|P2j}}</ref><br />
<br />
While still in his youth, Fëanor wedded [[Nerdanel]], daughter of [[Mahtan]], a great craftsman,<ref name="Feanor"/> who bore him [[Sons of Fëanor|seven sons]]: [[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]], [[Celegorm]], [[Caranthir]], [[Curufin]], [[Amrod]], and [[Amras]].<ref>{{S|Princes}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{YT|1400|n}},<ref name="AAsec4"/> [[Melkor]], the mightiest of the [[Valar]] and source of evil, deceived the [[Valar]] into thinking that he had repented of his evil ways. Pardoned and residing in [[Valinor]], he undertook to corrupt the [[Noldor]] and succeeded in making them instruments of his malice, particularly Fëanor. But Fëanor greatly mistrusted [[Melkor]], which was part of Melkor's plan.<ref name="Feanor"/><br />
<br />
Inspired by a shadow of foreknowledge, he pondered how the [[light]] of the [[Two Trees]] might be preserved imperishable.<ref name="Silmarils">{{S|Unrest}}</ref> Many thought that this idea came first after seeing the [[Hair of Galadriel]], which was both golden and silver. He admired her hair so much that he requested a tress three times, but [[Galadriel]] refused each time and would not give him even a single strand.<ref>{{UT|6}}, p. 230</ref> Therefore, in {{YT|1449|n}}, Fëanor began, and by {{YT|1450|n}} he had succeeded<ref name="AAsec4"/> in the greatest of his achievements: capturing the light of the Two Trees to make the three [[Silmarils]], also called the Great Jewels. He prized the Silmarils above all else, and displayed them in feasts upon his brow. But later he grew increasingly suspicious that the Valar and other Eldar coveted them, until he jealously guarded them from all except his immediate family.<ref name="Silmarils"></ref><br />
<br />
=== Feud with Fingolfin ===<br />
[[Image:Antti Autio - The Threat of Feanor.jpg|thumb|left|''The Threat of Feanor'' by [[Antti Autio]]]]<br />
[[Melkor]] greatly desired the [[Silmarils]] and his hatred for Fëanor grew, but the Valar still did not know of Melkor's true intentions. Melkor played upon Fëanor's temperament and pride to convince him that his own half-brother [[Fingolfin]] was not only planning to usurp his place as heir to [[Finwë]], but also seize the jewels for himself.<ref name="Silmarils"/> The Noldor then began forging weapons, which at that point no other [[Eldar]] possessed in [[Valinor]]. Fëanor's hostility grew to the point where, in {{YT|1490|n}},<ref name="AAsec4"/> he threatened Fingolfin's life. For this, the Valar exiled him to [[Formenos]]. He took a substantial treasure with him, including the [[Silmarils]], which he stowed in a locked box. In a show of support for his eldest son, Finwë withdrew to Formenos as well.<ref name="Silmarils"/><br />
<br />
The [[Valar]] realized that Melkor was behind Fëanor's actions. They sent [[Tulkas]] to imprison him again, but he could not be found. Melkor was not seen for a long time, until in {{YT|1492|n}},<ref name="AAsec4"/> he unexpectedly showed up at [[Formenos]]. Melkor tried again to manipulate Fëanor, but he went too far, and Fëanor realized that Melkor's true goal was to obtain the Silmarils. He shut the door in Melkor's face. In a rage, Melkor left. When the Valar heard of the incident, they resumed the hunt, but it was apparent that Melkor had fled from Valinor.<ref name="Silmarils"/><br />
<br />
=== Theft of the Silmarils ===<br />
In {{YT|1495|n}},<ref name="AAsec4"/> the Valar sought to reconcile Fëanor and [[Fingolfin]], and to mend the enmity between the Noldor and Valar, and invited them all to Valimar to make peace. Fingolfin offered a hand to his half-brother, recognizing Fëanor's place as the eldest, which he grudgingly accepted.<br />
[[File:Lída Holubová - Feanor and his sons.jpg|thumb|''Feanor and his sons'' by [[:Category:Images by Lída Holubová|Lída Holubová]]]]<br />
Meanwhile, after first feigning to go north, [[Melkor]] had stolen away to [[Avathar]] in the south of [[Aman]] to seek out the evil, spider-like creature [[Ungoliant]]. Even as Fëanor and Fingolfin were reconciled, Ungoliant helped Morgoth destroy the Two Trees, bringing darkness to [[Valinor]].<ref>{{S|Darkening}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Yavanna]] examined the [[Two Trees]] and found them lifeless. The light of the Trees survived only in the [[Silmarils]] and she said that only by their power could she restore the Trees. [[Manwë]] then asked Fëanor to give them up for this purpose but Fëanor emphatically declared that he would not give up his Silmarils of his own free will; if the Valar forced him, he said, they would be no better than Melkor. It was after this that messengers came telling of the raid at [[Formenos]].<br />
<br />
According to the messengers, Melkor, surrounded by an impenetrable black fog, had come to Fëanor's vault in [[Formenos]]. [[Finwë]] fought and lost against Melkor, and was the first to be slain in Valinor. Melkor ransacked the vault, taking many valuable jewels, including the Silmarils. He and Ungoliant escaped by crossing the [[Helcaraxë]], or Grinding Ice, in the north to [[Beleriand]] in Middle-earth.<ref name="Flight">{{S|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Kingship ===<br />
==== Kin-slaying at Alqualondë ====<br />
[[File:Angel Falto - Feanor (The Oath).jpg|thumb|left|''Fëanor (The Oath)'' by [[:Category:Images by Angel Falto|Angel Falto]]]]<br />
<br />
The Valar and Eldar now fully understood the extent of Melkor's treachery. Fëanor, upon learning of his father's murder and the theft of his prized Silmarils, named Melkor "''Morgoth''", or "Black Enemy". Following his father's death, Fëanor claimed the [[King of the Noldor|kingship of the Noldor]] and delivered an impassioned speech, which he unwittingly filled with Morgoth's lies. He rallied the Noldor against the Dark Lord, but because of Morgoth's influence, he also blamed the Valar for Morgoth's deeds. He persuaded most of his people that because the Valar could not protect them, the Noldor must follow him to Middle-earth and fight the Dark Lord. Fëanor then swore the terrible [[Oath of Fëanor]] which all seven of his sons also proclaimed, vowing to fight anyone and everyone—whether Elf, Man, Maia, or Vala—who withheld the Silmarils, and invoking even [[Ilúvatar]] as a witness. This Oath led to much conflict and later caused great tragedy among his seven sons.<br />
<br />
Seeking a way to get to [[Middle-earth]], he went to the shores of Aman, where the seafaring [[Teleri]] lived, and demanded the use of their ships. When the Teleri refused to give or lend their vessels, Fëanor ordered the Noldor to take the ships by force. The Teleri resisted, and a battle broke out, in which many of the Teleri were slain, for they were armed with mere hunting bows, against the fully armed Noldor. Three times the Teleri were able to push back Fëanor until Fingon, leading the host of Fingolfin his father, joined the battle thus overwhelming the Teleri.<br />
<br />
Due to this act, the Valar proclaimed the [[Doom of the Noldor]], in which they prophesied failure for all those who followed the House of Fëanor. Fëanor resolved to go on, and added a further prophetic statement that their deeds would live on in song until the ending of the world. However, those who repented came back with [[Finarfin]], [[Finwë]]'s third son. They were accepted by the Valar, and Finarfin ruled as King of the remaining Noldor in [[Valinor]].<ref name="Flight"/><br />
<br />
==== Exile to Middle-earth and death ====<br />
[[File:NOLANOS - La Quema de las Naves.jpg|thumb|''La Quema de las Naves'' by [[:Category:Images by NOLANOS|NOLANOS]]]]<br />
As the year {{YT|1496|n}} wore on Fëanor led the Noldor northward. By {{YT|1497|n}}, the host had reached the [[Helkaraxë]] and halted.<ref>{{MR|P2m}}</ref> There were not enough ships to carry all of the Noldor across the sea, so Fëanor and his sons seized the ships and departed. Upon arriving at [[Losgar]], the outlet of the Firth of Drengist in the land of [[Lammoth]], in the far west of [[Beleriand]], where Morgoth and Ungoliant had passed not long before, Fëanor decided to burn the ships and leave the followers of Fingolfin behind.<ref name="Flight"/> The earth being flat in those days, the remaining Noldor saw the flames, and perceived that if they were to reach Middle-earth, they had no choice but to cross the Helcaraxë. This they did under the leadership of Fingolfin, and suffered heavy losses along the way, which greatly added to the animosity they had for the [[House of Fëanor]].<ref name="Flight"/><br />
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Death of Feanor.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Death of Feanor'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
Learning of the Noldor's arrival, Morgoth summoned his armies from his fortress of [[Angband]] and attacked Fëanor's encampment in [[Mithrim]]. This battle was called the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]] ("Battle-under-Stars"), for the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] had not yet been made. The Noldor managed to win the battle and disperse Morgoth's armies. Fëanor, still in a great rage, pressed on toward Angband with his sons. He came upon the confines of Dor Daedeloth, but was ambushed by a force of [[Balrogs]], with few elves about him. He fought mightily, hewing his foes, even after receiving several wounds, but was bested by [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], lord of Balrogs. <br />
<br />
His sons came upon the balrogs with a great force of elves, and were able to drive them off. However, as Fëanor was being carried off the battlefield, he knew his wounds were fatal. He was brought to the slopes of the [[Ered Wethrin]] where he saw from afar the peaks of [[Thangorodrim]]. He cursed Morgoth thrice, but with the eyes of death, he knew that the elves, unaided, would never throw down the dark towers. At the moment of his death the passing of his fiery spirit reduced his body to ashes. He was the only person to die this way, for no death like his was ever seen or heard.<ref name="S|Return">{{S|Return}}</ref><br />
<br />
His sons were still bound by the Oath to recover the Silmarils, which would determine many of the events of Middle-earth during the First Age.<br />
<br />
Fëanor's spirit remained in the [[Halls of Mandos]] and would never be reincarnated in [[Arda]].<ref name="S|Return">{{S|Return}}</ref> It is said that he will return for [[Dagor Dagorath]], and will finally reclaim his beloved Silmarils and break them so [[Yavanna]] can use their light to restore the Two Trees.<ref name=Last>{{WJ|Last}}, p. 247</ref><br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
* ''[[Fëanorian lamps]]''<br />
* ''[[Heraldry|Heraldry of Fëanor]]''<br />
* ''[[Palantíri]]''<br />
* ''[[Silima]]''<br />
** ''[[Silmarils]]''<br />
* ''[[Tengwar]]''<br />
** ''[[Quanta Sarmë]]''<br />
<br />
In later days, many devices were attributed to Fëanor, such as the ''[[ñaltalma]]r''. Despite this however, they were also said to be far older.<ref>{{NM|P3xvi}}, pp. 353-4, note 9</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Feanor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Fëanor'' is an unusual combination of [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]: ''[[fëa]]'' ("spirit, soul") + ''[[naur]]'' ("fire").<ref name=Nar>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''[[fëa]]'', ''[[Nár (Quenya)|nár]]''</ref> The name is actually a half [[Sindarized]] version of his Quenya mother-name ''Fëanáro''; the proper [[Sindarin]] form should have been '''''Faenor'''''.<ref name="Shibboleth"/><br />
<br />
The name has changed since early versions of the [[legendarium]], so in the very first concepts, ''Fëanor'' is given as the [[Qenya]] cognate of [[Gnomish]] ''Fionor'' ("Goblet Smith").<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry ''Fionwë-Úrion''</ref> However, [[Tolkien]] used ''Fëanor'' in the narrative of the [[Lost Tales]].<ref>{{LT1|Index}}, entry "Fëanor"</ref> In the [[Noldorin]] phase, ''Fëanor'' is the original name while ''Fëanáro'' is the Qenya cognate. Both meant "Radiant Sun", from [[Primitive Quendian]] ''Phayanâro''.<ref name=Etymologies>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "NAR<sup>1</sup>", "PHAY"</ref><br />
<br />
== Other names ==<br />
When Fëanor was born, he was first called '''''Minyon''''' ("First-begotten").<ref>{{MR|P2h}}, p. 87, note 3</ref> His [[father-name]] was at first the same as his father: ''Finwë'',<ref name="Shibboleth" /> or simply '''''Finwion''''' ("Son of Finwë").<ref>{{MR|P3II3a}}, p. 217</ref> But when he showed his abilities it was enlarged to '''''[[Curufinwë]]''''',<ref name="Shibboleth"/> by adding ''[[curu]]'' ("skill").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''[[curu]]''</ref><br />
<br />
His [[Amilessë|mother-name]] was '''''Fëanáro''''', which translates as "Spirit of Fire",<ref name="Shibboleth">{{PM|Finwe}}</ref> being formed by adding ''[[fëa]]'' ("spirit") and ''[[Nár (Quenya)|nár]]'' ("flame").<ref name=Nar></ref> Fëanor called himself the ''"Son of the Þerindë"''<ref>{{PM|Case}}</ref> after the shifting of “Þ" to "s". After he creation of the Silmarils, he called himself ''"the lord of the lights"''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']], Last paragraph</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Fëanor heraldic device.jpg|right|120px|thumb|Fëanor's device by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | MHT | | MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | |MHT=[[Mahtan]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>| MIR=[[Míriel]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | NRD |~|y|~| FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF | | |NRD=[[Nerdanel]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FEA='''FËANOR'''<br/><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FRF=[[Finarfin]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | MDH | | MAG | | CEL | | CAR | | CUR | | AMD | | AMR |MDH=[[Maedhros]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|587}}''</small>|MAG=[[Maglor]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celegorm]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CAR=[[Caranthir]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CUR=[[Curufin]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|AMD=[[Amrod]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>|AMR=[[Amras]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLB | | | | | | | | |CLB=[[Celebrimbor]]<br/><small>''d. {{SA|1697}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
=== Early legendarium ===<br />
{{stub}}<br />
==== Story of Wéland/Fëanor ====<br />
There exists a compilation of texts called the ''[[Early Runic Documents]]'', contemporary with ''The Book of Lost Tales'', one of which identifies Fëanor with the legendary Germanic smith called [[wikipedia:Wayland the Smith|Wayland]]. That story is placed during the wars of the Elves with [[Melko]].<br />
<br />
In that text, Fëanor was captured by a man called [[Niðad]]<ref group=note>In the text as originally written, ''Niðad'' was a replacement for ''Melko'', and the ''Niaroth'' for ''Orcs''.</ref>, King of the [[Niaroth]]. However, Fëanor killed Niðad's sons<ref group=note>In the original text, Fëanor killed Melko's "captain of orcs", instead of Niðad's sons.</ref> and managed to escape by crafting artificial wings for himself; he also made love to the king's daughter [[Beaduhilde]] and fled with her, but ultimately lost her in the woods.<br />
<br />
Eventually Beaduhilde (who was now pregnant) forgave Fëanor, and in spite of her father's wrath at her pregnancy, she still managed to obtain Niðad's blessing upon her son.<ref>{{PE|15}}, "[[Early Runic Documents]]", ''ER1f: Sixth and seventh pages'', p. 97</ref><br />
For more information, see [[Fëanor#Inspiration|Inspiration]].<br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
[[File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Fëanor's hammer.webp|right|150px|thumb|Fëanor's hammer in [[Celebrimbor|Celebrimbor's]] workshop in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|The Rings of Power]]''.]]<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'', Season One:'''<br />
:'''Episode 2: ''[[Adrift]]'':'''<br />
::As [[Elrond]] enters [[Celebrimbor|Celebrimbor's]] workshop, Celebrimbor points out many artifacts he possesses, including Fëanor's hammer, the very device that Fëanor used to wrought the [[Silmarils]] themselves.<br />
<br />
:'''Episode 8: ''[[Alloyed]]'':'''<br />
::Upon attempting to forge a "crown" of power, Celebrimbor uses Fëanor's hammer over all of his other hammers.<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=noldor<br />
| house=[[House of Finwë]]<br />
| born={{YT|1169}}<br />
| died={{YT|1497}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Seq<br />
| prev=[[Finwë]]<br />
| list=2nd [[King of the Noldor]]<br />
| dates={{YT|1495}} - {{YT|1497|n}} (with [[Fingolfin]])<br />
| next=[[Finarfin]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Feanor}}<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Fëanor| ]]<br />
[[Category:House of Finwë]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Qenya names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Aman]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Feanor]]<br />
[[fi:Fëanor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/feanor]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Category_talk:Computer_scientists&diff=378376Category talk:Computer scientists2023-08-10T20:25:39Z<p>Oromë: /* Needed category? */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>== Needed category? ==<br />
<br />
Do we need such a category? Personal articles here generally exist in relation to Tolkien and Tolkienology (be it artist, linguist, author etc). This capacity isn't important for their presence here, and Tolkien knew no computer scientists in his lifetime. Of course we have a category "Religious workers", but there were priests in Tolkien's environment. [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 18:25, 10 August 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:It may not have any relevance to Tolkien the man, but some careers such as this one are common among Tolkien scholars. I would argue that the category is relevant, not to Tolkien himself, but to Tolkien studies and those who participate in it. [[User:Oromë|Oromë]] ([[User talk:Oromë|talk]]) 20:25, 10 August 2023 (UTC)</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BAmenor&diff=377667Númenor2023-07-29T21:41:41Z<p>Oromë: Attempting to revert the originally intended meaning while making it a bit more clear</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the Mannish realm of the Second Age|island where it was located|[[Elenna]]}}<br />
{{kingdom<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - Numenor.png|275px]]<br />
| name=Númenor<br />
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈnuːmenor]}}<br />
| othernames=Westernesse<br>''Númenórë'', ''Andor'', ''[[Elenna]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br>''Anadûnê'', ''Yôzâyan'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])<br />
| location=In [[Belegaer]], between [[Middle-earth]] and [[Aman]]<br />
| capital=[[Armenelos]]<br />
| towns=[[Andúnië]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Rómenna]], [[Ondosto]], [[Nindamos]]<br />
| regions=[[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]], [[Orrostar]], [[Mittalmar]], [[Emerië]], [[Nísimaldar]]<br />
| population=Primarily [[Númenóreans]] (Few [[Drúedain]] briefly lived on the island)<br />
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Númenórean Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]<br />
| govern1=[[King of Númenor|King]]/[[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Queen]]<br />
| govern2=[[Council of the Sceptre]]<br />
| govern3=<br />
| currency=<br />
| holiday=[[Three Prayers]]:<br />[[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]], [[Eruhantalë]]<br />
| precededby=<br />
| event1=Founded<br />
| event1date={{SA|32}}<br />
| event2=Destroyed<br />
| event2date={{SA|3319}}<br />
| event3=<br />
| event3date=<br />
| event4=<br />
| event4date=<br />
| event5=<br />
| event5date=<br />
| followedby=[[Realms in Exile]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|The Edain came at last over leagues of sea and saw afar the land that was prepared for them, Andor, the Land of Gift, shimmering in a golden haze. Then they went up out of the sea and found a country fair and fruitful, and they were glad.|''[[Akallabêth]]''}}<br />
<br />
'''Númenor''' or '''Númenórë''', known in the [[Westron|Common Speech]] as '''[[Westernesse]]''' and in [[Adûnaic]] as '''[[Anadûnê]]''', was one of the names of the isle of [[Elenna]], which was raised from the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] by the [[Valar]] at the beginning of the [[Second Age]]. While strictly speaking, the term ''Númenor'' referred to the realm established on the island, it was more often used as a synonym for the land itself. Númenor was one of the most powerful realms of the Second Age, and its people, called [[Númenóreans]], as well as their descendants, continued to have considerable influence through the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{main|Elenna}}<br />
The island of Númenor was shaped like a 5-pointed star, each point having its own unique geological and physical features and names: [[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]] and [[Orrostar]].<br />
<br />
The central region was named [[Mittalmar]], and in its centre stood the holy mountain [[Meneltarma]].<br />
<br />
Númenor had only two rivers: [[Siril]] and [[Nunduinë]].<br />
<br />
The Númenóreans built several cities on the island. The capital [[Armenelos]], as well as [[Andúnië]], [[Nindamos]], [[Eldalondë]] and [[Almaida]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Foundation===<br />
[[File:Jef Murray - The Land of Gift.jpg|thumb|''The Land of Gift'' by [[Jef Murray]]]]<br />
{{seealso|Númenóreans#Origins}}<br />
Númenor was the kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]], located on an island in the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], between Middle-earth and [[Aman]]. The land was brought up from the sea by [[Ulmo]] as a gift to the [[Edain]] for their part in the war against [[Morgoth]].<ref name=akallabeth>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> It was also called ''Elenna'' ("Starwards") because the Edain were led to it by the [[Star of Eärendil]], and because the island was in the shape of a five-pointed star. The first ships of the Edain arrived at the island in {{SA|32}}. [[Elros]], son of [[Eärendil]] was the first [[King of Númenor]], taking the name of [[Elros|Tar-Minyatur]] ("First King").<ref name=APSA>{{App|SA}}</ref> The majority of the Edain gradually migrated to the island in the next fifty years<ref>{{PM|V}}, §5</ref> and the [[Drúedain]] refugees who dwelt at the [[Mouths of Sirion]] before the sinking of [[Beleriand]] were permitted to join them.<ref name=Druedain>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Elves of [[Tol Eressëa]] visited the island and brought many gifts, such as birds and plants, and shared their lore and skills with the Men. The descendants of the Edain rose to become a powerful race of Men, the [[Númenóreans]].<ref name=akallabeth/><br />
<br />
===Return to Middle-earth===<br />
The Númenóreans were forbidden by the Valar from sailing so far westward that Númenor was no longer visible, for fear that they would come upon the [[Undying Lands]], from which Men were [[Ban of the Valar|barred]]. They tried to compensate for this by going eastward and they reached the shores of Middle-earth in {{SA|600}}.<ref name=APSA/> They sailed through the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] and arrived in [[Lindon]], where they were welcomed by [[Gil-galad]], and an alliance between Númenor and the [[Elves of Lindon]] was formed.<ref name=UTAE3>{{UT|4}}, Note 3</ref> The Númenóreans made contact with the [[Middle Men|Men of Eriador]] teaching them several crafts. They instructed them and helped free them from the [[Shadow]] which they had been under for centuries.<ref name=akallabeth/><br />
<br />
In {{SA|750}} the [[Guild of Venturers]] was established by [[Aldarion]], son of the king [[Tar-Meneldur]], to facilitate the growing interest in seafaring in Númenor.<ref name>{{UT|4}}, Notes, Chronology</ref> Aldarion built the haven of [[Vinyalondë]], situated in the mouth of the river [[Gwathló]] between great forests to the north and south. The native people of [[Minhiriath]] and [[Enedwaith]] tolerated the Númenórean presence in the area until they began cutting the trees for timber, and hostility grew between the two peoples.<ref name=UTLD>{{UT|6d}}</ref><br />
<br />
===War with Sauron===<br />
{{seealso|War of the Elves and Sauron}}<br />
In {{SA|882}} Tar-Meneldur received a [[Gil-galad's letter|letter]] from Gil-galad warning of a new shadow rising in the East, declaring that a [[Sauron|servant]] of [[Morgoth]] was behind it and asking for aid to defend Eriador when the time came. Tar-Meneldur was disturbed by this letter and in his wisdom resigned the [[Sceptre of Númenor|Sceptre]] to his son, knowing that he had the better understanding of what was transpiring in the [[Great Lands]] due to the many years he spent abroad.<ref name=Wife>{{UT|Wife}}</ref> Tar-Aldarion returned to Middle-earth in earnest to continue his work while Númenor began preparation for war.<ref name=CGC>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><br />
<br />
About {{SA|1200}}, Númenóreans began establishing permanent settlements in Middle-earth.<ref name=APSA/> These settlements were later attacked by raiders sent by Sauron as he drew closer to invading Eriador although they were unable to destroy the havens and forts, their assaults disrupted the Númenórean lumber industry.<ref name=UTLD/><br />
<br />
In {{SA|1695}}, Sauron launched his [[War of the Elves and Sauron|invasion]] of Eriador<ref name=APSA/> and Gil-galad sent word to Númenor for aid. [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a great navy, but was delayed and reached the coasts of Middle-earth in {{SA|1700}}, by which time Eriador was mostly in ruin. The Númenóreans and Elves defeated the forces of Sauron in the [[Battle of the Gwathló]], and Sauron was driven out of Eriador, bringing peace to the [[Westlands]].<ref name=CGC/><br />
<br />
===Shadow over Númenor===<br />
[[File:Tolrone - Numenor (2).jpg|thumb|''Númenor'' by [[:Category:Images by Tolrone|Tolrone]]]]<br />
The might of Númenor was revealed during the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], and soon the Númenóreans became too proud and desired more wealth and power. About {{SA|1800|}} they established dominions on the shores of Middle-earth, becoming a brutal maritime empire that had no rival.<ref name=APSA/> They demanded tribute from the lesser peoples which they had liberated and taught, and now oppressed.<br />
<br />
In Númenor there was growing discontent regarding [[Ban of the Valar]], questioning the [[Gift of Men]] and becoming envious of the immortality of the Eldar. They longed for [[Eldamar]], which they saw only from a distance.<ref name=APNK>{{App|A1i}}</ref> Fearing death, they tried to gain some form of immortality in riches and ornate tombs. This discontent began during the reigns of [[Tar-Ciryatan]] and his son [[Tar-Atanamir]]. it was the latter that started to speak openly against the Valar, and many Númenóreans followed his teachings.<ref name=Line>{{UT|Kings}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Division===<br />
In {{SA|2251}}, during the reign of [[Tar-Ancalimon]], the Men of Númenor were split into two factions. The larger following was called the [[King's Men]], and they followed the king and abandoned the Elven customs and languages. The other was the [[Faithful]], who remained loyal to the Valar and friendly towards the Elves.<ref name=APNK/><br />
<br />
The King's Men fortified Umbar in {{SA|2280}}, and from there they began to dominate [[Harad]] and extend their dominion in the south. Even [[Sauron]] was afraid of them, and retreated from those lands. The Faithful built [[Pelargir]] in {{SA|2350}} and used it as their chief haven.<ref name=APSA/><br />
<br />
In {{SA|2899}} [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took the Sceptre<ref name=APSA/> and became the first king to choose an [[Adûnaic]] title and not one in [[Quenya]].<ref name=Line/> During his reign, the Faithful were persecuted and the Elven-tongue was no longer used or taught in Númenor. Elves seldom sailed to the island then, except in secret.<br />
<br />
The Faithful remained in [[Andúnië]], and the Faithful [[Lords of Andúnië]], because of their noble heritage, still had some gravity in the meetings of nobles. However, in the 32nd century, [[Ar-Gimilzôr]] forced them to relocate to [[Rómenna]], and the haven was closed to the Elven visitors. Many of them would depart to Middle-earth to remain among the Eldar.<ref name=akallabeth/><br />
<br />
===Civil War===<br />
[[File:Matěj Čadil - The Eagles of the lords of the Valar.jpg|left|thumb|''The Eagles of the lords of the Valar'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]<br />
The 24th king, [[Tar-Palantir]], briefly attempted to cast the Shadow back and reunite the people with the Elves and the Valar, but was unable to appease the Valar during his lifetime and no ship came ever again from the west. The Faithful for some time had peace on the island, but the policies of the king were met with opposition by his brother [[Gimilkhâd]], who took leadership of the King's Men. Tar-Palantir prophesied that when the [[Nimloth (tree)|White Tree]] died, the line of Kings would perish also.<ref name=Line/><br />
<br />
Gimilkhâd had a son, [[Pharazôn]], who was a mighty Númenórean lord, spending many years abroad fighting in wars seeking to extend the dominion of Númenor in Middle-earth, and was a renowned captain on land and sea.<ref name=akallabeth/> After hearing the news of his father's death in {{SA|3243}}, Pharazôn returned to Númenor, took leadership of the King's Men, and led a rebellion against his uncle Tar-Palantir.<ref name=APSA/><br />
<br />
When Tar-Palantir died, he had no male heir, only a daughter [[Tar-Míriel]]. She was posed to succeed her father, but Pharazôn usurped the Sceptre and forced her into marriage against her will and against the laws of Númenor, which prohibited first cousins from marrying. He proclaimed himself Ar-Pharazôn the Golden and changed the name of Míriel to Ar-Zimraphel.<ref name=akallabeth/><br />
<br />
===Sauron===<br />
In {{SA|3261}}, [[Ar-Pharazôn]] sailed to Middle-earth to defeat a resurgent Sauron. Seeing the might of Númenor, Sauron willingly submitted to the king's authority, and he was brought back to Númenor as a hostage. By that time, however, the Drúedain of Númenor had sensed a coming darkness and all of them had abandoned the island for Middle-earth.<ref name=Druedain/> Sauron soon became an adviser to the King as Tar-[[Sauron|Mairon]], and promised the Númenóreans would achieve eternal life if they worshipped [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. Under the counsel of Sauron, the Númenóreans became even more warlike, hunting the Men of Middle-earth and enslaving them. Ar-Pharazôn had a five hundred foot temple to Melkor erected, in which the enslaved Men, as well as members of the Faithful were sacrificed.<ref name=akallabeth/><br />
<br />
During this time, the white tree Nimloth the Fair, whose fate was said to be tied to the line of kings, was chopped down and burned as a sacrifice to Melkor. Risking his life, [[Isildur]] rescued a fruit of the tree, preserving the ancient line of trees.<ref name=akallabeth/><br />
<br />
===Destruction===<br />
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Ships_of_the_Faithful.jpg|right|thumb|''The Ships of the Faithful'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
{{main|Downfall of Númenor}}<br />
Prompted by Sauron and fearing death and old age, Ar-Pharazôn built a great armada to make war upon the Valar and seize the Undying Lands. The Valar displayed warnings to the Men of Westernesse in the form of clouds shaped like huge eagles, but they paid no heed to these manifestations.<ref name=akallabeth/> In {{SA|3319}} Ar-Pharazôn landed on the shores of Aman.<ref name=APSA/><br />
<br />
Fearing that the Númenorean army could wreak havoc in [[Valinor]],<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> but forbidden from killing or otherwise using force against Men,<ref>{{L|156}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P4k}}, p. 350</ref> the Valar called upon Ilúvatar for assistance. He broke and changed the world, taking Aman and Tol Eressëa from the world forever, and changing the world's shape from flat to round. The massive fleet was consumed when Ilúvatar opened up a chasm in the sea. Númenor, likewise, was covered by great waves and sank into the abyss, killing its inhabitants, including the body of Sauron who remained behind and now was robbed of his ability to assume fair and charming forms.<ref name=akallabeth/><br />
<br />
[[Elendil]], son of the [[Amandil|leader]] of the Faithful during the reign of Ar-Pharazôn, his sons and his followers had foreseen the disaster that was to befall Númenor, and they had set sail in nine ships before the island fell. They landed in Middle-earth, gathered the Númenórean and indigenous peoples living there, and founded the kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].<ref name=akallabeth/><br />
<br />
After its fall Númenor was called ''Atalantë'', meaning "the Downfallen", in the [[Quenya]] language. Other names after the Downfall include ''Mar-nu-Falmar'' ("Land under the Waves") and ''[[Akallabêth]]'' ("the Downfallen" in Adûnaic).<br />
<br />
The story of the rise and downfall of Númenor is told in ''[[Akallabêth|The Akallabêth]]''.<br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
Númenor was a monarchy. The King held the power of decision over the affairs of the state. However, there was an advisory body, the [[Council of the Sceptre]], which consisted of the Heir of the King and lords from the six regions of Númenor: [[Forostar]] (''Northlands''), [[Andustar]] (''Westlands''), [[Hyarnustar]] (''Southwestlands''), [[Hyarrostar]] (''Southeastlands''), [[Orrostar]] (''Eastlands'') and [[Mittalmar]] (''Inlands'').<br />
<br />
There were two main political parties: Elendili, the [[Faithful]], led by the Lords of Andúnië, always loyal to the Elves. In the later years, they were a small group, oppressed by the opposing [[King's Men]] who rebelled against the Valar and their ban, and set dominions among the Men of Middle-earth and laid heavy tribute upon them. As their number and power increased, the King's Men forced the Elendili to move from [[Andúnië]] to the eastern side of the island, at [[Rómenna]]. [[Pelargir]] was a harbour built where the river [[Sirith]] met [[Anduin]] and it was founded by the Faithful in {{SA|2350}}.<br />
<br />
Respected as a law was the [[Ban of the Valar]], which stated that Númenóreans should never sail West more than the limit of their sight when looking after their shores. As the fear of death filled more and more the hearts of the Númenóreans, they sailed further away from the island, until finally the last king, Ar-Pharazôn, broke the Ban in his attempt to reach [[Tol Eressëa]] out of the false belief that dwelling in Aman granted immortality. <br />
<br />
===Rulership===<br />
{{main|Line of Elros}}<br />
Númenóreans from the [[Line of Elros]] had the right to inherit the [[Sceptre]] and thus become Rulers of Númenor. In total 25 [[King of Númenor|Kings]] and [[Ruling Queen of Númenor|Queens]] ruled Númenor.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}</ref> While the Númenóreans lived around 200 years, for many generations the descendants of Elros had a double life span of 400 years, but their life span decreased after the shadow fell on Númenor.<ref>{{UT|5a}}, note 1</ref><br />
<br />
Of great importance was the [[Law of Succession in Númenor]] which established the heir to the throne. It started as an inherited custom, which gave exclusive rights to the male descendants of Elros.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}, ''The Further Course of the Narrative''</ref> Tar-Aldarion, the sixth ruler of Númenor, only had one daughter and replaced the principle of exclusive male heir with that of eldest progeny, of any gender. in {{SA|1075}} [[Tar-Ancalimë]] became the first ruling queen in the history of Númenor.<ref name=Aldarion>{{UT|Kings}}, entry VI ''Tar-Aldarion''</ref><br />
<br />
Númenórean Kings and Queens influenced their era in various ways:<br />
<br />
*[[Tar-Aldarion]], a great mariner, shipbuilder and explorer of Middle-earth<ref name=Aldarion/> who established the haven of [[Vinyalonde]] <br />
*[[Tar-Ancalimë]], the first Ruling Queen of Númenor who neglected all her father's policies after his death<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry VII ''Tar-Ancalimë''</ref><br />
*[[Tar-Minastir]], sent a fleet that helped the Elves to defeat [[Sauron]]<ref>{{App|SA}}, entry for the year 1700, p. 1083</ref><ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XI ''Tar-Minastir''</ref><ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><ref>{{UT|5a}}, Note 9</ref><ref>{{NM|P3xviii}}, p. 370</ref><br />
*[[Ar-Adûnakhôr]], banned the speaking of Quenya and severed relationships with the Eldar<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XX ''Ar-Adûnakhôr (Tar-Herunúmen)''</ref><br />
*[[Ar-Pharazôn]], last in the line of rulers, whose ursurping of the kingship led directly to the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]]<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXIV ''Tar-Palantir (Ar-Inziladûn), second paragraph''</ref><ref>{{UT|Kings}}, entry XXV ''Ar-Pharazôn (Tar-Calion)''</ref><br />
<br />
===Lords of Andúnië===<br />
{{Main|Lords of Andúnië}}<br />
During the time of princess [[Silmariën]], the law of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture agnatic primogeniture] existed. She could not succeed her father as his eldest child, and her [[Tar-Meneldur|brother]] took up the [[Sceptre]]. In her honour was created the title "[[Lords of Andúnië]]", which was set upon her first son, [[Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Valandil]], and his 18 descendants; the last one was [[Amandil]], father of [[Elendil]]. During the dark times of Númenor, the Lords were renowned for their friendship with the Eldar, and leaders of the [[Elendili]].<br />
The Númenóreans were extremely skilled in arts and craft, with the forging of weapons and armour; although they were a peaceful people, their weapons, armour, and horse-riding skills could not be contested anywhere else in [[Arda]], save by the [[Valar]]. But the Númenóreans were not warmongers; hence, the chief art on the island became that of ship-building and sea-craft. The Númenóreans became great mariners, exploring the world in all directions save for the west, where the [[Ban of the Valar]] was in force. They often travelled to the shores of Middle-earth, teaching the men there crafts, and introducing farming in order to improve their lives.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
[[File:Matěj Čadil - A Royal Wedding in Numenor.jpg|thumb|''A Royal Wedding in Númenor'' by [[Matěj Čadil]]]]<br />
{{main|Númenóreans}}<br />
The fleet of Elros initially brought probably between 5,000 to 10,000 Edain to Númenor. After a migration period that lasted at least 50 years, between 200,000 and 350,000 Edain had emigrated to Númenor. After a thousand years the population seemed to have slightly exceeded 2 million people. The population may have reached 15 million people before the Downfall of Númenor.<ref>{{NM|P3xiii|}}, p. 339</ref> They were known as the Númenóreans, or rather, ''Kings among Men''.<br />
<br />
The population of Númenor chiefly consisted of [[Edain]], mostly descendants from the [[House of Hador]]; however, before the Shadow fell on the island, the westernmost cities such as [[Andúnië]] contained a small population of [[Elves]]{{fact}} because of the frequent visits from Tol Eressëa. <br />
<br />
There were also a small number of [[Drúedain]] living in Númenor, who, considered to be Edain, accompanied their friends of the [[House of Haleth]] to Númenor. They were few in number and dreaded the sea. They became uneasy when [[Tar-Aldarion]] started his great travels and urged him not to go, seeing the mischief to come. They did not succeed in deterring him, and one after another they took ships towards Middle-earth, saying that, "the Great Isle no longer feels sure under our feet, and we wish to return to the lands whence we came". The last of them left when Sauron was brought to Númenor.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Númenor'' is a shortened form of the [[Quenya]] name ''Númenórë'', which can be translated as ''''Westernesse'''' or ''''Westland''''.<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> The name is a compound of [[númen|''nūme-n'']] "going down" (from the [[Sundocarme|root]] √ndū, nū), sunset, West, and [[nóre|''nōre'']] "land, country".<ref>{{L|227}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330024158/http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/lambengolmor/conversations/messages/1144 |articlename=Holograph MS of Letter 227, correcting published etymology of "Númenor" (#1144)|dated=15 December 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=13 June 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
The land most commonly referred to as ''Númenor'' (Westernesse, Westland) had a variety of other names:<br />
*''[[Anadûnê]]'', "Westernesse" in [[Adûnaic]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Anadûnê''</ref><br />
*''[[Andor]]'', "The Land of Gift" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Andor''</ref><br />
*''[[Elenna]]'', "Starwards" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Elenna''</ref><br />
*''Elenna-nórë'', "The land named Starwards" in Quenya.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''* Elenna-nórë''</ref><br />
*''[[Yôzâyan]]'', "The Land of Gift" in Adûnaic.<ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''* Yôzâyan''</ref><br />
*''The Land of the Star''<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Land of the Star''</ref><br />
and after its downfall:<br />
*''[[Akallabêth]]'', "The Downfallen" in Adûnaic.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Akallabêth''</ref><ref>{{UT|Index}}, entry ''Akallabêth''</ref><br />
*''[[Atalantë]]'', "The Downfallen" in Quenya.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Atalantë''</ref><br />
*''[[Mar-nu-Falmar]]'', "The Land under the Waves" in [[Sindarin]].<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Mar-nu-Falmar''</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
Númenor is an alteration of the [[Atlantis]] mythos in Tolkien's legendarium.<ref name=L276>{{L|276}}, sixth paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|227}}, first paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|294}}, twelfth section of the commentary on the draft text</ref> Notably, he referred to a recurring "Atlantis dream" he had.<ref name=L276/><ref>{{L|163}}, fifth paragraph</ref><ref>{{L|257}}, eighth paragraph</ref> The connection is more evident in the name ''[[Atalantë]]'', another epithet of the Island which in [[Quenya]] means "the downfallen" (note that in Greek, ''Atlantis'' is related to [[Wikipedia:Atlas|Atlas]]; therefore ''Atalantë'' has no direct connection. In fact, Tolkien, upon realising the similarity, described it as a "curious chance"<ref>{{L|257|1}}</ref>).<br />
<br />
[[wikipedia:Plato|Plato]], the ancient Greek philosopher, recounted the story of Atlantis. According to him, Atlantis was in the middle of the ocean in the West (cf. [[Belegaer|Great Sea]]), its people were more advanced than those of the known world (cf. [[Kings of Men]]) but were corrupted by arrogance; the continent was destroyed by the gods and survivors created colonies, as in Egypt (cf. [[Realms in Exile]]). Also according to Plato, the centre of Atlantis was occupied by a high mountain-palace (cf. [[Meneltarma]]) around which a city of three circles was built, quite different from the star-shaped island of Númenor. Another element with both common and different points between the two stories is that Númenor sank when the fleet was attacking the West, while Atlantis sank during a sea-battle with the Athenians in the east.<br />
<br />
Some parts of Númenor's history seem to have been inspired not only by Plato but also by researchers and occultists whose theories were widespread during Tolkien's time.<br />
<br />
Ignatius Loyola Donnelly and Edgar Cayce were the most famous authors regarding Atlantis and mentioned events and concepts that Plato never did. One of those "original" elements told by modern authors and mystics was a civil war between two factions of Atlanteans (good and evil)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_race#The_civilization_of_Atlantis</ref> which is similar to the persecution of the [[Elf-friends]] by the [[King's Men]].<br />
<br />
According to those theories, remnants of Atlantean civilization survived by colonists or survivors in Egypt (and in Pre-Columbian America), which mirrors the [[Realms in Exile]] founded by the Faithful. Tolkien once wrote that the Númenóreans of Gondor resembled the love of, and ability to make gigantic and massive constructions and the great interest in ancetry and tombs of the ancient Egyptians.<ref>{{L|211}}, Question 4</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses outside the legendarium==<br />
<br />
[[C.S. Lewis]]' novel ''That Hideous Strength'' makes reference to "Numinor [sic] and the True West", which Lewis credits as a then-unpublished creation of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. This is one of many examples of cross-overs between the novels of Lewis and Tolkien, both of whom were members of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group at [[Oxford University]].<br />
<br />
The world of [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Charn Charn] from Lewis' ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' series bears some similarities with Númenor: both Númenor and Charn were initially ruled by wise and benevolent rulers who later became corrupted, cruel and evil, culminating with their respective final rulers ([[Ar-Pharazôn]] for Númenor; the White Witch [http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Jadis Jadis] for Charn) causing the destruction of both realms.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[King of Númenor]]<br />
* [[Númenóreans]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://sdgeard.customer.netspace.net.au/hccnum.html A History and Complete Chronology of Númenor] - A detailed chronology of Númenor, its successor states and their rulers.<br />
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=38 Article] concerning the position of Numenor.<br />
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[[Category:Islands]]<br />
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[[Category:Quenya locations]]<br />
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[[de:Númenor]]<br />
[[fi:Númenor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/numenor]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Bogans&diff=375557Bogans2023-06-17T20:56:56Z<p>Oromë: Grammar fix</p>
<hr />
<div>'''''Bogans''''' is a 26-minute fan film, written by [[Peter Tait]]. It was released on DVD in [[2003]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Three "[[wikipedia:bogan|Bogans]]", Greg, Ray and Luke, travel across [[New Zealand]] to meet [[Peter Jackson]]. Their goal is to be cast as extras in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]''. <br />
<br />
They first travel to [[Wellington]], where Peter Jackson was shooting the film series. After arriving, they decide to purchase [[The Lord of the Rings|''The Lord of the Rings'']] books because none of them actually know anything about it. When they open the first page, they discover that [[hobbit|Hobbits]] live in holes, which gives them the idea to dig a hole to sleep in. They decided to do this in the yard of Peter Jackson, but later realize that they have the wrong Peter. <br />
<br />
In a strange turn of fate, two of the actors actually ended up in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'': [[Ian Hughes]] played [[Irolas]], and [[Peter Tait]] was [[Shagrat]].<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ian Hughes]] || Ray<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peter Tait]] || Luke<br />
|-<br />
|Paul Glover || Greg<br />
|-<br />
|[[Peter Jackson]] || Himself<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Fan films}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Fan films]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Valar%C3%B3ma&diff=375256Valaróma2023-06-14T04:14:19Z<p>Oromë: Wrong link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Anna Kulisz - Valar - Orome.jpg|thumb|250px|''Valar - Orome'' by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]]]<br />
<br />
The '''Valaróma''' was the horn of the [[Valar|Vala]], [[Oromë]], the Huntsman of the Valar.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Upon first settling in [[Aman]], Oromë would often use Valaróma in the woods of [[Yavanna]] in [[Valinor]] to train his follows against [[Melkor]] and it was said that Valaróma could be heard above all other horns, for its sound was like lightning cleaving the clouds;<ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref> echoing the mountains, and forcing [[shadow]]s to flee, even causing [[Melkor]] to quail in [[Utumno]].<ref>{{S|Days}}</ref><br />
<br />
After Melkor and [[Ungoliant]] [[Darkening of Valinor|killed]] the [[Two Trees]] Oromë tried to blow Valaróma to disperse the [[Unlight|Cloud of Ungoliant]], only to be met with disappointment when the sound faltered and failed him.<ref>{{S|Darkening}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Beleriand]], when the [[Sindar]] heard Valaróma, they knew that once again the hunter was pursuing the servants of [[Morgoth]].<ref>{{S|Sindar}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Valaróma'' is [[Quenya]], and contains ''rom-'' ("horn noise"), same as in ''Oromë''.<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''rom-''</ref> An early name was ''Rombaras''.<ref>{{MR|P1}}, p. 7</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Musical instruments]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya names]]<br />
[[de:Valaróma]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/valaroma]]<br />
[[fi:Valaróma]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Digital_Tolkien_Project&diff=375112Digital Tolkien Project2023-06-12T03:01:25Z<p>Oromë: Some cleanup, but we also need to improve the references</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Digital Tolkien Project''' (often abbreviated as DTP) is a scholarly project focused on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] from both a corpus linguistic and digital humanities perspective. Started and run by [[James Tauber]], the project has collaborated with various Tolkien scholars and is supported by many volunteers. The main and ongoing work at the project is digital markup of Tolkien's work to allow them to be used for computer-assisted analysis. The DTP also works to create a thorough citation scheme that allows specific paragraphs to be cited, and differentiates the words of J.R.R. Tolkien from the commentary of an editor such as [[Christopher Tolkien]]. <br />
<br />
Among the projects of the DTP is the goal to identify the textual variations within the various print editions of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', as well as to trace the development of the legendarium through the various iterations found in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series and allow for easy comparison between versions over time. On the Digital Tolkien Twitter account as well as on the [https://delvings.digitaltolkien.com/ Little Delvings] page, the DTP shares interesting charts and graphs with information about the texts.<br />
<br />
The [https://search.digitaltolkien.com/?terms= '''Search Tolkien'''] feature allows users to find words or strings of words in many of the works and letters of J.R.R. Tolkien. It also shows the relative frequency of the term found in the text. [https://twitter.com/DigitalTolkien/status/1629917821521084417]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://digitaltolkien.com Official website]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Websites]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Pelargir&diff=374963Pelargir2023-06-08T19:37:21Z<p>Oromë: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Pelargir<br />
| image=[[File:Roger Garland - Middle-earth Panorama (Pelargir).jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Middle-earth Panorama" showing Pelargir by [[Roger Garland]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=Southern [[Gondor]] ([[Lebennin]]), on the [[Anduin]]<br />
| type=City<br />
| description=Main harbour of [[Gondor]]<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Gondorians]]<br />
| created={{SA|2350}}<ref name=b1>{{App|B1}}</ref><br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=[[Kin-strife]]<br/>[[War of the Ring]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|At Pelargir the Heir of Isildur will have need of you.|[[Aragorn]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Last Debate]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Pelargir''' was a great city on the river [[Anduin]], and the main harbour of [[Gondor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Pelargir was built in {{SA|2350}} as a haven of the [[Faithful]].<ref name=b1>{{App|B1}}</ref> The [[King's Men]] established havens farther South.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref> It had in its early days been a city only a few miles away from the coasts, but after the [[Downfall of Númenor]] the coasts along the [[Bay of Belfalas]] had retreated a great distance and the city was left far inland.<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref> Pelargir was one of the cities that assembled [[Gondor]] when it was founded in {{SA|3320}} by the Faithful.<ref name=b1/><br />
<br />
It became an even greater haven in the days of the [[Ship-kings]]. [[Tarannon Falastur]] built a great house there, with its roots in the water which he so dearly loved. His wife, [[Berúthiel]], did not, however, and preferred to live in [[Osgiliath]] with her [[Cats of Queen Berúthiel|cats]].<ref name=Cirion>{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> Tarannon's nephew [[Eärnil I]], who succeeded him, rebuilt Pelargir and built a great navy to conquer [[Umbar]].<ref name="Anarion">{{App|Gondor}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Castamir]] was highly loved in the shore regions of the land, and when he usurped the throne, he purposed to move the throne from Osgiliath to Pelargir.<ref name="Anarion"/> Though he did not do so, he did move his base there. [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]] turned the tide in the [[Kin-strife]] at the [[Battle of the Crossings of Erui]] in {{TA|1447}}, and Castamir's family, supporters and ships retreated to Pelargir. Eldacar [[Siege of Pelargir|besieged them by land]] until they were driven out, making their way to Umbar.<ref name="Anarion"/><ref name="tTA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Castamir's great-grandsons [[Angamaitë]] and [[Sangahyando]] eventually retook Pelargir in {{TA|1634|n}}, and slew king [[Minardil]].<ref name="Anarion"/><ref name="tTA"/><br />
<br />
Like his namesake, the great general [[Eärnil II|Eärnil]] took up residence in Pelargir. His Army of the South was stationed there during the [[Wainrider/Balchoth War|long war with the Balchoth]]. News of the [[Disaster of the Morannon]] reached him on [[9 July]] {{TA|1944|n}}, and he set out to [[Battle of the Camp|battle]]. He returned victorious, and with the King and his sons slain, the general (of royal blood) was crowned King Eärnil II.<<ref name=Cirion/><br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], Pelargir was overrun by [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] once again. Their fleet of some fifty great ships and many more smaller vessels laid in dock, ready to sail to [[Harlond (Gondor)|Harlond]]. It was not to be: On [[12 March]]<ref name=great>{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Aragorn]] and the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men of Dunharrow]] struck fear into the men of Umbar, drove the enemy towards Pelargir and [[13 March|the next day]] they followed the enemy there,<ref name=great/> causing them to flee or dive into the river [[Anduin]]. After manning the Black Ships with [[Grey Company|his own troops]], Aragorn lifted the curse that followed the Dead Men since the day of [[Isildur]].<ref name="tLD">{{RK|Debate}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Pelargir'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Garth of Royal Ships".<ref>{{HM|UI}}, p. 535</ref><ref>{{S|Index}}, entry ''Pelargir''</ref> [[Christopher Tolkien]] has noted that the first element derives from the [[Elvish]] element/root ''[[PEL|pel-]]'' ("go round", "encircle").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''pel-''</ref> [[Paul Strack]] suggests that it is a compound of ''[[pêl]]'' ("fenced field") + the prefix ''[[ara|ar(a)-]]'' ("royal", "noble", "high") + [[lenition|lenited]] form of the plural ''cîr'' of ''[[cair]]'' ("ship").<ref name=Eldamo>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-363270689.html|articlename=S. ''Pelargir'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=07 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Letter to Jennifer Brookes-Smith (28 July 1955)|Writing in a letter]] about an impending trip in [[1955]], Tolkien identified Pelargir as [[Wikipedia:Venice|Venice]].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 462</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:Pelargir appears on a map when Gandalf explains the coming of the Black Ships.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Pelargir is one of the settings in which skirmishes can be fought.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Pelargir was built around the meeting of the rivers [[Sirith]] and [[Anduin]], on the eastern border of the Lower [[Lebennin]] area and the Central [[Gondor]] region, west of Upper Lebennin and Eastern Gondor. [[Aragorn]]'s retaking of Pelargir was featured in an Epic Battle and served as the climax of Book 2 of Volume IV. The city's emblem was a blue anchor on a white background, with gold trim. The city was divided into the West-garth, the East-garth, the Market Ward, the Shipwrights' Ward, the Court of the Ship-Kings, and Tol Ciryarani, though the latter was rendered inaccessible by a collapsed bridge by the time Aragorn liberated the city. Argillond, the Harbor of Royal Ships, was partitioned from the rest of the Great River by two sea-gates, one on the east and one on the west.<br />
<br />
:Sirgon was Lord of the city during the [[War of the Ring]], and was captured and spirited away by [[Haradrim]] slavers when the city was captured. Sirgon's son Faltharan and his captain Thandor took command of the city following its liberation. Faltharan managed to rescue his mother and siblings, only to soon discover his brother Lorvegil had betrayed the city to the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]], allowing it to fall. After apprehending Lorvegil, Faltharan discovered and rescued their father at the [[Warning beacons of Gondor|beacon]] Sirthanc in Upper Lebennin.<br />
<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:After surviving the [[Udûn (episode)|eruption]] of [[Orodruin]] and [[The Eye|escaping]] the newly-named [[Mordor]], [[Bronwyn]] informs [[Galadriel]] upon a hilltop that she was planning on leading the surviving [[Pre-Númenóreans|Southlander]] remnant to Pelargir, which she refers to as "''an old [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] colony''".<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Harbours]]<br />
[[Category:Sieges]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]<br />
[[de:Pelargir]]<br />
[[fi:Pelargir]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/pelargir]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8rina_Higgins&diff=370879Sørina Higgins2023-03-23T02:37:01Z<p>Oromë: /* Awards */ Removing double link</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{author infobox<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Sørina Higgins<br />
| born=<br />
| died=<br />
| education=Ph.D. at [[wikipedia:Baylor University|Baylor University]]<br />
| occupation=Editor, preceptor<br />
| location=<br />
| website=[http://www.sorinahiggins.com/ sorinahiggins.com]<br />
|}}<br />
'''Sørina Higgins''' is an editor, teacher, and [[Inklings]] scholar.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://sorinahiggins.wordpress.com/|articlename=Sørina Higgins - Home|dated=|website=sorinahiggins.wordpress.com|accessed=12 March 2023}}</ref> She is a preceptor in the Language and Literature Department of Signum University and editor-in-chief of the university's publishing division, Signum University Press.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://signumuniversity.org/people/sorina-higgins/|articlename=Sørina Higgins|dated=|website=[https://signumuniversity.org/ Signum University]|accessed=12 March 2023}}</ref> In [[2018]], her book ''[[The Inklings and King Arthur]]'' won the Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography <small>(selected)</small>==<br />
===Books===<br />
*[[2017]]: ''[[The Inklings and King Arthur|The Inklings and King Arthur: J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, C. S. Lewis, and Owen Barfield on the Matter of Britain]]'' (editor)<br />
<br />
===Articles===<br />
*[[2014]]: New York C.S. Lewis Society ''Bulletin'' 462<br />
**"Arthurian Geographies in Tolkien, Williams and Lewis."<br />
*2017: ''The Inklings and King Arthur: J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, C. S. Lewis, and Owen Barfield on the Matter of Britain''<br />
**"The Matter of Logres: Arthuriana and the Inklings"<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[2018]]: [[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]], Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, ''The Inklings and King Arthur: J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, C. S. Lewis, and Owen Barfield on the Matter of Britain'' <br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.sorinahiggins.com/ Official website]<br />
* [https://sorinahiggins.academia.edu/ Sørina Higgins at Academia.edu]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Higgins, Sørina}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Editors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tolkien_Studies_(journal)&diff=370878Tolkien Studies (journal)2023-03-23T02:34:22Z<p>Oromë: Italics</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the annual journal|field of study|[[Tolkien studies]]}}<br />
{{journal<br />
| name=Tolkien Studies:<br><Small>An Annual Scholarly Review</small><br />
| image=[[Image:Tolkien Studies - Volume 2.jpg|275px]]<br />
| editor=[[Douglas A. Anderson]], [[Michael D.C. Drout]], [[Verlyn Flieger]], and [[David Bratman]]<br />
| latest=[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 19|Volume 19]]<br />
| website=[https://wvupressonline.com/journals/tolkien_studies Tolkien Studies]<br />
| publisher=West Virginia University<br />
| frequency=Annual<br />
| format=Hardcover; electronic<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|What else can one say? The reviews are full, numerous, by respected hands, and informative. . . . another magisterial addition to the growing corpus of Tolkienian scholarship.|[[David Doughan]], ''[[Mallorn]]''}}<br />
<br />
'''''Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review''''' is an annual journal of scholarship on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and his works. Since the publication of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' in [[1937]], the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien have been admired throughout the world. With the publication in the 1950s of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien's fantasy writing began to attract academic attention in both the classroom and the world of scholarship. Most recently, [[Peter Jackson]]'s three-part movie adaptation has added film-study scholars to those fascinated by Tolkien's work.<br />
<br />
It presents the growing body of critical commentary and scholarship on both J. R. R. Tolkien’s voluminous fiction and his academic work in literary and linguistic fields. The founding editors — [[Douglas A. Anderson]], [[Michael D.C. Drout]], and [[Verlyn Flieger]] — and the members of the editorial board — [[David Bratman]], [[Carl F. Hostetter]], [[Tom Shippey]], [[Richard C. West]], and [[Marjorie Burns]] — are all distinguished Tolkien scholars.<br />
<br />
Printed issues of recent years can be purchased via the official website, while all back issues (from 2004) are available for access and purchase in digital formats.<br />
<br />
==Volumes==<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 1]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 3]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 6]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 8]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 9]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 10]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 11]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 12]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 13]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 14]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 15]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 16]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 17]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 18]]<br />
* [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 19]]<br />
** [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 19 Supplement|Volume 19 Supplement]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://wvupressonline.com/journals/tolkien_studies The official website]<br />
*[https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/299 List of issues] at Project Muse<br />
{{publishedmajorbooks}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Journals]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Studies| ]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Douglas_A._Anderson&diff=370877Douglas A. Anderson2023-03-23T02:33:40Z<p>Oromë: Minor formatting, added Awards section like we have for other academics, removed dead external link</p>
<hr />
<div>{{author infobox<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Douglas A. Anderson<br />
| born=[[1959]]<br />
| died=<br />
| education=<br />
| occupation=Author<br />
| location=Michigan, USA<br />
| website=<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
'''Douglas Allen Anderson''' (born [[30 December]] [[1959]] in Valparaiso, Indiana<ref>[https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?11127 Summary Bibliography: Douglas A. Anderson] at the [https://www.isfdb.org/ Internet Speculative Fiction Database](accessed 22 March 2023)</ref>) is an American independent scholar who has authored and edited various books relating to the works of Tolkien.<br />
<br />
Anderson assisted [[Humphrey Carpenter]] during the process of editing [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]].<ref name=interview> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZZg-n3ARPI&lc=UgxzxlNJo3dqpq1uHVV4AaABAg&ab_channel=TolkienTalk| Interview with Douglas A. Anderson] on [https://www.youtube.com/ Youtube](accessed 21 March 2023)</ref> In [[1988]], he edited ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]'', which won the [[Mythopoeic Society| Mythopeic Scholarship Award in Inklings Studies]] in [[1990]].<ref>[https://www.mythsoc.org/awards/awards-winners.htm Complete list of Mythopoeic Awards winners] on https://www.mythsoc.org/ (accessed 21 March 2023)</ref> A revised and expanded edition was published in [[2002]]. He is currently working on a third edition.<ref name=interview /> With [[Michael D.C. Drout]] and [[Verlyn Flieger]], Anderson was co-editor for volumes one through eight of ''[[Tolkien Studies (journal)|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review]]''. He is a member of the Board of Academic Advisors for [[Walking Tree Publishers]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.walking-tree.org/board_of_advisors.php|articlename=Walking Tree Publishers Board of Advisors|dated=|website=[http://www.walking-tree.org/ Walking Tree Publihers]|accessed=21 January 2012}}</ref> Anderson is also a guest lecturer at [[Signum University]].<ref> [https://signumuniversity.org/people/douglas-anderson/ Douglas A. Anderson] at https://signumuniversity.org (accessed 21 March 2023)</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography, selected==<br />
===Books===<br />
*[[1988]]: ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]''<br />
*[[1993]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]'' (with [[Wayne G. Hammond]]) <br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]: Revised and Expanded Edition''<br />
*[[2003]]: ''[[Tales Before Tolkien]]: The Roots of Modern Fantasy''<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[Seekers of Dreams]]: Masterpieces of Fantasy''<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Tolkien On Fairy-stories]]'' (with [[Verlyn Flieger]])<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tales Before Narnia|Tales Before Narnia: The Roots of Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''<br />
<br />
===Journals, editor===<br />
*[[2004]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 1|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Volume 1]]'' (co-editor)<br />
*[[2005]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Volume 2]]'' (co-editor)<br />
*[[2006]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 3|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Volume 3]]'' (co-editor)<br />
*[[2007]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Volume 4]]'' (co-editor)<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Volume 5]]'' (co-editor)<br />
*[[2009]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 6|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Volume 6]]'' (co-editor)<br />
*[[2010]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Volume 7]]'' (co-editor)<br />
*[[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 8|Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review, Volume 8]]'' (co-editor)<br />
<br />
===Articles and contributions===<br />
*[[1981]]: [[Mallorn 16|''Mallorn'' 16]]<br />
** "A Look at the Marquette Archives"<br />
** "''The Marring of the Moon''"<br />
*[[1987]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' ([[Houghton Mifflin]])<br />
**"Note on the Text"<br />
*1994[?]: ''[[The Hobbit]]''<br />
**"Note on the Text"<br />
*[[1996]]: ''[[The Marvellous Land of Snergs]]''<br />
**"Introduction"<br />
*[[2001]]: ''[[Meditations on Middle-earth]]''<br />
**"Tolkien After All These Years"<br />
*[[2002]]: ''[[Tolkien the Medievalist]]''<br />
**"'An Industrious Little Devil': E.V. Gordon as Friend and Collaborator with Tolkien'<br />
*[[2004]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 1|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 1]]<br />
**"J.R.R. Tolkien, A Checklist" (with [[Tom Shippey]])<br />
*[[2005]]: [[Tolkien Studies: Volume 2|''Tolkien Studies'': Volume 2]]<br />
**"J.R.R. Tolkien and W. Rhys Roberts's 'Gerald of Wales on the Survival of Welsh'"<br />
*[[2013]]: [[Mythlore 123|''Mythlore'' 123]]<br />
**"Fairy Elements in British Literary Writings in the Decade Following the Cottingley Fairy Photographs Episode"<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[1988]]: [[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]], Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, ''The Annotated Hobbit'' <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://tolkienandfantasy.blogspot.com/ Douglas A. Anderson's blog on "Tolkien and Fantasy"]<br />
*{{WP|Douglas A. Anderson}}<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZZg-n3ARPI&lc=UgxzxlNJo3dqpq1uHVV4AaABAg&ab_channel=TolkienTalk| Interview with Douglas A. Anderson]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Douglas A.}}<br />
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[[Category:American people]]<br />
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[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]<br />
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[[de:Douglas A. Anderson]]<br />
[[fi:Douglas A. Anderson]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:MallornTea&diff=370868User talk:MallornTea2023-03-23T01:41:09Z<p>Oromë: /* Referencing */ new section</p>
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== Referencing ==<br />
<br />
Hello and welcome to TG! I just wanted to pass along some information about referencing, specifically about the [[Douglas A. Anderson]] article. First, we can't use Wikipedia as a reference since it is itself a wiki. However, we could possibly see what source they used and also use it in our article. Also, one minor detail is that the reference should actually be placed after the period of the sentence. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] ([[User talk:Oromë|talk]]) 01:41, 23 March 2023 (UTC)</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Help:Editing&diff=370812Help:Editing2023-03-21T16:38:36Z<p>Oromë: Undo revision 361033 by 172.70.100.28 (talk) Just noticed this vandalism/mistake</p>
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[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000453/ IMDb]<br /><br />
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<tt><nowiki>[[File:Parma.gif|thumb|The Tengwa Parma]]</nowiki></tt><br />
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[[Category:Help]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Lungorthin&diff=370689Lungorthin2023-03-19T18:28:13Z<p>Oromë: Reverting last two edits. Not only are there no sources, but quotes were added with altered text. It does not actually say this in TBoLT.</p>
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<div>{{evil infobox<br />
| name=Lungorthin<br />
| image=[[File:Anastasiya Cemetery - Lungorthin.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Lungorthin" by [[:Category:Images by Anastasiya Cemetery|Anastasiya Cemetery]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=Lord of [[Balrogs]]<br />
| position=Balrog lord<br />
| location=[[Angband]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]<br />
| language=<br />
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Balrogs]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Whistling Whips<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|But Lungorthin Lord of Balrogs<br>on the mouth smote him, and Morgoth smiled:<br>‘Nay, fear when thou feelest, when the flames lick thee.<br>and the whistling whips thy white body<br>and wilting flesh weal and torture!’|''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'', ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', Lines 96-100}}<br />
<br />
'''Lungorthin''' was a Lord of [[Balrogs]] in an early stage of ''[[The Silmarillion]]''. He is not mentioned in the later ''Silmarillion'', or the published ''Simarillion''.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Lungorthin is mentioned only once, in ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]''; after [[Húrin]] was captured by [[Morgoth]], Lungorthin smote him on the mouth.<ref>{{LB|1}}, pp. 98, 102-3</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
According to [[Christopher Tolkien]], it is likely that Lungorthin is not another name for [[Gothmog]], as the name Gothmog was mentioned in the earliest Middle-earth writings, as well as the final version of Tolkien's mythology.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The ''thane of Morgoth'' who smote him on the mouth (version I, 59) now becomes ''Lungorthin'', ''Lord of Balrogs'' (96)——which is probably to be interpreted as ‘a Balrog lord’, since Gothmog, reappears in the ‘Silmarillion’ tradition.|''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'', ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher Tolkien’s]] ''Commentary on Part I of the second version''}}<br />
<br />
The name '''''Lungorthin''''' is in [[Noldorin]], according to ''[[Eldamo]]'', but its meaning is unclear. [[LUNG]] in [[Sindarin]] means “Heavy.” [[GAR]] means “fenced.” [[or]] means “above.”<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3398493419.html|articlename=ᴱN. ''Lungorthin'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=24 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
In Tolkien's first version of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', ''[[Túrin son of Húrin & Glorund the Dragon]]'', "Lungorthin, Lord of Balrogs" had no name and race, being referred to instead as an unknown ''thane of Morgoth'' who smote Húrin on the mouth.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Balrogs]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]<br />
[[de:Lungorthin]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/maiar/balrogs/lungorthin]]<br />
[[fi:Lungorthin]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Balrogs&diff=370688Balrogs2023-03-19T18:21:21Z<p>Oromë: Reverting most of the last two edits. Too many things that don't come from the text.</p>
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<div>{{disambig-more|Balrog|[[Balrog (disambiguation)]]}}{{people infobox<br />
| name=Balrogs<br />
| image=[[File:Thomas Rouillard - Valaraukar.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Valaraukar" by [[:Category:Images by Thomas Rouillard|Thomas Rouillard]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Valaraukar'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| origin=[[Creation of the Ainur]]<br />
| location=Primarily [[Angband]],<br>[[Moria]] ([[Durin's Bane]])<br />
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]]<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=<br />
| members=[[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], [[Durin's Bane]], [[Lungorthin]]<br />
| lifespan=Immortal<br />
| distinctions=Man-like, surrounded by shadow and fire, covered in smoke<br />''(cf. [[Balrogs/Wings]])''<br />
| height=Twice the height of a man<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Whips, swords, axes<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|... in Utumno he gathered his demons about him, those spirits who first adhered to him in the days of his splendour, and became most like him in his corruption: their hearts were of fire, but they were cloaked in darkness, and terror went before them; they had whips of flame.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor]]"}}<br />
The '''Balrogs''', or '''Balrogath''' ("Balrog-kind") were [[Maiar]] corrupted by [[Morgoth]] during the creation of [[Arda]], who cloaked themselves in shadow and flame and carried whips and swords. Famed Balrogs include [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], slain by [[Ecthelion]], and [[Durin's Bane]], slain by [[Gandalf]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Balrogs, also called [[Valaraukar]], were originally [[Ainur]] created by [[Ilúvatar]], probably those who joined [[Melkor]] during his discordance in the [[Music of the Ainur]]. After entering into [[Eä]], they were [[Maiar]], lesser spirits at the service of the [[Valar]].<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|...of the Maiar many were drawn to [Melkor's] splendour in the days of his greatness, and remained in that allegiance down into his darkness; and others he corrupted afterwards to his service with lies and treacherous gifts. Dreadful among these spirits were the Valaraukar, the scourges of fire that in Middle-earth were called the Balrogs, demons of terror.|''[[Valaquenta]]'': Of the Enemies}}<br />
<br />
They took the [[Fana|forms]] of demons with hearts of fire and whips of flame. Melkor gathered them about him after the fall of the [[Two Lamps]] and they dwelt in [[Utumno]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref> When this fortress was destroyed by the [[Valar]], they fled to the west and hid in the pits of [[Angband]], awaiting their master's return.<ref name=Return>{{S|9}}</ref><br />
<br />
When [[Morgoth]] and [[Ungoliant]] escaped from [[Valinor]] many years later with the [[Silmarils]], the Balrogs were still awaiting their master in Angband. After Ungoliant threatened Morgoth, his cry was heard by them. Then the Balrogs issued from their hiding-place and traveled to [[Lammoth]] like a tempest of fire. With their whips they destroyed Ungoliant's webs and made her take flight.<ref name=Return>{{S|9}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Balrogs were first encountered by the Elves during the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]] ("Battle under the Stars") before the [[First Age]] began. After the victory of the [[Noldor|Noldorin Elves]] over Morgoth's forces, the Elf Lord [[Fëanor]] pressed on towards [[Angband]], but the Balrogs came up against him. He was surrounded and fought long against them before being mortally wounded by [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], Lord of the Balrogs. Though Fëanor's sons fought off the demons of fire, Fëanor died of his wounds soon after.<ref>{{S|13}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Wars of Beleriand]], Morgoth only came out of Angband on [[Fall of Fingolfin|one occasion]]. Instead, he sent the Balrogs to fight and lead in battle. Two of them were killed in the [[Fall of Gondolin]]: Gothmog by [[Ecthelion]], and another by [[Glorfindel]].<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the [[War of Wrath]], some Balrogs escaped the destruction of [[Beleriand]] and hid deep underground, in inaccessible places at the roots of the earth. <ref group=note>At the height of his power, Morgoth's successor, Sauron was said to have reigned over all foul things, possibly even some of the surviving Balrogs.</ref>Only one Balrog appears after the defeating of [[Morgoth]]: In the Third Age the [[Dwarves]] of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] unwittingly released the Balrog, afterwards known as [[Durin's Bane]], while mining for ''[[mithril]]'' and were driven out of Moria by the creature.<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref> Encountered by the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], it was faced by [[Gandalf]] and the two Maiar slew one another.<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Balrog.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Balrog'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Demon of Might", from [[root]] ''[[BAL]]'' ("power") + ''[[raug]]/[[rog]]'' ("demon").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''rauko'', ''val''</ref> The [[Quenya]] form is '''''[[Valarauko]]''''' (plural ''Valaraukar'')<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 48</ref>.<br />
<br />
In the earlier ''[[The Etymologies|Etymologies]]'', the word ''Balrog'' was derived from ''ñgwalaraukô'',<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "[[RUK]]"</ref> but this is inconsistent with Quenya ''Valarauko''.<br />
<br />
A list of [[Old English]] equivalents of [[Elvish]] words, glosses ''Balrog'' as having the equivalent ''Bealuwearg'' and ''Bealubroga''. As noted by [[Christopher Tolkien]], the Old English word contains the elements ''bealu'' ("evil"; as in ''bale(ful)'') and ''wearg'' ("wolf, outlaw") or ''broga'' ("terror").<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 209</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
The Balrogs were originally envisioned as being immense in number:<br />
{{blockquote|The early conception of Balrogs makes them less terrible, and certainly more destructible, than they afterwards became: they existed in 'hundreds' (p. 170), and were slain by [[Tuor]] and the [[Gondothlim]] in large numbers: "thus five fell before Tuor's great axe [[Dramborleg]], three before [[Ecthelion]]'s sword, and two score were slain by the warriors of the king's house.|''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', commentary by Christopher Tolkien on "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]"}}<br />
{{blockquote|There came wolves and serpents and there came Balrogs one thousand, and there came Glomund the Father of Dragons.|''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', ''Quenta Silmarillion'', Chapter 16, §15}}<br />
<br />
As the [[legendarium]] became more formidable and internally consistent, and the Balrogs more terrible, this number was much reduced. In the end Tolkien stated that there were probably "at most" seven Balrogs:<br />
{{blockquote|In the margin my father wrote: 'There should not be supposed more than say 3 or at most 7 ever existed.'|''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'', Section 2 (AAm*): note 50}}<br />
<br />
It should, however, be noted that these texts postdate the published ''The Lord of the Rings'', but predate the materials from which the published ''The Silmarillion'' was drawn. The exact number of Balrogs is therefore very uncertain, but Tolkien's note above seems to have been his final word.<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Balrogs in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Balrog.jpg|Durin's Bane in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Balrog.jpg|Durin's Bane in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
|File:Thaurlach.jpg|The Balrog Thaurlach from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Shadow of War - Tar Goroth.jpg|The Balrog Tar Goroth from ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]''<br />
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Durin's Bane.png|Durin's Bane in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|The Rings of Power]]'' series <br />
}}<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Balrog has wings and appears capable of limited flight. The head resembles a lion but the rest of the body was rendered in matte black, a technique commonly used for shadowy surreal effect in rotoscope animation.<br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Durin's Bane has wings. [[Peter Jackson|Jackson]]'s Demon of Might was indistinct, a real blend of shadow and fire. Only its horned head, cloven feet, and clawed hands could clearly be seen.<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:The Balrog has, once again, wings. The fight sequence, in which the player is Gandalf, takes considerably longer: only after a short fight on the bridge does Gandalf let it collapse. <br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''<br />
:The chase up the [[Endless Stair]] and the slime Balrog were omitted due to budget constraints.{{fact}} However, part of Gandalf's battle with the Balrog is shown at the beginning of the film, and the fight atop Zirak-Zigil is seen in a flashback after Gandalf's return.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra's The War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:The Balrog is the most powerful magical power available to Servants of Sauron. They have horns and wings.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age]]'':'''<br />
:The players assist Gandalf in his fight with the Balrog.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:The Balrog is the most powerful magical power available to both Mordor and Isengard faction. Visual appearance follows the movie version.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike the original game, The Balrog is not available to Isengard faction, but only to Mordor and the new Goblin factions.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Besides [[Durin's Bane]], the game also features another Balrog: named Thaurlach, he can be found in the [[Rift of Nûrz Ghâshu]], where [[Angmar]] meets [[Misty Mountains]]. He fled there are the breaking of [[Thangorodrim]], but was followed by an elf-maiden Glathlírel who was determined to end him. The Balrog eluded her for millennia, until she was able to face him in combat and defeat him. Rather than kill the Balrog, the two Blue Wizards decided to imprison him in the Rift, so that he could await his judgment at the end of days. However, by the end of the Third Age his chains were loosening and a band of players was sent to defeat the weakened Balrog - something, that as Gandalf remarked, should have been done ages ago.<br />
<br />
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''<br />
:The Balrog is one of the "heroes" available to Servants of Sauron during evil campaign. Appearance reflects the movie version.<br />
<br />
'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''<br />
:The game also features another Balrog: named Tar Goroth, who must be killed to complete a specific side-quest, has wings and is able to leap over large distances without flying.<br />
<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:'''23 September: ''[[Partings]]'':'''<br />
::In the [[The Song of the Roots of Hithaeglir|obscure apocryphal myth]] that the [[Gil-galad|High King Gil-galad]] compels [[Elrond]] to recount, the Balrog depicted within the visual representation of the story has distintive wings covered by smoke.<br />
:'''7 October: ''[[The Eye]]'':'''<br />
::When [[Durin III|King Durin III]] throws an orange leaf of the [[Great Tree (The Rings of Power)|Great Tree]] in [[Lindon]] down the [[Mithril]] mine shaft before ordering the mine to be sealed up, the leaf fell to the very depths of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] beneath the Mithril vein. As the leaf lands, it catches on fire due to being in close proximity to the Balrog later known as Durin's Bane. Upon being disturbed, the Balrog roars. Whether this roar was out of anger or annoyance is not known.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Balrogs/Wings]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* Conrad Dunkerson, ''[http://tolkien.slimy.com/essays/TAB.html The Truth About Balrogs]''<br />
* GeekZone LOTR Youtube Channel ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnoq5SbNEHQ What were the Balrogs of Morgoth?]''<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
<br />
{{ainur}}<br />
[[Category:Balrogs]]<br />
[[Category:Fays]]<br />
[[Category:Maiar]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]<br />
[[de:Balrog]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:ainur:maiar:balrogs]]<br />
[[fi:Balrogit]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Glorfindel&diff=370685Glorfindel2023-03-19T18:14:26Z<p>Oromë: Reverting multiple edits. All of this about Lungorthin is not from the text and the editor even altered quotes from The Book of Lost Tales. Please check the sources next time.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Glorfindel<br />
| image=[[File:Venlian - Glorfindel Before the Storm.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Glorfindel Before the Storm" by [[:Category:Images by Venlian|Venlian]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ɡlorˈfindel]}}<br />
| othernames=''Laurefindelë'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=Chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]]<br />
| location=[[Aman]]</br>''Presumably'' [[Nevrast]]</br>[[Gondolin]]</br>[[Rivendell]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Quenya]]</br>[[Sindarin]]</br>[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=During [[Years of the Trees]]<br />
| birthlocation=[[Aman]]<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{FA|510}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Gondolin]]</br>Subsequently re-embodied before {{FA|590}},<ref name="PoME-LW"/>{{rp|381}} and sent back to [[Middle-earth]] in c. {{SA|1600}}<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of the Golden Flower]]<br />
| parentage=Unknown (a kinsman of [[Turgon]])<ref name="PoME-LW"/>{{rp|380}}<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Long golden<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=[[Asfaloth]]<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Glorfindel was tall and straight; his hair was of shining gold, his face fair and young and fearless and full of joy; his eyes were bright and keen, and his voice like music; on his brow sat wisdom, and in his hand was strength.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Many Meetings]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Glorfindel''' was one of the mightiest [[Elves]] of [[Middle-earth]]. During the [[First Age]], he was the lord of the [[House of the Golden Flower]] of [[Gondolin]], and died fighting a [[Balrog]]. After his re-embodiment, he was allowed to come back to Middle-earth in the [[Second Age]], acting as an emissary of the [[Valar]], on a similar mission to the [[Wizards|Istari]] who were to come several years later.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Early history ===<br />
Glorfindel was born in [[Valinor]] sometime during the [[Years of the Trees]]. During the [[Exile of the Noldor]], he was of the host of [[Turgon]]. Glorfindel himself was reluctant; only for his allegiance and kinship with Turgon did he go, and had no part in the [[Kinslaying of Alqualondë]].<ref name="PoME-LW">{{PM|Last}}, "Glorfindel I & II"</ref>{{rp|380}}<br />
<br />
=== Life in Gondolin ===<br />
After the Return of the Noldor to [[Middle-earth]], Glorfindel's history is obscure. As a great follower of Turgon he was appointed chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]], one of the [[Twelve houses of the Gondothlim|noble houses]] of [[Gondolin]]. He was dearly loved by all the [[Gondolindrim]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Glorfindel and Ecthelion.jpg|thumb|left|''Glorfindel and Ecthelion'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
He followed [[Turgon]] who surprisingly came to fight in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. When the war turned against the [[Union of Maedhros|alliance]], Turgon's and [[Fingon]]'s forces retreated to the [[Pass of Sirion]] with Glorfindel and [[Ecthelion]] guarding their flanks.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Glorfindel's Bane.jpg|thumb|right|''Glorfindel's Bane'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
In the year {{FA|510}},<ref>{{WJ|Years}}, p. 351</ref> [[Morgoth]] attacked the city, and of the deeds of the chieftains of Gondolin during the siege little is told in the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', but the own text explains that much more is told in ''[[#Other versions of the legendarium|The Fall of Gondolin]]''. Glorfindel managed to escape the [[Fall of Gondolin]] with the [[Exiles of Gondolin|Exiles]], and after crossing [[Tumladen]] they reached the [[Cirith Thoronath]], a narrow pass between the mountains. There the survivors were attacked by an ambush of [[Orcs]] led by a [[Balrog]]. The [[Eagles]] came to help them, but Glorfindel fought the Balrog alone upon the pinnacle of a rock. Both died after falling in the abyss, and their duel is sung of by many songs. [[Thorondor]] rescued Glorfindel's body, and a cairn was raised, which remained there, covered by grass and yellow flowers, [[War of Wrath|until the world changed]].<ref>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Re-embodiment and return ===<br />
Glorfindel's spirit passed to the [[Halls of Waiting]], where he waited with the spirits of the other Noldor who had died during their war against [[Morgoth]]. But because of Glorfindel's noble actions in life, his reluctance at the Exile, and his furthering of the purposes of the Valar by saving Tuor and Idril, Manwë allowed his re-embodiment after only a short time. Being already an Elda of great corporal and spiritual stature, in his new incarnated life his spiritual power was enhanced by his self-sacrifice. He lived in Valinor for many years in company of Eldar and [[Maiar]], and these spirits considered him an equal, as he was an incarnate. At some point, he became a follower of [[Olórin]], a Maia with special concern for Middle-earth.<ref name="PoME-LW"></ref>{{rp|380-381}}<br />
<br />
Eventually, [[Manwë]] sent him across the [[Belegaer|sea]] to [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Second Age]]. He possibly came as early as {{SA|1200}}, but more likely in {{SA|1600}},<ref name="PoME-LW"></ref>{{rp|381-382}} at the same time as the [[Blue Wizards]].<ref>{{PM|XIII}}, "The Five Wizards", p. 384</ref> If he arrived in S.A. 1600, he arrived just after [[the One Ring]] had been forged, [[Barad-dûr]] built, and [[Celebrimbor]] dead or soon to be so. While the Blue Wizards were sent to the east, Glorfindel's mission was to aid [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] in the struggle against [[Sauron]].<ref name="PoME-LW" />{{rp|382}} He may have played a prominent behind-the-scenes role in the war in [[Eriador]] and the other struggles of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]]. His part, though great, was mostly overlooked by the histories, because his immense, angelic power was not usually displayed openly.<br />
<br />
=== Third Age ===<br />
Over time, as the few remaining great Elves of Middle-earth took ship to Aman or fell one by one, only [[Galadriel]], [[Celeborn]], [[Elrond]], and [[Círdan]] were left of the Wise. Glorfindel took a more active role, leading the Elven forces in the [[Battle of Fornost]]. Upon the humiliation of [[Eärnur]] before the [[Witch-king]], Glorfindel bade him not pursue, and prophesied that the wraith would not fall by the hand of man.<ref>{{App|A1iv}}</ref> Not much can be said about his deeds and role in the events and struggles of the [[Westlands]] before the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
[[File:Anke Eißmann - Glorfindel.jpg|thumb|''Glorfindel'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]<br />
During the War, he was one of the elves dispatched from [[Rivendell]] by Elrond to search for the [[Ring-bearer]]. Elrond had chosen him partially because Glorfindel did not fear the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], as he had great presence in both the [[Seen]] and [[Unseen]] worlds. While on his perilous mission the Ringwraiths avoided him; he met five of them, and they fled at his presence. It was Glorfindel indeed who accomplished his mission and found the Ringbearer, [[Frodo Baggins]], and his friend [[Aragorn]] with him. Glorfindel put Frodo on his horse, [[Asfaloth]], and upon the approach of the Ringwraiths ordered him to go on. The white horse bore Frodo to safety across the [[Ford of Bruinen]], but Frodo, in a rash act of attempted heroism, turned around at the other side and defied the Nine. Glorfindel, expecting the flood that protected Rivendell to come down and smite the riders, revealed his power to the Riders, and drove them (willingly or not) into the River, where they were swept away by the ensuing waters.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
After this adventure, he helped bear Frodo to Rivendell, where the wounded Ringbearer was tended to. Glorfindel attended the [[Council of Elrond]], playing an active role in the conversation, speaking prophetically of [[Tom Bombadil]] and other matters with authority. Glorfindel stood beside Elrond and Gandalf as the backbone of the Council, laying out clearly their options. At first Glorfindel suggested that the Ring would be safe in the depths of the Sea, but the far-sighted Gandalf noted the change of landscapes, and the unforeseen possibilities that could bring the Ring forth once more in a hundred or even a thousand years in the future. He was briefly considered as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], but as his friend Gandalf said, Glorfindel's power would be of little use against the might of [[Mordor]], on a mission of secrecy.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]] nothing is said of Glorfindel. Whatever his role, he survived and joined Elrond's company to the Wedding of Elessar.<ref>{{RK|Steward}}</ref> After that no more is said of him. Like Olórin, his task in Middle-earth was done, and the age of the [[Elves]] was over. He probably passed West, perhaps with the bearers of the [[Three Rings]] and [[the One Ring]]. Or he may have remained for a time in Middle-earth to oversee the cleanup after the war.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Glorfindel.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
With the development of the [[Elvish]] languages, the name ''Glorfindel'' had different etymologies, ultimately meaning the same. <br />
<br />
The early [[Gnomish]] conception meant "Goldtress" or "Goldlocks". At this stage of the legendarium, [[Tolkien]] considered many other variants, like ''Glorfinn'' or ''Glorfing''.<ref>{{LT2|Appendix}}, entry "Glorfindel"</ref> [[Qenya]] cognates were '''''Laurifindl''''' or '''''Kulufindl'''''.<ref>{{PE|13}}, p. 104</ref><br />
<br />
At the [[Noldorin]] stage, the name was composed of the words ''[[glaur]]'' ("gold") + ''findel/finnel'' ("braided hair"),<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "[[LAWAR]]", "SPIN"</ref> but it is not properly glossed.<br />
<br />
In the final [[Sindarin]] conception, ''Glorfindel'' meant "Golden-hair", from ''glaur'' ("gold") + ''findel'' ("head of hair").<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|17}}</ref>{{rp|17}} It was supposedly derived from the [[Quenya]] form '''''Laurefindelë'''''.<ref name=Eldarin/>{{rp|119}} Tolkien also created a [[Primitive Quendian]] version: ''Malaphinde'' ("Goldilocks"), which is mentioned as an ''[[anessë]]'' (a given name).<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 86</ref><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
=== ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'' ===<br />
The most detailed text about the deeds of Glorfindel during the Fall of Gondolin is the chapter "[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]", in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]''. There he is described as the chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]], who bore a rayed sun upon their shields. He wore a mantle embroidered in threads of gold, decorated with celandine "as a field in spring", while his arms were [[Uncommon words#D|damascened]] with "cunning gold".<ref name=Gondolin>{{LT2|III}}</ref>{{rp|173}} <br />
<br />
Glorfindel witnessed the coming of [[Tuor]] and later the [[Fall of Gondolin]]. During the ensuing battle in the streets, Glorfindel chose (or was ordered) to hold the [[Great Market]] from the advancing [[Orcs]]. He attempted to flank them, taking the enemy by surprise, but was himself ambushed and surrounded. Cut off, the House of the Golden Flower fought on fiercely for hours, until a fire-breathing [[Dragons|dragon]] came and leveled their ranks. Glorfindel, with some of the strongest of his followers, cut his way out, but the survivors of that battle were very few. Even then they were pursued and might have all been killed, but the [[House of the Harp]] arrived in time, after rebelling from their treacherous leader [[Salgant]], ambushing their pursuers. The Golden Flower arrived at the [[Square of the King]], one of the last of the houses to be driven in.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|182}} <br />
<br />
As many of the lords had fallen, [[Ecthelion]] was wounded, [[Galdor (elf of Gondolin)|Galdor]] was engaged, and [[Egalmoth]] had not yet arrived, Glorfindel joined Tuor in leading the defence of the King's Square. When Egalmoth arrived, bringing with him many women and children, he took over Glorfindel's job in going from place to place, strengthening the defences. Glorfindel presumably threw himself once more into the thick of the fight. But even he could not prevent a dragon from coming down from the [[Alley of Roses]], breaking through their lines. The dragon was accompanied by orcs and balrogs, among them [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]. Even Tuor was thrown down, but Ecthelion sacrificed himself to kill Gothmog and buy the Gondothlim a little more time.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|183-4}} After King Turgon ordered the survivors to follow Tuor, they fled southward, and Glorfindel held the rear manfully, losing many more of his House in the process.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|186}}<br />
<br />
After they had escaped Gondolin via [[Idril's secret way]], and passed through the [[Cristhorn]], Glorfindel again held the rear with the largest number of the unwounded. It was at that time that a Balrog and a contingent of Orcs ambushed their company.<ref name=Gondolin></ref>{{rp|192-3}} There Glorfindel saved the lives of the [[Exiles of Gondolin]] when he defied the Balrog:<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Glorfindel and the Balrog Above Gondolin.jpg|thumb|''Glorfindel and the Balrog above Gondolin'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Then Glorfindel leapt forward upon him and his golden armour gleamed strangely in the moon, and he hewed at that demon that it leapt again upon a great boulder and Glorfindel after. Now there was a deadly combat upon that high rock above the folk; and these, pressed behind and hindered ahead, were grown so close that well nigh all could see, yet was it over ere Glorfindel's men could leap to his side. The ardour of Glorfindel drave that Balrog from point to point, and his mail fended him from its whip and claw. Now had he beaten a heavy swinge upon its iron helm, now hewn off the creature's whip-arm at the elbow. Then sprang the Balrog in the torment of his pain and fear full at Glorfindel, who stabbed like a dart of a snake; but he found only a shoulder, and was grappled, and they swayed to a fall upon the crag-top. Then Glorfindel's left hand sought a dirk, and this he thrust up that it pierced the Balrog's belly nigh his own face (for that demon was double his stature); and it shrieked, and fell backwards from the rock, and falling clutched Glorfindel's yellow locks beneath his cap, and those twain fell into the abyss.}}<br />
<br />
The [[Noldoli]] still mourn the death of Glorfindel, and every time the [[Eldar]] see a powerful fight between good and evil, they still say: "''Alas! 'Tis Glorfindel and the Balrog''". After the body of Glorfindel was recovered by Thorndor, Tuor allowed the folk of the Golden Flower to rise a cairn for him, there near the dangerous [[Thorn Sir]]. Despite being a unkindly pace, yellow flowers growed upon the mound, and the place was always protected by Thorndor.<ref name=Gondolin/>{{rp|194}}<br />
<br />
=== Aredhel's escort ===<br />
While composing the chapter about [[Maeglin]], [[Tolkien]] considered Glorfindel, [[Ecthelion]] and [[Egalmoth]] as the escort of Aredhel when she left the [[Gondolin|Hidden City]] in her way to visit [[Fingon]].<ref name=Maeglin/>{{rp|318}} However, in the published ''[[Silmarillion]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] didn't mention any of the escorts of Aredhel, based on a note in which his father discussed about the motives of Celegorm and Curufin of not sending any message to Gondolin about Aredhel. Tolkien decided that it was necessary ''not'' to name the most eminent and bravest chieftains as Aredhel's escort, as they would have sought for her beyond the [[Bridge of Esgalduin]].<ref name=Maeglin>{{WJ|Maeglin}}</ref>{{rp|328}}<br />
<br />
=== Return to Middle-earth ===<br />
Tolkien first suggested that Glorfindel returned to Middle-earth about {{TA|1000}}, with [[Gandalf]].<ref name="PoME-LW"></ref>{{rp|377}} But he later realized that Glorfindel only could come ''before'' the end of the Second Age and the [[Drowning of Númenor]], as with the [[Changing of the World]] Aman was removed from the [[Circles of the World]] and no living embodied creature could return from there. This was directly decreed by [[Ilúvatar]] to favour the [[Dominion of Men]]. It seems improbably that Manwë could have obtained a special permission and devised a way of transportation, as it would give Glorfindel an excessive importance.<ref name="PoME-LW"></ref>{{rp|381-2}}<br />
<br />
As told above, Glorfindel might have come as early as {{SA|1200}} and the years following, or as late as {{SA|1600}}. Although Tolkien declared the first to be possible, he favoured the last as the most probable.<br />
<br />
=== ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'' ===<br />
In a hasty note about the Council of Elrond, Tolkien suggested that Glorfindel could tell of his ancestry in Gondolin, but this idea was never developed.<ref name=Ancestry>{{RS|1XI}}, p. 214</ref><br />
<br />
Glorfindel was originally planned to be part of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], in a way taking the place of [[Legolas]].<ref>{{RS|4XXIII}}, pp. 397-8, 406</ref><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
Glorfindel is rarely portrayed like in the book. His role in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is too small to be introduced and forgotten - he basically does little else beyond providing fast transport to Rivendell. In the more popular works, his role has been filled by another Elf.<br />
<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Glorfindel in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Glorfindel.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''<br />
|File:BFME2 - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego The Lord of the Rings The Video Game - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:In this adaptation, the role of Glorfindel was taken by [[Legolas]]. In a simplification of that character, and as a reason for ''his'' coming, he is portrayed as an Elf of Rivendell rather than [[Mirkwood]].<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Glorfindel appears in his original role at the Last Bridge, voiced by [[John Webb]]. Because the part of [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] was cut, the heavily wounded Frodo says the [[Quenya]] greeting ''[[Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo]]'' to him, and Glorfindel replies with Gildor's answer. Glorfindel keeps his two [[Sindarin]] lines, ''[[A na vedui, Dúnadan!]]'' and ''[[Noro lim, noro lim, Asfaloth!]]'', though he says them with a heavy English accent. Glorfindel's role at the Council of Elrond is omitted. His name is pronounced correctly in the adaptation, but in the credits, his name is pronounced "Glorfindle".<br />
<br />
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel is a powerful playable character once [[the One Ring|the Ring]] passes the [[Last Bridge]], who leads the Fellowship to [[Rivendell]]. <br />
<br />
'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Glorfindel is played by Stefan Schwartz.<br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:To limit the already large number of one-appearance characters, Glorfindel has been omitted in this adaptation as well. [[Peter Jackson]] decided to have [[Arwen]] meet the travellers and then ride on [[Asfaloth]].<br />
<br />
'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Glorfindel is provided by Marián Zednikovič.<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Glorfindel appears on the Last Bridge. He has several Sindarin lines: ''A na vedui, Dúnadan'', like in the book, and ''Mae govannen, mellon'' (which Frodo accurately translates as "Well met, friend"). He comes to the aid of the hobbits at the request of Elrond, who had received news from [[Gildor|a group of Elves travelling near the Shire]] - even though there is no mention of that group earlier in the gameplay. Glorfindel does so in a monotonous voice, and his speech continues without pause. He also uses the lines ''Noro lim, Asfaloth'', though he does not say them to his horse: he says them to Frodo. No actor is specified for this part.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:[[Decipher]] made two [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game|cards]] featuring extra [[Jarl Benzon]] as Glorfindel, one of them being at the Coronation of Elessar.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scrapbook.theonering.net/scrapbook/movies/characters/other/view/12658|articlename=Glorfindel's Cameo in ROTK!|dated=|website=TORN|accessed=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070323204416/http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/04/040504lotrwetafalconer.html|articlename=The Making of the Weta "Book Cards": An Interview With Weta Workshop's Daniel Falconer|dated=5 April 2004|website=Decipher.com (archived)|accessed=15 October 2013}}</ref> He is briefly seen in the film at Aragorn's coronation when Arwen is revealed.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel played an important part in this video game, set during the [[War of the Ring]]. Together with [[Glóin]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], Glorfindel fights in several places in northern [[Eriador]] and [[Rhovanion]]. He is voiced by [[Jason Carter]], and portrayed as white haired. His design was changed to a more movie-accurate version in the expansion pack, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]''. He serves as narrator throughout, and appears in the story itself after the death of [[Arvedui]].<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
: Glorfindel is featured in an extended flashback sequence depicting the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. During this time, he is the leader of the Bright Company, a group of [[High Elves]] who fighting to rid [[Middle-earth]] of [[Sauron]]'s evil long before that war and who continue their duty long after.<br />
: In the present day, Glorfindel can be found in Rivendell just south of the [[Rivendell|Last Homely House]]. He is involved in the campaign against [[Angmar]] during the main story and also talks to the player after defeating the [[balrog]] Thaurlach. Glorfindel disappears in the final weeks of the [[War of the Ring]] and the player tracks him across Middle-Earth to summon him to the Council of Elf-Lords between [[Thranduil]], [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]. He joins the procession that escorts Lady [[Arwen]] to [[Minas Tirith]] for her wedding; along the way Glorfindel and [[Elrond]] assist [[Gandalf]] and the player in uncovering a mystery within the [[Gladden Fields]].<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel is purchasable as an optional player character in DLC character pack 2 for use in free play and on the open world. He is portrayed with light tan hair (rather than yellow blond like Legolas), wears an outfit which is a mix of light blue robe parts and silver armour whilst wearing a light blue cape. He wields a bow of the Galadhrim and also carries a golden Elvish longsword (all Elvish longswords appear gold in the game). Glorfindel is one of the most proficient fighter characters in the game.<br />
<br />
== Collectibles ==<br />
[[Gentle Giant]] produced a ''Glorfindel Mini Bust'' for [[Comic-Con 2007]], based on Glorfindel's appearance in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II|EA's ''The Battle for Middle-earth II'']].<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{councilofelrond}}<br />
{{HousesofGondolin}} <br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gnomish names]]<br />
[[Category:Gondolindrim]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Glorfindel]]<br />
[[fi:Glorfindel]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/glorfindel]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fingon&diff=370684Fingon2023-03-19T18:08:51Z<p>Oromë: Undo revision 370679 by 172.71.190.127 (talk) It doesn't say this</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Fingon<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Lee - Fingon.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Fingon" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Lee|Anna Lee]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈfiŋɡon]}}<br />
| othernames=''Findecáno'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]])<br />
| titles=[[High King of the Noldor]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Tirion]]; [[Dor-lómin]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Union of Maedhros]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth={{YT|1260}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]<br />
| rule={{FA|456}} - {{FA|472|n}}<br />
| death={{FA|472}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Anfauglith]] in [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]<br />
| age=c. 2771<ref group="note">Years of the Sun. Each Year of the Tree is equal to 9.582 Years of the Sun, and the Years of the Trees ended in the year 1500.</ref><br />
| notablefor=Rescuing [[Maedhros]]<br/>Battling [[Glaurung]]<br/>Battling [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]<br />
| house=[[House of Fingolfin]]<br />
| parentage=[[Fingolfin]] and [[Anairë]]<br />
| siblings=[[Turgon]], [[Aredhel]] and [[Argon]]<ref group=note>[[Argon]] only appears in very late writings by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] as published in ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', and is left out of the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.</ref><br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=None (but [[Gil-galad]] in published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'')<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Dark<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Bow and sword<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Of all the children of Finwë he is justly most renowned: for his valour was as a fire and yet as steadfast as the hills of stone; wise he was and skilled in voice and hand; truth and justice he loved and bore good will to all, both Elves and Men, hating Morgoth only; he sought not his own, neither power nor glory, and death was his reward.|''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', "[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]", §94}}<br />
<br />
'''Fingon''' was a [[Noldor]]in prince, and later [[High King of the Noldor]], noted for his skill in battle and was thus named "the Valiant" by his cousin [[Maedhros]].<br />
<br />
Fingon was the eldest son of [[Fingolfin]] and [[Anairë]], and he was the older brother of [[Turgon]], [[Aredhel]], and [[Argon]]. Fingon led the largest host in the [[Flight of the Noldor]] from [[Aman]] to [[Middle-earth]] where he then ruled over [[Dor-lómin]] and [[Hithlum]]. He ruled the Noldor as High King from {{FA|456}}, following the death of his father in single combat with [[Morgoth]]. However, Fingon is mostly remembered for his friendship with Maedhros, who he rescued from the peaks of [[Thangorodrim]], and for the manner of his death in battle with the [[Balrog]] [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] during the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. He was succeeded as High King by his brother [[Turgon]], who ruled the Noldor from [[Gondolin]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===In Aman===<br />
Fingon was born in the [[Year of the Trees 1260]],<ref>{{NM|P1xxii}}</ref> being the eldest son of [[Anairë]]<ref name=Finwe></ref> and [[Fingolfin]], son of [[King of the Noldor]] [[Finwë]]. Whilst in Aman lived in [[Tirion]], home of the [[Noldor]] in [[Valinor]].<ref name="Eldamar">{{S|Eldamar}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{YT|1495}}, [[Morgoth]], with the help of [[Ungoliant]], destroyed the [[Two Trees]], stole the [[Silmarils]] from the fortress of [[Formenos]] and killed Finwë.<ref name="AA">{{AA|107-128}}</ref> In anger, Fingon's uncle [[Fëanor]] made a speech in Tirion and, with [[Sons of Fëanor|his sons]], made [[Oath of Fëanor|an oath]] to recover the Silmarils and lead the Noldor in to Beleriand. Although Fingolfin was reluctant to join the flight, he went out of love for Fingon who, with his brother [[Turgon]], strongly supported Fëanor.<ref name="Flight">{{S|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Flight of the Noldor]], Fingon led the largest host and his people supported Fëanor in the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë|First Kinslaying]] at [[Alqualondë]]. Once the host reached [[Araman]] in {{YT|1496}} there was great debate about how to reach [[Middle-earth]]. Fëanor's people secretly took all the [[Swan-ships]] and passed over the sea to land at [[Drengist]]; [[Maedhros]] - who was friendly with Fingon - wanted to send the ships back first to retrieve "Fingon the valiant" but Fëanor burnt the ships at [[Losgar]].<ref name="Flight" /> Fingon, with the rest of the Noldor of Fingolfin and his cousin [[Finrod]], had to cross the dangerous grinding ice of [[Helcaraxë]] with much loss of life. They arrived in Middle-earth in {{YT|1500}}, after Fëanor had been killed in the second [[Battles of Beleriand|battle]] of [[Beleriand]], [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]].<ref>{{GA|52}}</ref><ref name="Return">{{S|Return}}</ref><br />
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Speed now this feathered shaft.jpg|thumb|left|''Speed now this feathered shaft'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
<br />
===Rescue of Maedhros===<br />
In {{FA|1}}, soon after their arrival in Middle-earth following the rising of the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]], the host of [[Fingolfin]] were attacked in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]]. Although victorious in battle against the [[Orcs]], Fingon's brother Argon was surrounded and killed.<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, p. 362</ref><br />
<br />
There was no great love between the Houses of Fingolfin and Fëanor following the latter's burning of the ships, causing the former to cross the Helcaraxë. Fingon resolved to rebuild the relationship between these two great houses of the Noldor, so in {{FA|5}} went on a noble quest to Thangorodrim to rescue his cousin and friend Maedhros who had previously been captured by [[Morgoth]]. Travelling alone, and unseen in the darkness, Fingon climbed across the cracks and crevices of Thangorodrim but could not find Maedhros; eventually he took out his harp and sang. Finally, he could hear the distant voice of Maedhros singing in answer, but could not climb up to him. Maedhros begged Fingon to shoot him with his bow, but as Fingon cried to [[Manwë]] to "speed now this feathered shaft", the great [[Eagles|eagle]] [[Thorondor]] swooped down and lifted Fingon up. Fingon could not break Maedhros's chains - being of evil design by Morgoth - and although Maedhros begged Fingon to kill him, Fingon cut Maedhros's hand off at the wrist to free him. Borne back to [[Hithlum]] by Thorondor, Fingon's deed was praised as one of the most mighty amongst the Noldor. The hurt between the two houses was healed, and Maedhros waived the [[High King of the Noldor|High Kingship of the Noldor]] which then passed to Fingolfin.<ref name="Realms" /><br />
<br />
[[Fingolfin]]'s people made their home in [[Hithlum]], mostly around [[Lake Mithrim]], and built the fortress of [[Barad Eithel]] to keep watch; in {{FA|7}}, at Maedhros's suggestion, Fëanor's sons moved to [[East Beleriand]].<ref>{{GA|65-71}}</ref> The region of [[Nevrast]] was taken by Fingon's brother [[Turgon]] (until he moved to [[Gondolin]]), whilst the south-western region of Hithlum, [[Dor-lómin]], was given to Fingon to rule over.<ref name="Realms">{{S|Beleriand}}</ref><br />
<br />
===In Hithlum===<br />
[[File:Victoria Clare - Fingon and Glaurung.jpg|thumb|''Fingon and Glaurung'' by [[:Category:Images by Victoria Clare|Victoria Clare]]]]<br />
Following the great victory of the [[Noldor]] in the [[Dagor Aglareb]], the Glorious Battle, Fingon lived in a watchful peace known as the [[Siege of Angband]].<ref name="Return"/> In {{FA|155}}, [[Morgoth]] sent a force of along the coast to [[Drengist]] to attack [[Hithlum]] from the west. Having been seen by the [[Noldor]], Fingon heavily defeated the Orcs, causing Morgoth to realize that orcs alone were no match for the Elves.<ref>{{GA|155}}</ref> Over a hundred years later in {{FA|260}}, the great [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Glaurung]] came forth from [[Angband]] to attack the Elves;<ref name="GA260">{{GA|260}}</ref> although a new breed of [[fire-drakes|fire-drake]], Glaurung was still relatively young and only half-grown. The Elves fled to [[Ered Wethrin]] and [[Dorthonion]] as Glaurung defiled the [[Ard-galen]], but Fingon led a troop of archers on horseback to attack Glaurung. He could not withstand their arrows and fled, and for the next 200 years the peoples of [[Beleriand]] enjoyed the [[Long Peace]] and grew prosperous.<ref name="Return" /> In {{FA|416}}, [[Fingolfin]] granted [[Dor-lómin]] to the [[House of Hador]], the third house of the [[Edain]], and Fingon presented [[Hador]] with a [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin|Dragon-helm]] which eventually passed to [[Túrin]].<ref>{{WJ|14}}, p. 228</ref><ref name="Narn">{{UT|Narn}}</ref><br />
<br />
In winter {{FA|455}}, rivers of fire suddenly sprang forth from [[Angband]], turning the Ard-galen into the [[Anfauglith]]. This began the [[Dagor Bragollach]], the Battle of Sudden Flame.<ref name="Ruin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> The dragon Glaurung, now fully grown, led armies of [[Balrogs]] and [[Orcs]] in battle that resulted in the deaths of many Elves and Men. The remaining forces of the Noldor were scattered following this heavy defeat. Perceiving the ruin of the Noldor, Fingon's father Fingolfin challenged Morgoth to single combat. Fingolfin fought valiantly, and although he died in the battle, Morgoth himself was wounded and never again fought in single combat. Fingon then became [[High King of the Noldor]].<ref name="Ruin" /><ref name="Realms" /><br />
<br />
Seven years later, in {{FA|462}}, Morgoth sent a force of Orcs to attack Fingon's people in Hithlum. Galdor, son of Hador, died defending [[Eithel Sirion]] and his son [[Húrin]] took up the [[Lords of Dor-lómin|lordship of Dor-lómin]] and served Fingon thereafter. To the west, battle took place in Hithlum, and Fingon would have succumbed had it not been for a force of [[Falathrim]] elves under the command of [[Círdan]] who sailed up the Firth of [[Drengist]] and helped defeat the Orcs.<ref name="Ruin" /><br />
<br />
===Nirnaeth Arnoediad===<br />
[[File:Steamey - Fingon in a battle with the Balrogs.jpg|thumb|right|''Fingon in a battle with the Balrogs'' by Steamey]]<br />
Following the success of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]] in the [[Quest for the Silmaril]], [[Maedhros]] saw that Morgoth was not unassailable and was emboldened to form the [[Union of Maedhros]] of Elves, Men and [[Dwarves]]. Maedhros would attack from the east and Fingon from the west. They planned to trap Morgoth between the two armies.<ref name="Fifth">{{S|Fifth}}</ref> Unlooked for, Fingon's brother [[Turgon]] unleashed a force of ten thousand Elves from [[Gondolin]]. On seeing this, Fingon cried:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|'[[Utúlie'n aurë!]] Aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie'n aurë! The day has come! Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!' And all those who heard his great voice echo in the hills answered crying: 'Auta i lómë! The night is passing!'|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Fifth Battle]]"}}<br />
<br />
However, Maedhros' army had been delayed following the betrayal of [[Uldor]]. [[Morgoth]] therefore sent his Orcs swiftly over the Anfauglith to taunt Fingon and draw out his forces. They held firm until the Orcs brought forth [[Gelmir (son of Guilin)|Gelmir]] and cut off his legs, arms and head before them. [[Gwindor]], Gelmir's brother, was enraged by this; and he, with Fingon, led the charge. They reached the doors of Angband but all the [[Elves of Nargothrond]] were slain save Gwindor, who was taken captive.<ref name="Fifth" /><br />
<br />
On the fourth day, Fingon retreated and met his brother Turgon on the plains of Anfauglith. Some hours later, the banners of [[Maedhros]] appeared on the battlefield and the Elves were heartened, believing victory was in their grasp. However, Morgoth then unleashed [[wolves]], dragons and Balrogs led by [[Glaurung]], who separated the hosts of Fingon and Turgon from Maedhros. This battle, the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], the Battle of Unnumbered Tears, was the most grievous for the Elves. Fingon, with a host of Men from [[Dor-lómin]] led by [[Húrin]], was surrounded. Eventually, being pushed back, Fingon fought [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], lord of [[Balrogs]] in battle, but was killed by Gothmog's black axe after another Balrog bound him with a whip. This brought an end to Fingon's realm in [[Hithlum]], and his brother Turgon became High King of the Noldor,<ref name="Fifth" /> whilst Húrin was captured and tortured personally by Morgoth.<ref name="Narn" /><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Fingon.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Fingon'' is the [[Sindarized]] version of version of his [[Quenya]] [[father-name]], '''''Findecáno''''' ("Hair-shout"), from ''[[findë]]'' ("hair") + ''[[káno]]'' ("commander"). It is said it was given by his father as an echo of ''Finwë'' and because it fitted him due his long dark hair, combed in great plaits braided with gold.<ref name=Finwe>{{PM|Finwe}}, p. 345</ref><br />
<br />
Read as proper [[Sindarin]], ''Fingon'' is composed of ''[[fin]]'' ("hair") + ''-gon'' ("lord, prince").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3451802205.html|articlename=S. ''Fingon'' n.|website=Eldamo|accessed=21 March 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
At some point, [[Tolkien]] considered and rejected the name as ''Fingorn'', from ''fin(wë)'' + ''[[gorn]]'' ("revered").<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, pp. 112-113</ref> <br />
<br />
In the [[Noldorin]] phase of the [[Elvish]] languages, the name contains the elements ''find-'' ("skill") + ''-gon'' ("valour").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "[[KAN]]", "PHIN-"</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FIN=[[Finwë]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|MIR=[[Míriel]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | FEA | | FDS | | FNG |y| ANA | | IRM | | FIR | | | | |FEA=[[Fëanor]]</br><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]</br><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|ANA=[[Anairë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FIR=[[Finarfin]]</br><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | MAE | | FIN | | TUR |y| ELE | | ARE |y| EOL | | ARG |MAE=[[Maedhros]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|587}}''</small>|FIN='''FINGON'''</br><small>''{{YT|1260}} - {{FA|472}}''</small>|ARE=[[Aredhel]]</br><small>''{{YT|1362}} - {{FA|400}}''</small>|TUR=[[Turgon]]</br><small>''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|510}}''</small>|ELE=[[Elenwë]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1500}}''</small>|EOL=[[Eöl]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|400}}''</small>|ARG=[[Argon]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|1}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | TUO |y| IDR | | | | | | MAE | | | | | | ||MAE=[[Maeglin]]</br><small>''{{FA|320}} - {{FA|510|n}}''</small>|IDR=[[Idril]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|TUO=[[Tuor]]</br><small>''b. {{FA|472}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | EAR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |EAR=[[Eärendil]]</br><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
===Earliest versions===<br />
[[Christopher Tolkien]] observed that in the very earliest versions of the legendarium, there is no mention of Fingon (or Fingolfin, Finarfin or [[Finrod]])<ref>{{LT1|VIIn}}, p. 173</ref><ref>{{LT1|Xn}}, p. 243</ref> However, when he first appears in "[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]" in the 1920s he is named '''''Finweg'''''<ref>{{LB|1}}, p. 5</ref> (and on one occasion ''Fingweg''),<ref>{{LB|1e}}, 102</ref> a name he retains in the "[[The Quenta]]" of the early 1930s even though his story closely matches that of the published ''Silmarillion''. A more significant difference is that originally Fingon spoke against [[Fëanor]] at [[Tirion]],<ref>{{MR|Annals}}, pp. 121, 125</ref> whilst in the later 1951 version of ''Quenta Silmarllion'', Fingon and [[Turgon]] did not take part in the Kinslaying at [[Alqualondë]].<ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 196</ref><br />
<br />
Fingon is renamed from ''Finweg'' the 1930s around the time of the ''[[Annals of Beleriand]]'',<ref>{{SM|7Ic}}, p. 316</ref> and was firmly ''Fingon'' by the time [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] reworked the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'' in 1937-8.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}, passim</ref> In an [[Old English]] version of the ''[[Quenta Noldorinwa]]'', Fingon's name is given as '''''Finbrand'''''.<ref>{{SM|QA1}}, p. 213</ref><br />
<br />
===Later versions===<br />
In the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', Fingon was the father of [[Gil-galad]], which was a brief idea that Tolkien had, but this inclusion was an editorial decision by Christopher Tolkien who admitted it would have been better had his parentage remained obscure and that Gil-galad being the son of [[Orodreth]] was Tolkien's "last word on the subject".<ref>{{WJ|Ruin}}, pp. 242-3</ref><ref>{{PM|Gil-galad}}, passim</ref> <br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
|race=noldor<br />
|house=[[House of Fingolfin]]<small><br/>Cadet branch of [[House of Finwë]]</small><br />
|born={{YT|1260}}<br />
|died={{FA|472}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
|pvac=<br />
|prev=[[Fingolfin]]<br />
|list=2nd [[High King of the Noldor]]<br />
|dates={{FA|456}} – {{FA|472|n}}<br />
|next=[[Turgon]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Fingolfin]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Fingon]]<br />
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/fingon]]<br />
[[fi:Fingon]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BArin&diff=370683Húrin2023-03-19T18:07:52Z<p>Oromë: Undo revision 370682 by 172.71.190.127 (talk) Incorrect reading. Lays of Beleriand says he was hit at least once by Lungorthin. It doesn't say he did all of the torture.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Húrin|[[Húrin (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{Edain infobox<br />
| name=Húrin<br />
| image=[[File:Kimberly - Hurin Thalion.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Hurin Thalion" by [[:Category:Images by Kimberly|Kimberly]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Thalion]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Úmarth]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Lord of Dor-lómin]]<br />
| position=Head of the House of Hador<br />
| location=[[Dor-lómin]], [[Brethil]], [[Gondolin]]<br/>[[Thangorodrim]] (imprisoned)<br />
| affiliation=[[Union of Maedhros]]<br />
| language=[[Mannish]] dialect, [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth={{FA|441}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Dor-lómin]]<br />
| rule={{FA|462}} - {{FA|472|n}}<br />
| death={{FA|502}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Belegaer]] (suicide)<br />
| age=61<br />
| notablefor=Being among the greatest mortal warriors<br />
| house=[[House of Hador]]<br />
| parentage=[[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] & [[Hareth]]<br />
| siblings=[[Huor]]<br />
| spouse=[[Morwen|Morwen Eledhwen]]<br />
| children=[[Túrin]], [[Urwen]] & [[Nienor]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Blond/Grey<br />
| eyes=Blue<ref name="UT">{{UT|Narn}}</ref><ref>{{CH|18}}, p. 255</ref><br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Sword and axe<br />
| steed=[[Arroch]]<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|. . . but he was shorter in stature than other men of his kin; in this he took after his mother's people, but in all else he was like Hador, his grandfather, strong in body and fiery of mood. But the fire in him burned steadily, and he had great endurance of will.|''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', [[The Childhood of Túrin]]}}<br />
<br />
'''Húrin Thalion''' ("the Steadfast", "the Strong")<ref name=CH3>{{CH|3}}</ref>, was the last [[Lord of Dor-lómin]] and one of the great heroes of [[Edain|Men]] during the [[First Age]]. He was the eldest son of [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] and [[Hareth]] and the older brother of [[Huor]]. He was the father of [[Túrin]], [[Urwen]] and [[Nienor]].<br />
<br />
Húrin was regarded as "the mightiest of warriors of mortal Men"<ref name=TS22>{{S|22}}</ref> but also known for being the titular character of the tale, ''[[Narn i Chîn Húrin (tale)|Narn i Chîn Húrin]]'', "The Tale of the Children of Húrin". In the tale he was captured by [[Morgoth]] at the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] and the Dark Lord attempted to convince him to reveal the secret location of [[Gondolin]]. He refused, and in response the Dark Lord cursed his kin and imprisoned him on [[Thangorodrim]]. He was forced to watch the curse befall his children.<ref name=CH3 /> The curse led to some of the greatest successes and tragedies of the First Age.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early years===<br />
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Hurin and Huor are landing in Gondolin.jpg|thumb|left|''Hurin and Huor are landing in Gondolin'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]<br />
Húrin was born in {{FA|441}} in [[Hithlum]].<ref>{{GA|141}}, p. 51</ref> His father was [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] and his grandfather [[Hador|Hador Lórindol]], founder of the [[House of Hador]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref> His mother was [[Hareth]] of [[Brethil]] who was the daughter of [[Halmir]] the lord of the [[Haladin]].<ref name=TS18>{{S|18}}</ref> In his youth, him and his younger brother [[Huor]] were raised in the forest of Brethil by [[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]] their uncle. In {{FA|456|n}},<ref>{{GA|161}}, p. 57</ref> the brothers joined a company of scouts but were separated from them after an [[Orc]] ambush. They were pursued to the ford of [[Brithiach]] and were saved by the Vala [[Ulmo]] who caused a mist to rise and the two escaped into [[Dimbar]]. From there, [[Eagles]] flew them to the hidden city [[Gondolin]]. King [[Turgon]] welcomed the brothers, remembering their grandfather Hador who was an [[Elf-friend]] as well as the words of Ulmo who told him to deal kindly to the House of Hador. Húrin remained with Turgon for a time until he and his brother wished to return to their people. Turgon was reluctant to let the brothers leave but the king granted their wish and the brothers swore oaths of secrecy.<ref>{{CH|1}}, pp. 35-7</ref> They returned to Dor-lómin sometime before {{FA|462|n}}.<br />
<br />
===Lord of Dor-lómin===<br />
[[File:Steamey - Hurin.jpg|thumb|left|''Húrin'' by [[:Category:Images by Steamey|Steamey]]]]<br />
In {{FA|462}},<ref>{{GA|170}}, pp. 59-60</ref> orcs [[Assaults on Hithlum|invaded]] Hithlum and Galdor was slain defending the fortress of [[Eithel Sirion]]. Húrin who had newly come to manhood took command and drove off the Orcs. He returned to rule as the third [[Lord of Dor-lómin]]. Two years later he married [[Morwen|Morwen Eledhwen]] of the [[House of Bëor]].<ref name=TS18/> Their son Túrin was born shortly thereafter, followed by a daughter, [[Urwen]]. Urwen, better known as ''[[Lalaith]]'' ("Laughter"), died of the plague when she was three.<br />
<br />
In {{FA|472|n}}, the alliance known as [[Union of Maedhros]] led Elves, Dwarves, and Men to assault Angband. Húrin led his folk to join the host led by the High King [[Fingon]]. In the battle, later named the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] or Battle of Unnumbered Tears, the Union were defeated by the hosts of Morgoth. Many Elves and Men perished, including Fingon who was slain by a [[Balrogs|Balrog]]. With their liege lord slain and facing a rout, Húrin and Huor convinced Turgon to withdraw and keep the secret of Gondolin. To defend his escape, the Men of Dor-lómin formed a rearguard near the [[Pass of Sirion]] and held it giving as much time for Turgon to gather the remainder of Fingon's people and the host of Gondolin to escape. The location of Gondolin remained secret but for the Men of the Dor-lómin this was their last stand for they would not forsake the Northlands and were slaughtered by the hosts of Morgoth. By the [[Fen of Serech]], Huor was slain by an arrow through the eye, but Húrin remained steadfast crying ''[[Aurë entuluva!]]''([[Sindarin|S]]) for each foe he slew with his axe, seventy times in all. He fought until he was buried under the weight of bodies of his enemies, then [[Gothmog]] bound him and dragged him towards Angband.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref><br />
<br />
===The Curse of Morgoth===<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - The Words of Húrin and Morgoth.jpg|thumb|right|''The Words of Húrin and Morgoth'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Húrin was brought before Morgoth, for he had learnt from his spies that Húrin was friends with Turgon, and was tortured for the secret of Gondolin's location. When he would not break, Morgoth cursed him and all his kin. The Dark Lord then chained Húrin to a chair high on the slopes of [[Thangorodrim]] where, through Morgoth's sorcery, he could watch the tragedies that would befall his family.<ref>{{CH|3}}, pp. 62-5</ref> However Morgoth concealed much of Túrin's deeds and what Húrin saw was contorted, lies mixed with the truth.<br />
{{blockquote|'But upon all whom you love my thought shall weigh as a cloud of Doom, and it shall bring them down into darkness and despair. Wherever they go, evil shall arise. Whenever they speak, their words shall bring ill counsel. Whatsoever they do shall turn against them. They shall die without hope, cursing both life and death.'|''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', [[The Words of Húrin and Morgoth]]}}<br />
For 28 years,<ref name=TS22/> Húrin watched the curse come upon Túrin and [[Nienor]], his daughter born shortly after his capture, and to those that they encounter. For instance Túrin's actions led to the [[Fall of Nargothrond|destruction]] of [[Nargothrond]], one of the last kingdoms of the Noldor. Now only Gondolin remained.<br />
<br />
===Wanderings===<br />
After the death of his children Morgoth released Húrin, where he hoped he could further his malice. The broken man first returned to Hithlum, which was now ruled by [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]]. Finding none of his kin, he travelled with outlaws to the mountains of [[Echoriath]], searching for the entrance to Gondolin. At first Turgon refused him, but later recanted and sent Eagles to bring him to Gondolin. Húrin had already left for the Forest of Brethil, but Morgoth's curse had already ensnared Gondolin, for the Dark Lord's spies now knew the general location of the [[Gondolin|Hidden Kingdom]].<ref name=TS22/><br />
<br />
In the Forest of Brethil he found the graves of his children. His wife, Morwen, was there and she died shortly after. After burying his wife, Húrin was taken by march-wardens to the settlement of [[Ephel Brandir]], the home of the [[People of Haleth]], with whom Túrin lived the last years of his life. Angry and grieving, he turned the People of Haleth against one another and ruined Ephel Brandir.<ref>{{WJ|Hurin}}, pp. 291-4</ref><br />
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Húrin Finds Morwen.jpg|thumb|right|''Húrin Finds Morwen'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
Húrin continued on to the ruins of Nargothrond, where he found the [[Petty-dwarves|Petty-dwarf]] [[Mîm]]. The petty-dwarf had betrayed Túrin years ago and in revenge Húrin slaughtered him. Mîm had claimed the treasure of Nargothrond, but Húrin recovered the [[Nauglamír]] and journeyed eastwards.<ref name=TS22/><br />
<br />
Húrin reached the [[Meres of Twilight]] and was taken by the Elves who guarded the western borders of [[Doriath]] in {{FA|502}}.<ref>{{WJ|Hurin}}, p. 258</ref> He was allowed to enter [[Menegroth]], where in anger he threw the Nauglamír before King [[Thingol]] and 'thanked' him for aiding his son. Thingol's wife, [[Melian]], finally pierced through Húrin's madness and grief revealing the truth that Morgoth hid. Shamed by his actions, he picked up the Nauglamír to give to the king as a gift and memorial, then he left Menegroth no longer a thrall of Morgoth.<ref name=TS22/><br />
<br />
===Death and legacy===<br />
After leaving Menegroth, it is said Húrin, "bereft of all purpose and desire", cast himself into the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]].<ref name=TS22/><br />
<br />
It could be argued, that Húrin partly sowed the seeds of the destruction of [[ruin of Doriath|Doriath]] and [[fall of Gondolin|Gondolin]] or escalated it. Furthermore Húrin's presence in Brethil led to the extinction of the [[House of Haleth]].<ref>{{WJ|Hurin}}, p. 297</ref><br />
<br />
His life, and the lives of his children would become known as the ''[[Narn i Chîn Húrin (tale)|Narn i Chîn Húrin]]'', "The Tale of the Children of Húrin". It was written by the Mannish poet [[Dírhaval]] who lived in the [[Havens of Sirion]] and it was highly praised by the Eldar.<ref>{{WJ|Aelfwine}}, pp. 311-3</ref> Millennia later [[Elrond]] makes a passing reference of him to [[Frodo]] at the [[Council of Elrond]].<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|'But if you take it freely, I will say that your choice is right; and though all the mighty Elf-friends of old, Hador, and Húrin, and Túrin, and Beren himself were assembled together, your seat should be among them.’'|''[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[The Council of Elrond]]}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Hurin Thalion.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Húrin'' is [[Sindarin]], but it is never glossed. However, in the earlier [[Noldorin]] phase of the language, the name is the combination of ''[[hûr]]'' ("vigour") + ''ind'' ("heart").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "ID", "KHOR"</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
''[[Thalion]]'' is simply Sindarin for "Steadfast, Strong".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''thalion''</ref><br />
<br />
When Túrin dwelt in Nargothrond, Húrin was indirectly called by him '''''[[Úmarth]]''''',<ref>{{CH|10}}, p. 159</ref> meaning "Ill-fate".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''[[amarth]]''</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | BRE | | | | HAL | | HAD | BRE=[[Bregolas]]|HAL=[[Halmir]]|HAD=[[Hador|Hador Lórindol]]}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |!|}}<br />
{{familytree | BEL | | BAR | | HAR |y| GAL | BEL=[[Belegund]]|BAR=[[Baragund]]|GAL=[[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor of Dor-lómin]]|HAR=[[Hareth]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | MOR |y| HUR | | HUO | | |MOR=[[Morwen|Morwen Eledhwen]]|HUR='''HÚRIN THALION'''|HUO=[[Huor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | TUR | | URW | | NIE | | | | TUR=[[Túrin]]|URW=[[Urwen]]|NIE=[[Nienor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', his name was '''Úrin'''.<ref>{{LT1|Index}}, entry ''Úrin''</ref><br />
<br />
In earlier versions Húrin suffers a different fate after departing Doriath. In the ''Lost Tales'', Úrin returns to [[Hísilómë]] (Hithlum), later dies and his shade seeks [[Mavwin]] (Morwen) and together lament over their children.<ref>{{LT2|II}}, pp. 115-6</ref> This also occurs in the ''[[Sketch of the Mythology]]'' except Húrin is not a shade.<ref>{{SM|2}} 14, p. 32</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''<br />
* ''[[The Wanderings of Húrin]]''<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| name=Húrin<br />
| race=edain<br />
| house=[[House of Hador]]<br />
| born={{FA|441}}<br />
| died={{FA|502}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prow=2<br />
| pvac=<br />
| prev=[[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]]<br />
| list=6th Head of the [[House of Hador]]<br />
| dates={{FA|462}} - {{FA|472|n}}<br />
| next=''Heir apparent: [[Túrin]]''<br />
| nvac=None<br />
| nrow=<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| list=3rd [[Lord of Dor-lómin|Lord]] of [[Dor-lómin]]<br />
| dates={{FA|462}} - {{FA|472|n}}<br />
| next=''Realm occupied by the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]]''<br />
| nvac=None<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurin}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Hador]]<br />
[[Category:Lords of Dor-lómin]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in the Great Lands]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Húrin Thalion]]<br />
[[fi:Húrin]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/1a/peuple_de_hador/hurin]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Amy_H._Sturgis&diff=370669Amy H. Sturgis2023-03-19T03:53:06Z<p>Oromë: /* Articles */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{author infobox<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Amy H. Sturgis<br />
| born=<br />
| died=<br />
| education=Ph.D. from [[wikipedia:Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt University]]<br />
| occupation=Author, teacher, editor<br />
| location=<br />
| website=[https://www.amyhsturgis.com/ amyhsturgis.com]<br />
|}}<br />
'''Amy H. Sturgis''' is an author, professor, and scholar specializing in science fiction, fantasy, gothic, and Native American studies.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://signumuniversity.org/people/amy-sturgis/|articlename=Amy H. Sturgis|dated=|website=[https://signumuniversity.org/ Signum University]|accessed=18 March 2023}}</ref> She has taught at Belmont University, Lenoir-Rhyne University, and Signum University, including courses about the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.amyhsturgis.com/?page_id=11|articlename=Teaching by AHS|dated=|website=The Worlds of Amy H. Sturgis|accessed=18 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography <small>(selected)</small>==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2003]]: ''[[Parma Nölé 8]]''<br />
** "An Interview with Glass Hammer"<br />
* [[2004]]: ''[[Parma Nölé 9]]''<br />
** "Looking There and Back Again: The Gathering of the Fellowship"<br />
* [[2004]]: ''Tolkien on Film: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings''<br />
** "Make Mine 'Movieverse': How the Tolkien Fan Fiction Community Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Peter Jackson"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 93/94]]''<br />
** "Reimagining Rose: Portrayals of Tolkien's Rosie Cotton in Twenty-First Century Fan Fiction"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''<br />
** "Fan Fiction"<br />
** "Lord of the Rings, The"<br />
** "Shaping of Middle-earth"<br />
* [[2008]] ''Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy: An Encyclopedia''<br />
** "J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2009]]: ''Hog's Head Conversations: Essays on Harry Potter''<br />
** "When Harry Met Faërie: Rowling's Hogwarts, Tolkien’s Fairy-Stories, and the Question of Readership"<br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Middle-earth Minstrel]]''<br />
** "'Tolkien is the Wind and the Way': The Educational Value of Tolkien-Inspired World Music"<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[2006]]: [[Imperishable Flame Award]] for Achievement in Tolkien/Inklings Scholarship<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.amyhsturgis.com/ Official website]<br />
* {{WP|Amy H. Sturgis}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sturgis, Amy H.}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:Editors]]<br />
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Amy_H._Sturgis&diff=370668Amy H. Sturgis2023-03-19T03:39:49Z<p>Oromë: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{author infobox<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Amy H. Sturgis<br />
| born=<br />
| died=<br />
| education=Ph.D. from [[wikipedia:Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt University]]<br />
| occupation=Author, teacher, editor<br />
| location=<br />
| website=[https://www.amyhsturgis.com/ amyhsturgis.com]<br />
|}}<br />
'''Amy H. Sturgis''' is an author, professor, and scholar specializing in science fiction, fantasy, gothic, and Native American studies.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://signumuniversity.org/people/amy-sturgis/|articlename=Amy H. Sturgis|dated=|website=[https://signumuniversity.org/ Signum University]|accessed=18 March 2023}}</ref> She has taught at Belmont University, Lenoir-Rhyne University, and Signum University, including courses about the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.amyhsturgis.com/?page_id=11|articlename=Teaching by AHS|dated=|website=The Worlds of Amy H. Sturgis|accessed=18 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography <small>(selected)</small>==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2003]]: ''[[Parma Nölé 8]]''<br />
** "An Interview with Glass Hammer"<br />
* [[2004]]: ''[[Parma Nölé 9]]''<br />
** "Looking There and Back Again: The Gathering of the Fellowship"<br />
* [[2004]]: ''Tolkien on Film: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings''<br />
** "Make Mine 'Movieverse': How the Tolkien Fan Fiction Community Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Peter Jackson"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 93/94]]''<br />
** "Reimagining Rose: Portrayals of Tolkien"s Rosie Cotton in Twenty-First Century Fan Fiction"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''<br />
** "Fan Fiction"<br />
** "Lord of the Rings, The"<br />
** "Shaping of Middle-earth"<br />
* [[2008]] ''Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy: An Encyclopedia''<br />
** "J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2009]]: ''Hog's Head Conversations: Essays on Harry Potter''<br />
** "When Harry Met Faërie: Rowling’s Hogwarts, Tolkien’s Fairy-Stories, and the Question of Readership"<br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Middle-earth Minstrel]]''<br />
** "'Tolkien is the Wind and the Way': The Educational Value of Tolkien-Inspired World Music"<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[2006]]: [[Imperishable Flame Award]] for Achievement in Tolkien/Inklings Scholarship<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.amyhsturgis.com/ Official website]<br />
* {{WP|Amy H. Sturgis}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sturgis, Amy H.}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:Editors]]<br />
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Amy_Sturgis&diff=370667Amy Sturgis2023-03-19T03:34:00Z<p>Oromë: Redirected page to Amy H. Sturgis</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Amy H. Sturgis]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia:_Scholarship_and_Critical_Assessment/List_of_Articles&diff=370666J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment/List of Articles2023-03-19T03:32:52Z<p>Oromë: Amy H. Sturgis links (new page)</p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="TGtable sortable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"<br />
!'''ARTICLE''' (in order of appearance) !! '''AUTHOR'''<br />
|-<br />
| AB Language||[[Arne Zettersten|Zettersten, Arne]]<br />
|-<br />
| Adventures of Tom Bombadil||[[Gene Hargrove|Hargrove, Gene]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ælfwine (Old English "Elf-friend")||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Alcuin (ca. 735-804)||Smith, William<br />
|-<br />
| Aldhelm (d. 709 or 710)||Powell, Kathryn<br />
|-<br />
| Allegory||[[Anne C. Petty|Petty, Anne C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Alliteration||Chism, Christine<br />
|-<br />
| Alliterative Revival||Chism, Christine<br />
|-<br />
| Alliterative Verse by Tolkien||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Alphabets, Invented||[[Arden R. Smith|Smith, Arden R.]]<br />
|-<br />
| America in the 1960s: Reception of Tolkien||[[Mike Foster|Foster, Mike]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ancrene Wisse||[[Arne Zettersten|Zettersten, Arne]]<br />
|-<br />
| Angband||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Angels ||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Animals in Tolkien's Works||Sookoo, Lara<br />
|-<br />
| Aquinas, Thomas||[[Bradley J. Birzer|Birzer, Bradley J.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Aragorn||[[Helen Armstrong|Armstrong, Helen]]<br />
|-<br />
| Arda||Bolintineanu, Alexandra<br />
|-<br />
| Arkenstone||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony]]<br />
|-<br />
| Arms and Armor||Piela, Joseph<br />
|-<br />
| Art and Illustrations by Tolkien||Holmes, John R.<br />
|-<br />
| Arthurian Literature||Seaman, Gerald<br />
|-<br />
| Arthurian Romance||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Artistic Movements||McNelis, James I. III<br />
|-<br />
| Artists and Illustrators' Influence on Tolkien||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Arwen||[[Helen Armstrong|Armstrong, Helen]]<br />
|-<br />
| Asceticism||Heckman, Christina M.<br />
|-<br />
| Astronomy and Cosmology, Middle-earth||Bolintineanu, Alexandra<br />
|-<br />
| Auden, W. H.: Influence of Tolkien||[[Rod Jellema|Jellema, Rod]]<br />
|-<br />
| Augustine of Canterbury, Saint, First Archbishop of Canterbury (d. c. 604)||[[Bradford Lee Eden|Eden, Bradford Lee]]<br />
|-<br />
| Augustine of Hippo||Houghton, John Wm.<br />
|-<br />
| Authorship||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Bakshi, Ralph||Langford, Barry<br />
|-<br />
| Barfield, Owen||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Barrie, J. M.||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Battle of Maldon, The||Holmes, John R.<br />
|-<br />
| Bede (St. Bede the Venerable, Old English Bǣda) (672?-735)||Houghton, John Wm.<br />
|-<br />
| Bennett, Jack Arthur Walter (1911-81)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Beorn||Walsh, John<br />
|-<br />
| Beowulf and the Critics||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics"||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Beowulf: Tolkien's Scholarship||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Beowulf: Translations by Tolkien||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Beren||Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| Bible||Walton, Christina Ganong<br />
|-<br />
| Bilbo Baggins||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Biology of Middle-earth||Schneidewind, Friedhelm<br />
|-<br />
| Bliss, Alan (1921-1985)||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Bodleian Library, Oxford||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Book of Lost Tales I||Houghton, John Wm.<br />
|-<br />
| Book of Lost Tales II||Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| Boromir||Davis, Alex<br />
|-<br />
| Bournemouth||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Boyens, Philippa||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Brut by Layamon||[[Carl Phelpstead|Phelpstead, Carl]]<br />
|-<br />
| Buchan, John (1875-1940)||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Butler, Samuel (1835-1902)||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Caedmon||Harper, Amelia<br />
|-<br />
| Calendars||[[Arden R. Smith|Smith, Arden R.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Capitalism ||[[Hal Colebatch|Colebatch, Hal G.P.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Carolingians||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Catholicism, Roman||[[Bradley J. Birzer|Birzer, Bradley J.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Cave, The||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Caves and Mines||Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Cecil, Lord David (1902-86)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Charms||Leibiger, Carol A.<br />
|-<br />
| "Chaucer as Philologist: The Reeve's Tale"||[[Simon Horobin|Horobin, Simon]]<br />
|-<br />
| Childhood of Tolkien||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Children's Literature and Tolkien||Davie, Penelope<br />
|-<br />
| Christ||[[Joseph Pearce|Pearce, Joseph]]<br />
|-<br />
| Christ: "Advent Lyrics"||[[Carl Phelpstead|Phelpstead, Carl]]<br />
|-<br />
| Christian Readings of Tolkien||[[Bradley J. Birzer|Birzer, Bradley J.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Christianity ||[[Bradley J. Birzer|Birzer, Bradley J.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Church of England||[[Joseph Pearce|Pearce, Joseph]]<br />
|-<br />
| Class in Tolkien's Works ||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Coghill, Nevill Henry Kendal Aylmer (1899-1980)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Collecting||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Colors||Parker, Victor L.<br />
|-<br />
| Comedy ||Garbowski, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Communism||[[Hal Colebatch|Colebatch, Hal G.P.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Criticism of Tolkien, Twentieth Century ||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Cruces in Medieval Literature||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Cynewulf||Heckman, Christina M.<br />
|-<br />
| Dagnall, Susan (1910-52)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Danes: Contributions to English Culture||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Danish Language||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Dante||DeTardo, Merlin<br />
|-<br />
| D'Ardenne, S.R.T.O. (1899-1986)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Darkness||[[Joseph Pearce|Pearce, Joseph]]<br />
|-<br />
| Death||Garbowski, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Denethor||Davis, Alex<br />
|-<br />
| Denham Tracts, The||Eaton, Dustin<br />
|-<br />
| Denmark: Reception of Tolkien ||Skyggebjerbg, Anna Karlskov<br />
|-<br />
| Deor||Christopher, Joe R.<br />
|-<br />
| Descent||Walsh, John<br />
|-<br />
| Despair (Wanhope) ||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Devil's Coach-Horses||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Devils||Spangenberg, Lisa L.<br />
|-<br />
| Doors and Gates||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Doubles||[[Marjorie Burns|Burns, Marjorie]]<br />
|-<br />
| Dragons||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Dramatizations: Stage and Spoken||Whittingham, Elizabeth A.<br />
|-<br />
| Dreams ||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Druids||Spangenberg, Lisa L.<br />
|-<br />
| Dundas-Grant, Jim (1896-1985)||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Dutch Language||[[René van Rossenberg|van Rossenberg, René]]<br />
|-<br />
| Dwarves||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Dyson, Hugo (1896-1975)||Coren, Michael<br />
|-<br />
| Eärendil||Bolintineanu, Alexandra<br />
|-<br />
| Earth||Curry, Patrick<br />
|-<br />
| East, The||Magoun, John F.G.<br />
|-<br />
| Easterlings||Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif<br />
|-<br />
| Education||Harper, Amelia<br />
|-<br />
| Egypt: Relationship to Númenóreans||Walsh, John<br />
|-<br />
| Eldamar||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Elements||[[Cecilia Barella|Barella, Cecilia]]<br />
|-<br />
| Elendilmir||Moreno, Miryam Librán<br />
|-<br />
| Elessar||Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| Elf-Shot||Donovan, Leslie A.<br />
|-<br />
| Elrond||Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| Elves||[[Bradford Lee Eden|Eden, Bradford Lee]]<br />
|-<br />
| Elves: Kindreds and Migrations||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Elves: Reincarnation||[[Michaël Devaux|Devaux, Michaël]]<br />
|-<br />
| Elvish Compositions and Grammars||[[Carl F. Hostetter|Hostetter, Carl F.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Enchantment||Curry, Patrick<br />
|-<br />
| England, Twentieth Century||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| "English and Welsh"||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ents||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Environmentalism and Eco-Criticism||Curry, Patrick<br />
|-<br />
| Environmentalist Readings of Tolkien||Siewers, Alfred K.<br />
|-<br />
| Éomer||Wynne, Hilary<br />
|-<br />
| Éowyn||Hesser, Katherine<br />
|-<br />
| Epic Poetry||[[Julaire Andelin|Andelin, Julaire]]<br />
|-<br />
| Eru||[[Bradley J. Birzer|Birzer, Bradley J.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Esperanto||[[Arden R. Smith|Smith, Arden R.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Essays Presented to Charles Williams||Fischer, Charles H. and Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| Estate||Scoville, Chester N.<br />
|-<br />
| Eucatastrope||Garbowski, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Eucharist||Fornet-Ponse, Thomas<br />
|-<br />
| Exile||Donovan, Leslie A.<br />
|-<br />
| Existentialism||Eaglestone, Robert<br />
|-<br />
| Exodus, Edition of||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Faërie||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Fairies||Spangenberg, Lisa L.<br />
|-<br />
| Fairyology, Victorian||[[Dimitra Fimi|Fimi, Dimitra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Fall of Man||[[Bradley J. Birzer|Birzer, Bradley J.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Family Background||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Family Trees||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Fan Art||Lee, Kristi<br />
|-<br />
| Fan Fiction||[[Amy H. Sturgis|Sturgis, Amy H.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Fandom||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Faramir||Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| Farmer Giles of Ham||[[Janet Brennan Croft|Croft, Janet Brennan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Farmer Giles||[[Gene Hargrove|Hargrove, Gene]]<br />
|-<br />
| Father Christmas Letters||Kapelle, Rachel<br />
|-<br />
| Father Christmas||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Fëanor||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Feminist Readings of Tolkien||Ripley, Aline<br />
|-<br />
| Fictionality||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Film Scripts, Unused||Tubbs, Patricia<br />
|-<br />
| Finland: Literary Sources||[[Anne C. Petty|Petty, Anne C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Finland: Reception of Tolkien ||[[Kanerva Heikkinen|Heikkinen, Kanerva]]<br />
|-<br />
| Finn and Hengest||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Finnish Language||[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Finrod||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Finwë and Míriel||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Folklore||[[Anne C. Petty|Petty, Anne C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Food||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Fortune and Fate ||[[Kathleen E. Dubs|Dubs, Kathleen E.]]<br />
|-<br />
| "A Fourteenth-Century Romance"||Kisor, Yvette<br />
|-<br />
| Frame Narrative||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| France and French Culture||Seaman, Gerald<br />
|-<br />
| France: Reception of Tolkien||[[Michaël Devaux|Devaux, Michaël]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Frances Thompson": Article for Exeter College Essay Club||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Free Will||Timmons, Daniel<br />
|-<br />
| French Language||Seaman, Gerald<br />
|-<br />
| Frodo||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Galadriel||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gaming||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gandalf||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Garm||Walsh, John<br />
|-<br />
| Gaze||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Geach, E. F. A.: "Romance"||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Gender in Tolkien's Works ||Smol, Anna<br />
|-<br />
| Genesis||Kisor, Yvette<br />
|-<br />
| German Folktale: Deutsch Mythologie||Benvenuto, Maria Raffaela<br />
|-<br />
| German Race Laws||Leibiger, Carol A.<br />
|-<br />
| German: Modern||Benvenuto, Maria Raffaela<br />
|-<br />
| Germany||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Germany, Reception of Tolkien ||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gibbon, Edward: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Gilson, Robert Quilter (1893-1916)||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gimli||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Glorfindel||Anger, Don N.<br />
|-<br />
| Goldberry||Hesser, Katherine<br />
|-<br />
| Gollum||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gondor||Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif<br />
|-<br />
| Good and Evil ||Rosebury, Brian<br />
|-<br />
| Gordon, E.V. (1896-1938)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gordon, Ida (1907-)||Kisor, Yvette<br />
|-<br />
| Gothic Language||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Goths ||Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif<br />
|-<br />
| Grammar||Benvenuto, Maria Raffaela<br />
|-<br />
| Great Haywood||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Greece: Reception of Tolkien ||[[Dimitra Fimi|Fimi, Dimitra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Greek Gods||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Green, Roger Lancelyn (1918-87)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gregory the Great (c. 540-604)||[[Bradford Lee Eden|Eden, Bradford Lee]]<br />
|-<br />
| Gríma (Wormtongue)||[[Janet Brennan Croft|Croft, Janet Brennan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Grove, Jennie (1860-1938)||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Guthlac, Poem||[[Sarah Downey|Downey, Sarah]]<br />
|-<br />
| Guthlac, Saint||[[Sarah Downey|Downey, Sarah]]<br />
|-<br />
| Haigh, Walter E. (1856-1931)||[[Janet Brennan Croft|Croft, Janet Brennan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Havard, Humphrey (1901-85)||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Health and Medicine||Nokes, Richard Scott<br />
|-<br />
| Heathenism and Paganism||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Heaven ||[[Joseph Pearce|Pearce, Joseph]]<br />
|-<br />
| Hell||Walsh, John<br />
|-<br />
| Heroes and Heroism||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Hierarchy||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| History of Middle-earth: Overview||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| History, Anglo-Saxon||Smol, Anna<br />
|-<br />
| Hobbit, The||[[Chester N. Scoville|Scoville, Chester N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Hobbiton||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Hobbits||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Holy Maiden Hood by J. Furnival: Review by Tolkien||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Homecoming of Beorhtnoth||[[Carl Phelpstead|Phelpstead, Carl]]<br />
|-<br />
| Homer||Eaton, Dustin<br />
|-<br />
| Homosexuality||Vaccaro, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Howard, Robert E. (1906-36)||Nelson, Dale<br />
|-<br />
| Humor||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Hungary: Reception of Tolkien ||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Huns||Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif<br />
|-<br />
| I·Lam Na·Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue||[[Carl F. Hostetter|Hostetter, Carl F.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Immortality||Garbowski, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Incarnation||[[Joseph Pearce|Pearce, Joseph]]<br />
|-<br />
| Industrialization||Curry, Patrick<br />
|-<br />
| Inklings||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ireland||Anger, Don N.<br />
|-<br />
| Italian Language||Arduini, Roberto<br />
|-<br />
| Italy: Reception of Tolkien ||Arduini, Roberto<br />
|-<br />
| "Iþþlen" in Sawles Warde||Kleinman, Scott<br />
|-<br />
| Jackson, Peter ||Timmons, Daniel<br />
|-<br />
| Japan: Reception of Tolkien ||Arduini, Roberto<br />
|-<br />
| Jewels||Turner, Allan<br />
|-<br />
| Jones, Gwyn ||Spangenberg, Lisa L.<br />
|-<br />
| Jordanes: History of the Goths||Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif<br />
|-<br />
| Joyce, James (1882-1941)||Fischer, Charles H. and Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| Judaism||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Juliana||Tubbs, Patricia<br />
|-<br />
| Jungian Theory||Vaccaro, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Justice and Injustice||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Katherine Group||[[Arne Zettersten|Zettersten, Arne]]<br />
|-<br />
| King Alfred||Holmes, John R.<br />
|-<br />
| Kingship||Kleinman, Scott<br />
|-<br />
| Knowledge||Anger, Don N.<br />
|-<br />
| Koivié-néni and Cuiviénen||Anger, Don N.<br />
|-<br />
| Kolbítar||Lazo, Andrew Charles<br />
|-<br />
| Kôr||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Langland, William||McNelis, James I. III<br />
|-<br />
| Language, Theories of||Turner, Allan<br />
|-<br />
| Languages: Early Introduction and Interest||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Languages Invented by Tolkien||[[Carl F. Hostetter|Hostetter, Carl F.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Latin Language||Moreno, Miryam Librán<br />
|-<br />
| Latin Literature||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Law||Hargroves, Jeniffer G.<br />
|-<br />
| Lays of Beleriand, The||[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Leechbook and Herbarium||Kisor, Yvette<br />
|-<br />
| Leeds||[[Chester N. Scoville|Scoville, Chester N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Leeds University Verse 1914-24||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Legolas||Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| Lembas||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, The||DeTardo, Merlin<br />
|-<br />
| Lewis, C.S. (1898-1963)||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lewis, Warren Hamilton (1895-1973)||[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Library, Personal||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Light||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Literary Context, Twentieth Century ||Buck, Claire<br />
|-<br />
| Literary Influences, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries||Nelson, Dale<br />
|-<br />
| Literature, Twentieth Century: Influence of Tolkien ||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lombardic Language||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lonely Mountain (Erebor)||Harper, Amelia<br />
|-<br />
| Lord of the Rings, The||[[Amy H. Sturgis|Sturgis, Amy H.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lord of the Rings, The: Success of||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lost Road, The||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lothlórien||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lúthien||Seaman, Gerald<br />
|-<br />
| Lyme Regis||Coren, Michael<br />
|-<br />
| Lyric Poetry||Christopher, Joe R.<br />
|-<br />
| MacDonald, George (1824-1905)||Kreglinger, Gisela<br />
|-<br />
| Magic: Middle-earth||Perry, Michael W.<br />
|-<br />
| Maiar||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Mandos||Garbowski, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Manuscripts by Tolkien||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Manuscripts, Medieval||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Maps||Campbell, Alice<br />
|-<br />
| Marriage||Coren, Michael<br />
|-<br />
| Marxist Readings of Tolkien||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Matthew, Fr. Anthony Gervase (1905-76)||[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| McCallum, Ronald Buchanan (1898-1973)||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Melian||Hesser, Katherine<br />
|-<br />
| Memory||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Men, Middle-earth||Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif<br />
|-<br />
| Merchandising||[[Marcel Bülles|Bülles, Marcel R.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Mercy||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Merry||[[Janet Brennan Croft|Croft, Janet Brennan]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Middle English 'Losenger': A Sketch of an Etymological and Semantic Inquiry"||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Middle English Vocabulary, A (1922)||[[Carl F. Hostetter|Hostetter, Carl F.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Middle-earth||Garbowski, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Milton||Holmes, John R.<br />
|-<br />
| Mirkwood||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Missions from Anglo-Saxon England||[[Bradford Lee Eden|Eden, Bradford Lee]]<br />
|-<br />
| Misty Mountains||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Mithril||Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Monsters||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Mordor||McNelis, James I. III<br />
|-<br />
| Morgan, Father Francis||Coren, Michael<br />
|-<br />
| Morgoth and Melkor||[[Joseph Pearce|Pearce, Joseph]]<br />
|-<br />
| Morgoth's Ring||Fensome, Matthew<br />
|-<br />
| Moria||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Morris, William||Perry, Michael W.<br />
|-<br />
| Mountains||Benvenuto, Maria Raffaela<br />
|-<br />
| Mr. Bliss||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| "MS Bodley 34: A Re-Collation of a Collation"||[[Anders Stenström|Stenström, Anders 'Beregond']]<br />
|-<br />
| Music in Middle-earth||[[Bradford Lee Eden|Eden, Bradford Lee]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Mythology for England"||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Mythology, Celtic||Spangenberg, Lisa L.<br />
|-<br />
| Mythology, Germanic||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Mythopoeia"||Holmes, John R.<br />
|-<br />
| Nature||Curry, Patrick<br />
|-<br />
| Nazi Party||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Neave, Jane (1872-1963)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Netherlands: Reception of Tolkien ||[[René van Rossenberg|van Rossenberg, René]]<br />
|-<br />
| New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District, A||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings"||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Norman Conquest||Foys, Martin K.<br />
|-<br />
| Northern Venture, A||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| North Polar Bear||Davie, Penelope<br />
|-<br />
| Northern Courage||[[Carl Phelpstead|Phelpstead, Carl]]<br />
|-<br />
| Norway: Reception of Tolkien ||[[Nils Ivar Agøy|Agøy, Nils Ivar]]<br />
|-<br />
| Norwegian Language||[[Nils Ivar Agøy|Agøy, Nils Ivar]]<br />
|-<br />
| Obituary for Henry Bradley||Smith, William<br />
|-<br />
| Old English||Bolintineanu, Alexandra<br />
|-<br />
| Old English Apollonius of Tyre, Edited by Tolkien||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Old French Literature||Seaman, Gerald<br />
|-<br />
| Old High German||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Old High German Literature||[[Arden R. Smith|Smith, Arden R.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Old Man Willow||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Old Mercian||Swain, L.J.<br />
|-<br />
| Old Norse Language||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Old Norse Literature||[[Marjorie Burns|Burns, Marjorie]]<br />
|-<br />
| Old Norse Translations||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| "On Fairy-Stories"||Thomas, Paul Edmund<br />
|-<br />
| "On Translating Beowulf"||[[Carl Phelpstead|Phelpstead, Carl]]<br />
|-<br />
| One Ring, The||Senior, William<br />
|-<br />
| Oral Tradition||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Orality||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Orfeo, Sir||[[Carl F. Hostetter|Hostetter, Carl F.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Owl and the Nightingale, The||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Oxford||Fry, Michele<br />
|-<br />
| Palantíri||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Paradise||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Parodies||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Pearl: edition by E. V. Gordon||Tubbs, Patricia<br />
|-<br />
| Penance||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Peoples of Middle-earth||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Phial||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Philately||[[Jeff Sypeck|Sypeck, Jeff]]<br />
|-<br />
| Philo-semitism||Coren, Michael<br />
|-<br />
| Pilgrimage||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Pippin||[[Janet Brennan Croft|Croft, Janet Brennan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Plants||Curry, Patrick<br />
|-<br />
| Plato||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Poems by Tolkien in Other Languages||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Poems by Tolkien: The Adventures of Tom Bombadil||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Poems by Tolkien: The History of Middle-earth||[[Reno E. Lauro|Lauro, Reno E.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Poems by Tolkien: The Hobbit||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Poems by Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Poems by Tolkien: Uncollected||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Poland: Reception of Tolkien ||Morawsi, Marcin<br />
|-<br />
| Politics||[[Hal Colebatch|Colebatch, Hal G.P.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Popular Music ||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Possessiveness||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Power in Tolkien's Works ||Eaglestone, Robert<br />
|-<br />
| Prehistory: "Cavemen"||Walsh, John<br />
|-<br />
| Pride||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Prophecy||[[Julaire Andelin|Andelin, Julaire]]<br />
|-<br />
| Prose Style||Turner, Allan<br />
|-<br />
| Pseudonym: Bagpuize, K.||Spangenberg, Lisa L.<br />
|-<br />
| Publications, Posthumous||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Publishing History||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Qenyaqetsa: The Quenya Phonology and Lexicon||[[Carl F. Hostetter|Hostetter, Carl F.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Quest Narrative||Leibiger, Carol A.<br />
|-<br />
| Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien Works ||Chism, Christine<br />
|-<br />
| Race in Tolkien Films||Rosebury, Brian<br />
|-<br />
| Racism, Charges of||Chism, Christine<br />
|-<br />
| Rankin/Bass Productions, Inc.||[[Janet Brennan Croft|Croft, Janet Brennan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ransome, Arthur ||Coren, Michael<br />
|-<br />
| Redemption||[[Joseph Pearce|Pearce, Joseph]]<br />
|-<br />
| Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestshire||Anger, Don N.<br />
|-<br />
| Resurrection||[[Bradley J. Birzer|Birzer, Bradley J.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Return of the Shadow||[[Stephen Yandell|Yandell, Stephen]]<br />
|-<br />
| Reynolds, R. W. (1867-1948)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Rhetoric||Turner, Allan<br />
|-<br />
| Riddles||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Riddles: Sources||Kisor, Yvette<br />
|-<br />
| Ring-giving||Kisor, Yvette<br />
|-<br />
| Rings||Vaccaro, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Rings of Power||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Rivendell||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Road Goes Ever On, The||[[Chester N. Scoville|Scoville, Chester N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Rohan||Wynne, Hilary<br />
|-<br />
| Roman History||Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif<br />
|-<br />
| Romances: Middle English and French||Seaman, Gerald<br />
|-<br />
| Roverandom||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Runes||[[Arden R. Smith|Smith, Arden R.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Russia: Reception of Tolkien ||Markova, O.<br />
|-<br />
| Russian Language||[[Ivan Derzhanski|Derzhanski, Ivan A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sacrifice||Heckman, Christina M.<br />
|-<br />
| Saint Brendan||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Saint John||[[Bradley J. Birzer|Birzer, Bradley J.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Saint Oswald||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Saints||[[Joseph Pearce|Pearce, Joseph]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sam||[[Stephen Yandell|Yandell, Stephen]]<br />
|-<br />
| Saracens and Moors||Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif<br />
|-<br />
| Saruman||Evans, Jonathan<br />
|-<br />
| Satan and Lucifer ||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sauron||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sauron Defeated||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Saxo Grammaticus||Kleinman, Scott<br />
|-<br />
| Sayers, Dorothy Leigh (1893-1957)||[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Scholars of Medieval Literature, Influence of||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| Seafarer, The||Donovan, Leslie A.<br />
|-<br />
| Seafarer: Ida Gordon Edition||Bolintineanu, Alexandra<br />
|-<br />
| "Secret Vice, A"||[[Arden R. Smith|Smith, Arden R.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sexuality in Tolkien's Works||Smol, Anna<br />
|-<br />
| Shakespeare||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Shaping of Middle-earth||[[Amy H. Sturgis|Sturgis, Amy H.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Shelob||[[Marjorie Burns|Burns, Marjorie]]<br />
|-<br />
| Shire, The||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Silmarillion, The||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Silmarils||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sin||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, Sir Orfeo, Edited by Christopher Tolkien||[[Carl Phelpstead|Phelpstead, Carl]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Edition with E.V. Gordon||Seaman, Gerald<br />
|-<br />
| Smith, Geoffrey Bache (1894-1916)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Smith of Wooton Major ||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Smith of Wootton Major (Character)||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Solomon and Saturn||Powell, Kathryn<br />
|-<br />
| "Some Contributions to Middle English Lexicography"||Beal, Jane<br />
|-<br />
| Song Contests||Gay, David<br />
|-<br />
| South, The||Magoun, John F.G.<br />
|-<br />
| Spain: Reception of Tolkien ||[[Eduardo Segura|Segura, Eduardo]]<br />
|-<br />
| Spanish Language||[[Eduardo Segura|Segura, Eduardo]]<br />
|-<br />
| Spenser, Edmund||[[Julaire Andelin|Andelin, Julaire]]<br />
|-<br />
| Spring Harvest, A: G. Bache Smith, ed. J.R.R. Tolkien||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Subject Theory and Semiotics||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Suffield Family||Tubbs, Patricia<br />
|-<br />
| Suicide||[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sweden: Reception of Tolkien ||[[Anders Stenström|Stenström, Anders 'Beregond']]<br />
|-<br />
| Swedish Language||[[Anders Stenström|Stenström, Anders 'Beregond']]<br />
|-<br />
| Symbolism in Tolkien's Works||Rosebury, Brian<br />
|-<br />
| Taniquetil||[[Jason Fisher|Fisher, Jason]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tavrobel (or Tathrobel)||Perry, Michael W.<br />
|-<br />
| T.C.B.S. (Tea Club and Barrovian Society)||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Technological Subcultures: Reception of Tolkien||Spangenberg, Lisa L.<br />
|-<br />
| Technology in Middle-earth||Worthen, Shana<br />
|-<br />
| Television: U.S. Coverage||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Tertullian||Walsh, John<br />
|-<br />
| Textual History: Errors and Emendations||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Textuality||[[Gergely Nagy|Nagy, Gergely]]<br />
|-<br />
| Theoden||Wynne, Hilary<br />
|-<br />
| Theological and Moral Approaches in Tolkien's Works ||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Theology in The Lord of the Rings||Filmer-Davies, Cath<br />
|-<br />
| Thingol||[[Marcel Bülles|Bülles, Marcel R.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Thorin Oakenshield||[[Jo-Anna Dueck|Dueck, Jo-Anna]], et al.<br />
|-<br />
| Time||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Time Travel||[[Verlyn Flieger|Flieger, Verlyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tol Eressëa||[[Michael D.C. Drout|Drout, Michael D.C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien Reader, The||Walsh, John<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien Remembered: Humphrey Carpenter||Anger, Don N.<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien Scholarship: An Overview||Rosebury, Brian<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien Scholarship: First Decades: 1954-1980||[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien Scholarship: Institutions||[[Cecilia Barella|Barella, Cecilia]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien Scholarship: Since 1980||Wynne, Hilary<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, Arthur Reuel (1857-96)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, Baillie (1941-)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, Christopher Reuel||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, Faith||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, Hilary (1894-1976)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, John (1917-2003)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien (née Suffield), Mabel (1870-1904)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, Michael (1920-84)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, Priscilla (1929-)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tolkien, Simon (1959-)||[[Douglas A. Anderson|Anderson, Douglas A.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tom Bombadil||[[Gene Hargrove|Hargrove, Gene]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tour in the Alps, 1911||[[Marjorie Burns|Burns, Marjorie]]<br />
|-<br />
| Towers||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Treason||[[Thomas M. Honegger|Honegger, Thomas]]<br />
|-<br />
| Treason of Isengard, The||Magoun, John F.G.<br />
|-<br />
| Tree and Leaf||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Treebeard ||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Trees||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Trench Fever||Whittingham, Elizabeth A.<br />
|-<br />
| Túrin||[[Richard C. West|West, Richard C.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Turville-Petre, Joan||Beal, Jane<br />
|-<br />
| Two Trees||Curry, Patrick<br />
|-<br />
| Tyranny||Vaccaro, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Undersea Landscape: Features Named after Tolkien Characters||Hargroves, Jeniffer G.<br />
|-<br />
| Unfinished Tales||[[Eduardo Segura|Segura, Eduardo]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ungoliant (Q.,Ungol, Spider + Liante, Tendril)||Houghton, John Wm.<br />
|-<br />
| Valar||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Vale of the White Horse||Fry, Michele<br />
|-<br />
| "Valedictory Address"||Holmes, John R.<br />
|-<br />
| Valinor||Oberhelman, David D.<br />
|-<br />
| Viking Raids||Arduini, Roberto<br />
|-<br />
| Violence||Vaccaro, Christopher<br />
|-<br />
| Virgil||[[Cecilia Barella|Barella, Cecilia]]<br />
|-<br />
| Wain, John (1925-1994)||[[David Bratman|Bratman, David]]<br />
|-<br />
| Wanderer, The||Donovan, Leslie A.<br />
|-<br />
| War||Buck, Claire<br />
|-<br />
| War of the Jewels, The||Fensome, Matthew<br />
|-<br />
| War of the Ring, The||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Warwick||Spangenberg, Lisa L.<br />
|-<br />
| Weapons, Named||[[Anthony Burdge|Burdge, Anthony S.]] and Burke, Jessica<br />
|-<br />
| Welsh Language||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Whitby||[[Chester N. Scoville|Scoville, Chester N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Wilderland||[[Matthew Dickerson |Dickerson, Matthew]]<br />
|-<br />
| Williams, Charles Walter Stansby (1886-1945)||[[Colin Duriez|Duriez, Colin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Wiseman, Christopher (1893-1987)||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| Wizards||[[Michael N. Stanton|Stanton, Michael N.]]<br />
|-<br />
| Wolvercote Cemetery||Anger, Robert G.<br />
|-<br />
| Women in Tolkien's Works||Leibiger, Carol A.<br />
|-<br />
| World War I||[[John Garth|Garth, John]]<br />
|-<br />
| World War II||[[Jared Lobdell|Lobdell, Jared]]<br />
|-<br />
| Wyke-Smith, A.E. and The Marvelous Land of Snergs||[[Bradford Lee Eden|Eden, Bradford Lee]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ylfe, Álfar, Elves||[[Tom Shippey|Shippey, Tom]]<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
[[Category:Lists]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mythcon_37&diff=370665Mythcon 372023-03-19T03:30:50Z<p>Oromë: Links</p>
<hr />
<div>{{convention<br />
| image=<br />
| title=Mythcon 37<br />
| location=University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma<br />
| organizer=[[Mythopoeic Society]]<br />
| dates=4-7 August [[2006]]<br />
| attendees=<br />
}}<br />
'''Mythcon 37''' was the thirty-seventh annual [[Mythopoeic Society]] conference.<br />
<br />
* '''Theme:''' The Map & The Territory: Maps and Landscapes in Fantasy<br />
* '''Guest of Honors:''' Lois McMaster Bujold (fantasy and SF author) and [[Amy H. Sturgis|Amy Sturgis]] (C.S. Lewis and Native American fantasy scholar)<br />
* '''Chairman:''' [[Janet Croft]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/ Mythcon website]<br />
**[http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/37/ Mythcon 37 website]<br />
*[http://www.mythsoc.org/ Mythopoeic Society website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mythcon 37}}<br />
[[Category:Mythcon]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Amy_H._Sturgis&diff=370664Amy H. Sturgis2023-03-19T03:28:52Z<p>Oromë: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{author infobox | image= | name=Amy H. Sturgis | born= | died= | education=Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University | occupation=Author,..."</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{author infobox<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Amy H. Sturgis<br />
| born=<br />
| died=<br />
| education=Ph.D. from [[wikipedia:Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt University]]<br />
| occupation=Author, teacher, editor<br />
| location=<br />
| website=[https://www.amyhsturgis.com/ amyhsturgis.com]<br />
|}}<br />
'''Amy H. Sturgis''' is an author, professor, and scholar specializing in science fiction, fantasy, gothic, and Native American studies.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://signumuniversity.org/people/amy-sturgis/|articlename=Amy H. Sturgis|dated=|website=[https://signumuniversity.org/ Signum University]|accessed=18 March 2023}}</ref> She has taught at Belmont University, Lenoir-Rhyne University, and Signum University, including courses about the works of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.amyhsturgis.com/?page_id=11|articlename=Teaching by AHS|dated=|website=The Worlds of Amy H. Sturgis|accessed=18 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography <small>(selected)</small>==<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[2003]]: '[[Parma Nölé 8]]'<br />
** "An Interview with Glass Hammer"<br />
* [[2004]]: '[[Parma Nölé 9]]'<br />
** "Looking There and Back Again: The Gathering of the Fellowship"<br />
* [[2004]]: ''Tolkien on Film: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings''<br />
** "Make Mine 'Movieverse': How the Tolkien Fan Fiction Community Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Peter Jackson"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[Mythlore 93/94]]''<br />
** "Reimagining Rose: Portrayals of Tolkien"s Rosie Cotton in Twenty-First Century Fan Fiction"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''<br />
** "Fan Fiction"<br />
** "Lord of the Rings, The"<br />
** "Shaping of Middle-earth"<br />
* [[2008]] ''Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy: An Encyclopedia''<br />
** "J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[2009]]: ''Hog's Head Conversations: Essays on Harry Potter''<br />
** "When Harry Met Faërie: Rowling’s Hogwarts, Tolkien’s Fairy-Stories, and the Question of Readership"<br />
* [[2010]]: ''[[Middle-earth Minstrel]]''<br />
** "'Tolkien is the Wind and the Way': The Educational Value of Tolkien-Inspired World Music"<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[2006]]: [[Imperishable Flame Award]] for Achievement in Tolkien/Inklings Scholarship<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.amyhsturgis.com/ Official website]<br />
* {{WP|Amy H. Sturgis}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sturgis, Amy H.}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:American people]]<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:Editors]]<br />
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_245&diff=370658Letter 2452023-03-18T21:35:42Z<p>Oromë: More spelling/grammar fixes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
| #=245<br />
| to=[[Rhona Beare]]<br />
| date=[[25 June]] [[1963]]<br />
| subject=Answers regarding [[Runes]] and dead Elves<br />
}}{{letter|245}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Beare asked why the G-rune in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' did not match standard [[Anglo-Saxon]] runes. Tolkien said that his [[Cirth]] or runes were invented for the story with no historical connection to the Germanic Runic alphabet (which was more developed by the English), so different values for similar shapes were to be expected. Both systems were devised for cutting or scratching on wood and had to take the grain of wood into account. Tolkien expanded on the topic of how the signs were devised by deletions or additions to a basic pattern.<br />
<br />
What happened, inquired Beare, to [[Elves]] killed in battle? Even in the legends, replied Tolkien, Elves were seen mainly through the eyes of [[Men]], and neither side fully knew or understood the ultimate destiny of the other. Elves were so long-lived that Men thought them "immortal." Yet Elves understood that they were not unageing or unwearying and that they were confined to the limits of this world in some form or another. After the "end of the world," they were unsure and only had theories. The Elves also did not know what "death" meant for Men, believing it to mean a desirable "liberation from the circles of the world." To envious Men, they pointed out that though remote, they still faced ultimate loss and noted that the longer one bears a burden, the heavier it may become.<br />
<br />
Tolkien apologized for writing in pencil and for possibly being illegible. He was temporarily unable to use his right hand, so he used his left instead, which was easier with a pencil.<br />
<br />
{{letters}}</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mirkwood&diff=370650Mirkwood2023-03-18T03:10:02Z<p>Oromë: Improper merge- the article was simply copy/pasted to the bottom. Everything is already under History anyway. Except for the last sentence, which we can consider putting elsewhere.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Mirkwood|[[Mirkwood (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=Mirkwood<br />
| image=[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Mirkwood.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Mirkwood" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Taur-nu-Fuin'', ''Taur-e-Ndaedelos'', ''Eryn Galen'', ''Eryn Lasgalen'', Greenwood the Great<br />
| location=East of the [[Misty Mountains]], south of [[Ered Mithrin]]<br />
| type=Forest<br />
| description=Deep, thick, dark forest<br />
| regions=[[East Lórien]], [[Narrows]], [[Woodland Realm]]<br />
| towns=[[Amon Lanc]] (later [[Dol Guldur]]), [[Elvenking's Halls]], [[Rhosgobel]]<br />
| inhabitants=[[Spiders]], [[Silvan Elves]] ([[Elves of Mirkwood]], [[Galadhrim]]), [[Northmen]] ([[Woodmen]], [[Beornings]]), [[Orcs]], [[Olog-hai]], [[Nazgûl]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=[[Battle under the trees]], [[Fall of Dol Guldur]]<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Well, here is Mirkwood! ''[...]'' Greatest of the forests of the Northern world. I hope you like the look of it.|[[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[Queer Lodgings]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Mirkwood''' ([[Sindarin|S]]: ''Taur-nu-Fuin'') or the '''Forest of Great Fear''' ([[Sindarin|S]]: ''[[Taur-e-Ndaedelos]]'') was a great forest east of the river [[Anduin]] in [[Rhovanion]]. It was previously called [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]] ([[Sindarin|S]]: ''[[Mirkwood|Eryn Galen]]'') until the Shadow of the influence of Sauron fell on it. It was named the [[Eryn Lasgalen|Wood of Greenleaves]] ([[Sindarin|S]]: ''[[Eryn Lasgalen]]'') when the shadow was lifted after the defeat of Sauron.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Mirkwood seems to have had much the same boundaries as it did at the end of the Third Age for most of its history. It was roughly rectangular in shape: stretching from the foothills of the [[Grey Mountains]] in the north to the [[North Undeep]] in the south, and from the east edge of the vale of [[Anduin]] to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]].<br />
<br />
It was bisected by the ancient [[Old Forest Road]]. Later, when this road became unusable, a second path through the forest was made to the north. Between the two paths lay the [[Mountains of Mirkwood]]. The [[Forest River]] cut through the forest's northern end from its source in the western Grey Mountains, joined in the centre by the [[Enchanted River]] which flowed north from the Mountains of Mirkwood.<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Map of Wilderland.jpg|thumb|right|Map of [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]] by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] showing the northern part of Mirkwood.]]<br />
South of the Old Forest road the [[East Bight]] created the ''Narrows of the Forest'', only one hundred miles across. South and west of the narrows was the a hill called [[Amon Lanc]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Originally called Greenwood the Great, the forest may have once formed part of the vast primeval woodland which covered most of [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Years of the Trees]], possibly linked to Lothlórien across the Anduin.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}} p. 252</ref> The [[Eldar]] passed through the area on their [[Great Journey|journey]] to [[Valinor]] and it was first populated at this time by the [[Nandor]]. Unwilling to cross the [[Misty Mountains]], these Elves settled also in the wooded valleys of the river Anduin. They multiplied and were joined by wandering [[Avari]], becoming known as Silvan or Wood-elves.<br />
<br />
The Old Forest Road was constructed very early in Greenwood's history by the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeard]] [[Dwarves]] to carry traffic between their territory in the Misty Mountains to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], and the [[Iron Hills]].This road would be later abandoned as the [[Orcs]] of the [[Misty Mountains]] and [[Grey Mountains]] took [[Mount Gundabad|Gundabad]] and the surrounding region, cutting off communication between Khazad-dûm and the Iron Hills and Erebor.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Second Age ===<br />
In around the year {{SA|750}}, the [[Sindar|Sinda]] prince, [[Oropher]], removed from [[Lindon]] to Greenwood where he was taken by the Silvan Elves as their lord. This forested region to the east of the [[Anduin]] is where [[Silvan Elves]], of [[Nandor]] descent and the [[Avari]], lived.<ref>{{PM|Second}}</ref> Oropher built his halls at [[Amon Lanc]] and was accepted as the leader of the Wood-elves of Greenwood, later the [[Elves of Mirkwood]], forming the [[Woodland Realm]].<br />
<br />
=== Third Age ===<br />
The first millennium of the Third Age probably saw the creation of the East Bight by men living in the eastern eaves of the forest. These men may have formed part of the [[Rhovanion|Kingdom of Rhovanion]] led by [[Vidugavia]]. Men, such as the [[Éothéod]], and [[Hobbits]] also lived in the vale of Anduin and were likely responsible for the retreat of the forest's western border.<br />
<br />
At the beginning of the Third Age, [[Thranduil]] replaced [[Oropher]] as king of the Woodland Realm. Probably as a result of massive losses at the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] the Silvan population of Greenwood was diminished and became mainly concentrated in the hills then known as [[Mountains of Mirkwood|Emyn Duir]]. At the beginning of the second millennium of the Third Age, a mysterious being came to Amon Lanc in the south of Greenwood the Great, and there built the stronghold known as [[Dol Guldur]]; "hill of sorcery." This was the magician known as the Necromancer, who was later revealed to be none other than Sauron himself, and from his fortress tower a shadow of nightshade began to spread across the woodlands. The story of Sauron's darkening of Greenwood the Great mirrors events in the First Age, when he occupied the highland forests of Dorthonion, north of Beleriand. That region, too, fell under his shadow, and was also known as Taur-nu-Fuin. From that time on, the Elves came to refer to the Greenwood as Taur-nu-Fuin, the forest under nightshade, rendered into the Mannish tongue as 'Mirkwood'.<br />
<br />
Around the [[Third Age 1636|same time]] as the [[Great Plague]] devastated [[Gondor]] and [[Eriador]], the [[Shadow]] grew deep in Greenwood and evil things reappeared. Later the wise noted this coincidence and considered it a sign of Sauron's return.<Ref>{{App|Gondor}}</ref><br />
<br />
Indeed, by the time of [[Cirion]] (c. T.A. 2500), [[Dol Guldur]] controlled the [[Balchoth]], a tribe of [[Easterlings]] who dwelt east of Mirkwood; often they made raids through the forest up to the [[Vales of Anduin]], until they were all but deserted, until [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant|defeated]].<ref>{{App|Stewards}}</ref><br />
[[File:Alan Lee - The Elvenking's Gate.jpg|thumb|''The Elvenking's Gate'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Sauron's arrival caused a darkening of Greenwood, and at this point it became known as Mirkwood. The children of [[Shelob]], giant [[spiders]], as well as bats and orcs in Dol Guldur's service occupied the forest and it became thicker, darker and covered in cobwebs.<ref>{{H|Flies}}</ref><br />
<br />
This caused Thranduil to lead the Silvan population of Mirkwood to migrate north for the las time, north of the forest river. The Wood-elves specifically dwell apparently exclusively in the [[Elvenking's Halls]] at the eastern end of the Forest River. The ancient Old Forest Road was abandoned by men and Dwarves alike, with a new but seldom used path being made further from Dol Guldur and the Hobbits near the forest's eastern border migrated away.<br />
<br />
Mirkwood remained a place of fear throughout the Third Age, though the kingdoms of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] and [[Dale]] flourished briefly in the time of the [[King under the Mountain|Kings under the Mountain]]. This prosperity was ended by the arrival of the [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] who brought yet further desolation to the area north-eastern Mirkwood. Small homesteads of 'Woodmen' are also recorded as living in the western edge of the forest south of the old road in {{TA|2941|n}}.<ref>{{HM|H}}, "Map of Wilderland"</ref><br />
<br />
In {{TA|2850|n}}, [[Gandalf]] visited Mirkwood and entered Dol Guldor, this time in secret. The Grey Pilgrim discovered that the Necromancer was none other than Sauron, who had regained his powers, millennia after the Battle of Dagorlad.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2850, p. 1088</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Galadriel dol guldur bfmeII.JPG|thumb|left|Galadriel casts down the walls of Dol Guldur]]<br />
In {{TA|2941}}, as [[Thorin and Company]], were going on the [[Quest of Erebor]], the shadow over Mirkwood was lifted, albeit temporarily. While Thorin and Company were journeying to Erebor, the [[White Council]], prompted by the [[Wizards|Wizard]] [[Gandalf]]'s discovery of the true identity of Sauron drove him from Dol Guldur. Gandalf also planned the successful [[Quest of Erebor]], which resulted in the slaying of Smaug in the same year. The combination of these two events allowed the re-established kingdoms of Erebor and Dale and the flourishing of the Woodland Realm and of a confederacy of Woodmen led by the [[Beornings]]. The Darkness of Mirkwood was lifted for a while.<br />
<br />
Only ten years after these events in {{TA|2951}} Sauron, now based in [[Mordor]], sent [[Khamûl]] and two other [[Nazgûl]] to reoccupy Dol Guldur.<ref>{{App|TA}}, entry for the year 2951, p. 1089</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 March {{TA|3018|n}}, [[Aragorn]] who had captured [[Gollum]] in the [[Dead Marshes]] arrived with Gollum in Mirkwood.<ref>{{UT|Other}}</ref><br />
<br />
Two days later, on 23 March {{TA|3018|n}}, Gandalf arrived in Mirkwood<ref name=Note6>{{UT|Other}} note 6</ref> and began to interrogate Gollum.<ref>{{UT|Other}} and note 4</ref><br />
<br />
On 29 March {{TA|3018|n}}, Gandalf left Mirkwood.<ref name=Note6/><br />
<br />
On 20 June, Orcs attacked the Elves of Mirkwood and Gollum was able to escape from his captivity.<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3018, June 20, p. 1093</ref> Afterwards Legolas leaves Mirkwood to travel to Rivendell to attend the Council of Elrond and to report that Gollum has escaped.<ref>{{FR|Council}}, p. 255</ref><br />
<br />
On 11, 15 and 22 March {{TA|3019|n}},<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 11, March 15 and March 22, pp. 1093-1094</ref> forces from Dol Guldur assaulted the realm of Lórien, but they were repulsed each time because of the valor of the Elves of Lórien and by the power of Galadriel, but the woods on the borders of Lórien were seriously damaged.<ref name=Great>{{App|Great}}, p. 1094</ref><br />
<br />
On 15 March {{TA|3019|n}}, the day of the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] in front of Minas Tirith,<ref>{{App|Great}}, entry for the year 3019, March 15, p. 1094</ref> forces from Dol Guldur invaded the realm of Thranduil in Mirkwood. Thranduil defeated the forces of Dol Guldur in a long battle under the trees during which there was great damage through by fire.<ref name=Great/><br />
<br />
On 28 March {{TA|3019|n}},<ref>{{App|Chief}}, entry for the year 3019, March 28, p. 1095</ref> the host of the Elves of [[Lórien]] led by [[Celeborn]] crossed the Anduin in boats and conquered Dol Guldur. Galadriel destroyed the walls of Dol Guldur and uncovered its pits and the forest was cleansed.<ref name=Great/><br />
<br />
On 6 April {{TA|3019|n}},<ref>{{App|Chief}}, entry for the year 3019, April 6, p. 1095</ref> Celeborn and Thranduil met in the middle of Mirkwood and gave it the new name ''Eryn Lasgalen'', The Wood of Greenleaves. They divided the forest between them so that the realm of Thranduil encompassed the northern part of the wood down to the [[Mountains of Mirkwood]] and that the realm of Celeborn encompassed the southern part of the wood south of the [[Narrows of the Forest]], which was named East Lórien by Celeborn. Thranduil and Celeborn gave all the wide forest between the Mountains of Mirkwood and the Narrows of the Forest to the [[Beornings]] and the [[Woodmen]].<ref name=Great/><br />
<br />
=== Fourth Age ===<br />
Though initially they prospered as the darkness was lifted, the elves of the Wood of Greenleaves were destined either to depart for Valinor or fade into rustic forest spirits. The forest probably then ultimately fell under the dominion of Men, the descendants of the Beornings and the men of Dale.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
''Mirkwood'' is an English name, which means "gloomy wood". It is a combination of "mirk" and "wood".<ref name=L289>{{L|289}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other names ==<br />
''Eryn Galen'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, which means "Greenwood". Paul Strack suggests that it is a combination of ''[[eryn]]'' ("wood") and the [[lenition|lenited]] form ''galen'' of ''[[calen]]'' ("green").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-1914672065.html|articlename=S. ''Eryn Galen'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=25 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Taur e-Ndaedelos'' is a [[Sindarin]] name,<ref name=Taur>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-3937677453.html|articlename=S. ''Taur e-Ndaedelos'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=25 November 2022}}</ref> which means "forest of the great fear".<ref>{{App|Translation}}, p. 1134</ref> Paul Strack suggests that it is a combination of ''[[taur]]'' ("forest"), ''[[en]]'' ("of the") and ''daedelos'' ("horrible fear").<ref name=Taur/><br />
<br />
''Taur-nu-Fuin'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, which means "Mirkwood" or "Forest under Night(shade)". Paul Strack suggests that it is a combination of ''[[taur]]'' ("forest"), ''[[nu]]'' ("under") and ''[[fuin]]'' ("night" or "nightshade").<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-2976540083.html|articlename=S. ''Taur-nu-Fuin'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=25 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Eryn Lasgalen'' is a [[Sindarin]] name,<ref name=Eryn>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://www.eldamo.org/content/words/word-703513105.html|articlename=S. ''Eryn Lasgalen'' loc.|website=Eldamo|accessed=25 November 2022}}</ref> which means "Wood of Greenleaves".<ref>{{App|Great}}, p. 1094</ref> Paul Strack suggests that it is a combination of ''[[eryn]]'' ("wood"), ''[[lass]]'' ("leaf") and the [[lenition|lenited]] form ''galen'' of ''[[calen]]'' ("green").<ref name=Eryn/><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
''Mirkwood'' is the Anglicized form of the Norse name ''[[wikipedia:Myrkviðr|Myrkviðr]]'' or ''mirkiwidu'', originally hailing from [[Poetic Edda|Eddaic poems]]. Myrkviðr was the name of a "dark boundary-forest ... the great forest that divided the land of the Goths from the land of the Huns".<ref>{{HM|SG}}, pp. 131, 227-8, 372</ref> In a letter to his grandson Michael, Tolkien wrote that the name "''Mirkwood'' was not his invention but was probably the Primitive Germanic name of the great mountainous forest regions that anciently formed a barrier to the south of the lands of Germanic expansions and in some traditions became used especially for the boundary between Goths and Huns. He then continues to discuss the origin of the name in very early German ''mirkiwidu'' writings.<ref name=L289/><br />
<br />
Projected into Old English, the term appears as ''Myrcwudu'' in Tolkien's ''[[The Lost Road]]'', as a poem sung by [[Ælfwine]]:<ref>{{HM|LR}}: "The Lost Road: (iii) The unwritten chapters": ''[[King Sheave]]'' and note to line 150</ref><br />
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;"><br />
Sea-danes and Goths, Swedes and Northmen,<br />
Franks and Frisians, folk of the islands,<br />
Swordmen and Saxons, Swabes and English,<br />
and the Langobards who long ago<br />
beyond Myrcwudu a mighty realm<br />
and wealth won them in the Welsh countries<br />
where Ælfwine Eadwine's heir<br />
in Italy was king. All that has passed.<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
The name ''Mirkwood'' was also used by [[William Morris]] in his novel ''[[The House of the Wolfings]]'' ([[1888]]).<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 13</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:Mirkwood is the setting of two large chapters of the game: the first one involves rescuing of Dwarves from the Spiders, while the second covers the Halls of King [[Thranduil]] and subsequent escape.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Several missions of both good and evil campaigns take place in Mirkwood. In the Evil campaign, the [[Witch-King]] is reclaiming [[Dol Guldur]] for Sauron, while in the Good campaign [[Legolas]] and elven archers pursue the escaped [[Gollum]].<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Mirkwood is one the battlefields for the non-storyline engagements.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Mirkwood makes appearance in both Good campaign and non-storyline skirmishes, in both cases the map is very different from the one in the first game.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Southern Mirkwood and Dol Guldur are the setting of the game's second expansion, ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood]]''. In its storyline, Celeborn and Galadriel organize a military campaign against Dol Guldur while the Fellowship still resides in Lothlorien (not to be confused with the later battle during the War of the Ring). The announced goal is to saw chaos into Orc forces by destroying as many of their troops, weapons and supplies as possible, to delay an inevitable assault upon Lothlorien. The true purpose, however, is to distract the Eye of Sauron from the company departing down the shores of Anduin. An assault by the Golden Host of the Galadhrim is successful despite minor losses and after establishing multiple camps throughout southern Mirkwood arrives at the walls of the fortress itself. However, without the White Lady they do not have the means of bringing down the walls, so the Elves prepare to swiftly fall back beyond Anduin before the main forces of the Enemy arrive.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Mirkwood is the setting of one the missions in the game, where [[Eradan]], [[Farin]] and [[Andriel]] have to rescue [[Radagast|Radagast the Brown]] from a giant spider.<br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Mirkwood is featured in the [[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug|second Hobbit film]], with its scenes being shot both on set in the studio and on location.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Taur-nu-Fuin (Dorthonion)]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{companyroute}}<br />
[[Category:Forests]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[Category:Rhovanion]]<br />
[[de:Düsterwald]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/forets/rhovanion/foret_noire]]<br />
[[fi:Synkmetsä]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BArin&diff=370555Húrin2023-03-17T02:35:13Z<p>Oromë: Reference fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Húrin|[[Húrin (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{Edain infobox<br />
| name=Húrin<br />
| image=[[File:Kimberly - Hurin Thalion.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Hurin Thalion" by [[:Category:Images by Kimberly|Kimberly]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Thalion]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Úmarth]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Lord of Dor-lómin]]<br />
| position=Head of the House of Hador<br />
| location=[[Dor-lómin]], [[Brethil]], [[Gondolin]]<br/>[[Thangorodrim]] (imprisoned)<br />
| affiliation=[[Union of Maedhros]]<br />
| language=[[Mannish]] dialect, [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth={{FA|441}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Dor-lómin]]<br />
| rule={{FA|462}} - {{FA|472|n}}<br />
| death={{FA|502}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Belegaer]] (suicide)<br />
| age=61<br />
| notablefor=Being among the greatest mortal warriors<br />
| house=[[House of Hador]]<br />
| parentage=[[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] & [[Hareth]]<br />
| siblings=[[Huor]]<br />
| spouse=[[Morwen|Morwen Eledhwen]]<br />
| children=[[Túrin]], [[Urwen]] & [[Nienor]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Blond/Grey<br />
| eyes=Blue<ref name="UT">{{UT|Narn}}</ref><ref>{{CH|18}}, p. 255</ref><br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Sword and axe<br />
| steed=[[Arroch]]<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|. . . but he was shorter in stature than other men of his kin; in this he took after his mother's people, but in all else he was like Hador, his grandfather, strong in body and fiery of mood. But the fire in him burned steadily, and he had great endurance of will.|''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', [[The Childhood of Túrin]]}}<br />
<br />
'''Húrin Thalion''' ("the Steadfast", "the Strong")<ref name=CH3>{{CH|3}}</ref>, was the last [[Lord of Dor-lómin]] and one of the great heroes of [[Edain|Men]] during the [[First Age]]. He was the eldest son of [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] and [[Hareth]] and the older brother of [[Huor]]. He was the father of [[Túrin]], [[Urwen]] and [[Nienor]].<br />
<br />
Húrin was regarded as "the mightiest of warriors of mortal Men"<ref name=TS22>{{S|22}}</ref> but also known for being the titular character of the tale, ''[[Narn i Chîn Húrin (tale)|Narn i Chîn Húrin]]'', "The Tale of the Children of Húrin". In the tale he was captured by [[Morgoth]] at the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] and the Dark Lord attempted to convince him to reveal the secret location of [[Gondolin]]. He refused, and in response the Dark Lord cursed his kin and imprisoned him on [[Thangorodrim]]. He was forced to watch the curse befall his children.<ref name=CH3 /> The curse led to some of the greatest successes and tragedies of the First Age.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early years===<br />
[[File:Mysilvergreen - Hurin and Huor are landing in Gondolin.jpg|thumb|left|''Hurin and Huor are landing in Gondolin'' by [[:Category:Images by Mysilvergreen|Mysilvergreen]]]]<br />
Húrin was born in {{FA|441}} in [[Hithlum]].<ref>{{GA|141}}, p. 51</ref> His father was [[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]] and his grandfather [[Hador|Hador Lórindol]], founder of the [[House of Hador]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref> His mother was [[Hareth]] of [[Brethil]] who was the daughter of [[Halmir]] the lord of the [[Haladin]].<ref name=TS18>{{S|18}}</ref> In his youth, him and his younger brother [[Huor]] were raised in the forest of Brethil by [[Haldir (Chieftain of the Haladin)|Haldir]] their uncle. In {{FA|456|n}},<ref>{{GA|161}}, p. 57</ref> the brothers joined a company of scouts but were separated from them after an [[Orc]] ambush. They were pursued to the ford of [[Brithiach]] and were saved by the Vala [[Ulmo]] who caused a mist to rise and the two escaped into [[Dimbar]]. From there, [[Eagles]] flew them to the hidden city [[Gondolin]]. King [[Turgon]] welcomed the brothers, remembering their grandfather Hador who was an [[Elf-friend]] as well as the words of Ulmo who told him to deal kindly to the House of Hador. Húrin remained with Turgon for a time until he and his brother wished to return to their people. Turgon was reluctant to let the brothers leave but the king granted their wish and the brothers swore oaths of secrecy.<ref>{{CH|1}}, pp. 35-7</ref> They returned to Dor-lómin sometime before {{FA|462|n}}.<br />
<br />
===Lord of Dor-lómin===<br />
[[File:Steamey - Hurin.jpg|thumb|left|''Húrin'' by [[:Category:Images by Steamey|Steamey]]]]<br />
In {{FA|462}},<ref>{{GA|170}}, pp. 59-60</ref> orcs [[Assaults on Hithlum|invaded]] Hithlum and Galdor was slain defending the fortress of [[Eithel Sirion]]. Húrin who had newly come to manhood took command and drove off the Orcs. He returned to rule as the third [[Lord of Dor-lómin]]. Two years later he married [[Morwen|Morwen Eledhwen]] of the [[House of Bëor]].<ref name=TS18/> Their son Túrin was born shortly thereafter, followed by a daughter, [[Urwen]]. Urwen, better known as ''[[Lalaith]]'' ("Laughter"), died of the plague when she was three.<br />
<br />
In {{FA|472|n}}, the alliance known as [[Union of Maedhros]] led Elves, Dwarves, and Men to assault Angband. Húrin led his folk to join the host led by the High King [[Fingon]]. In the battle, later named the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] or Battle of Unnumbered Tears, the Union were defeated by the hosts of Morgoth. Many Elves and Men perished, including Fingon who was slain by a [[Balrogs|Balrog]]. With their liege lord slain and facing a rout, Húrin and Huor convinced Turgon to withdraw and keep the secret of Gondolin. To defend his escape, the Men of Dor-lómin formed a rearguard near the [[Pass of Sirion]] and held it giving as much time for Turgon to gather the remainder of Fingon's people and the host of Gondolin to escape. The location of Gondolin remained secret but for the Men of the Dor-lómin this was their last stand for they would not forsake the Northlands and were slaughtered by the hosts of Morgoth. By the [[Fen of Serech]], Huor was slain by an arrow through the eye, but Húrin remained steadfast crying ''[[Aurë entuluva!]]''([[Sindarin|S]]) for each foe he slew with his axe, seventy times in all. He fought until he was buried under the weight of bodies of his enemies, then [[Gothmog]] bound him and dragged him towards Angband.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref><br />
<br />
===The Curse of Morgoth===<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - The Words of Húrin and Morgoth.jpg|thumb|right|''The Words of Húrin and Morgoth'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Húrin was brought before Morgoth, for he had learnt from his spies that Húrin was friends with Turgon, and was tortured for the secret of Gondolin's location. When he would not break, Morgoth cursed him and all his kin. The Dark Lord then chained Húrin to a chair high on the slopes of [[Thangorodrim]] where, through Morgoth's sorcery, he could watch the tragedies that would befall his family.<ref>{{CH|3}}, pp. 62-5</ref> However Morgoth concealed much of Túrin's deeds and what Húrin saw was contorted, lies mixed with the truth.<br />
{{blockquote|'But upon all whom you love my thought shall weigh as a cloud of Doom, and it shall bring them down into darkness and despair. Wherever they go, evil shall arise. Whenever they speak, their words shall bring ill counsel. Whatsoever they do shall turn against them. They shall die without hope, cursing both life and death.'|''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', [[The Words of Húrin and Morgoth]]}}<br />
For 28 years,<ref name=TS22/> Húrin watched the curse come upon Túrin and [[Nienor]], his daughter born shortly after his capture, and to those that they encounter. For instance Túrin's actions led to the [[Fall of Nargothrond|destruction]] of [[Nargothrond]], one of the last kingdoms of the Noldor. Now only Gondolin remained.<br />
<br />
===Wanderings===<br />
After the death of his children Morgoth released Húrin, where he hoped he could further his malice. The broken man first returned to Hithlum, which was now ruled by [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]]. Finding none of his kin, he travelled with outlaws to the mountains of [[Echoriath]], searching for the entrance to Gondolin. At first Turgon refused him, but later recanted and sent Eagles to bring him to Gondolin. Húrin had already left for the Forest of Brethil, but Morgoth's curse had already ensnared Gondolin, for the Dark Lord's spies now knew the general location of the [[Gondolin|Hidden Kingdom]].<ref name=TS22/><br />
<br />
In the Forest of Brethil he found the graves of his children. His wife, Morwen, was there and she died shortly after. After burying his wife, Húrin was taken by march-wardens to the settlement of [[Ephel Brandir]], the home of the [[People of Haleth]], with whom Túrin lived the last years of his life. Angry and grieving, he turned the People of Haleth against one another and ruined Ephel Brandir.<ref>{{WJ|Hurin}}, pp. 291-4</ref><br />
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Húrin Finds Morwen.jpg|thumb|right|''Húrin Finds Morwen'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
Húrin continued on to the ruins of Nargothrond, where he found the [[Petty-dwarves|Petty-dwarf]] [[Mîm]]. The petty-dwarf had betrayed Túrin years ago and in revenge Húrin slaughtered him. Mîm had claimed the treasure of Nargothrond, but Húrin recovered the [[Nauglamír]] and journeyed eastwards.<ref name=TS22/><br />
<br />
Húrin reached the [[Meres of Twilight]] and was taken by the Elves who guarded the western borders of [[Doriath]] in {{FA|502}}.<ref>{{WJ|Hurin}}, p. 258</ref> He was allowed to enter [[Menegroth]], where in anger he threw the Nauglamír before King [[Thingol]] and 'thanked' him for aiding his son. Thingol's wife, [[Melian]], finally pierced through Húrin's madness and grief revealing the truth that Morgoth hid. Shamed by his actions, he picked up the Nauglamír to give to the king as a gift and memorial, then he left Menegroth no longer a thrall of Morgoth.<ref name=TS22/><br />
<br />
===Death and legacy===<br />
After leaving Menegroth, it is said Húrin, "bereft of all purpose and desire", cast himself into the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]].<ref name=TS22/><br />
<br />
It could be argued, that Húrin partly sowed the seeds of the destruction of [[ruin of Doriath|Doriath]] and [[fall of Gondolin|Gondolin]] or escalated it. Furthermore Húrin's presence in Brethil led to the extinction of the [[House of Haleth]].<ref>{{WJ|Hurin}}, p. 297</ref><br />
<br />
His life, and the lives of his children would become known as the ''[[Narn i Chîn Húrin (tale)|Narn i Chîn Húrin]]'', "The Tale of the Children of Húrin". It was written by the Mannish poet [[Dírhaval]] who lived in the [[Havens of Sirion]] and it was highly praised by the Eldar.<ref>{{WJ|Aelfwine}}, pp. 311-3</ref> Millennia later [[Elrond]] makes a passing reference of him to [[Frodo]] at the [[Council of Elrond]].<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|'But if you take it freely, I will say that your choice is right; and though all the mighty Elf-friends of old, Hador, and Húrin, and Túrin, and Beren himself were assembled together, your seat should be among them.’'|''[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[The Council of Elrond]]}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Hurin Thalion.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Húrin'' is [[Sindarin]], but it is never glossed. However, in the earlier [[Noldorin]] phase of the language, the name is the combination of ''[[hûr]]'' ("vigour") + ''ind'' ("heart").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries "ID", "KHOR"</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
''[[Thalion]]'' is simply Sindarin for "Steadfast, Strong".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''thalion''</ref><br />
<br />
When Túrin dwelt in Nargothrond, Húrin was indirectly called by him '''''[[Úmarth]]''''',<ref>{{CH|10}}, p. 159</ref> meaning "Ill-fate".<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''[[amarth]]''</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | | | BRE | | | | HAL | | HAD | BRE=[[Bregolas]]|HAL=[[Halmir]]|HAD=[[Hador|Hador Lórindol]]}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |!|}}<br />
{{familytree | BEL | | BAR | | HAR |y| GAL | BEL=[[Belegund]]|BAR=[[Baragund]]|GAL=[[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor of Dor-lómin]]|HAR=[[Hareth]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | MOR |y| HUR | | HUO | | |MOR=[[Morwen|Morwen Eledhwen]]|HUR='''HÚRIN THALION'''|HUO=[[Huor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | TUR | | URW | | NIE | | | | TUR=[[Túrin]]|URW=[[Urwen]]|NIE=[[Nienor]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', his name was '''Úrin'''.<ref>{{LT1|Index}}, entry ''Úrin''</ref><br />
<br />
In earlier versions Húrin suffers a different fate after departing Doriath. In the ''Lost Tales'', Úrin returns to [[Hísilómë]] (Hithlum), later dies and his shade seeks [[Mavwin]] (Morwen) and together lament over their children.<ref>{{LT2|II}}, pp. 115-6</ref> This also occurs in the ''[[Sketch of the Mythology]]'' except Húrin is not a shade.<ref>{{SM|2}} 14, p. 32</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''<br />
* ''[[The Wanderings of Húrin]]''<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| name=Húrin<br />
| race=edain<br />
| house=[[House of Hador]]<br />
| born={{FA|441}}<br />
| died={{FA|502}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prow=2<br />
| pvac=<br />
| prev=[[Galdor (Lord of Dor-lómin)|Galdor]]<br />
| list=6th Head of the [[House of Hador]]<br />
| dates={{FA|462}} - {{FA|472|n}}<br />
| next=''Heir apparent: [[Túrin]]''<br />
| nvac=None<br />
| nrow=<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| list=3rd [[Lord of Dor-lómin|Lord]] of [[Dor-lómin]]<br />
| dates={{FA|462}} - {{FA|472|n}}<br />
| next=''Realm occupied by the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]]''<br />
| nvac=None<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurin}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Children of Húrin]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Hador]]<br />
[[Category:Lords of Dor-lómin]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in the Great Lands]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Húrin Thalion]]<br />
[[fi:Húrin]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/1a/peuple_de_hador/hurin]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%AEr&diff=370540Zîr2023-03-16T04:13:45Z<p>Oromë: Someone appears to have clicked a red link for this and filled the new page with this spam</p>
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<div>{{delete}}</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Vinyar_Tengwar_3&diff=370539Vinyar Tengwar 32023-03-16T04:11:17Z<p>Oromë: /* Contents */ According to Unweg, the artwork was inspired by “Of Orcs” by Tom Loback, which is where the mixup must have come from</p>
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<div>{{VTbox<br />
| title=Vinyar Tengwar 3<br />
| image=[[File:Vinyar Tengwar 3.jpg|225px]]<br />
| editor=[[Jorge Quiñónez]]<br />
| illustrator=[[Patrick H. Wynne]] (front cover)<br />
| publisher=[[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]]<br />
| date=January [[1989]]<br />
| format=Paperback journal<br />
| pages=12<br />
}}<br />
'''''Vinyar Tengwar 3''''' is the third issue of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', a journal dedicated to the scholarly study of the invented languages of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].<br />
{{VTnav|2|4}}<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
* Cover — [[Patrick H. Wynne]]<br />
* Letters to ''VT''<br />
<br />
* "Conversational Quenya?" — Margaret Dean<br />
* "Orc Talk" — [[Tom Loback]]<br />
<br />
{{title|journal}}<br />
{{Vinyartengwar}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinyar Tengwar 03}}<br />
[[Category:Vinyar Tengwar]]<br />
[[fi:Vinyar Tengwar 3]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Orom%C3%AB&diff=370538User talk:Oromë2023-03-16T04:06:30Z<p>Oromë: </p>
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<div><br />
<br />
{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Oromë}}<br />
<br />
-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 02:35, 28 April 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Vinyar Tengwar 3==<br />
Regarding Vinyar Tengwar 3, I checked my copy and it doesn't give a title for the artwork. You're right that it's by Patrick Wynne; it says it was inspired by an article called "On Orcs" by Tom Loback, so that's probably where the mixup ensued from. [[User:Unweg|Unweg]] ([[User talk:Unweg|talk]]) 02:52, 16 March 2023 (UTC)<br />
:Thanks for checking that! In that case, if it’s not the official name of the artwork, I suppose we should remove it. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] ([[User talk:Oromë|talk]]) 04:06, 16 March 2023 (UTC)</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tolkien_metal&diff=370531Tolkien metal2023-03-15T21:01:08Z<p>Oromë: Incorrect category: this article is for a type of music, not a band</p>
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<div>'''Tolkien metal''' is a sub-genre of ''black metal'' music, influenced by the work of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]. It is more atmospheric and ambient than original black metal, and the lyrics are about Tolkien's work. The band [[Summoning]] is the most notable Tolkien metal band, while [[Isengard (band)|Isengard]] has influenced many.<br />
<br />
Although their genre is not black metal, bands like [[Blind Guardian]], [[Battlelore]] and [[Rivendell (band)|Rivendell]] can be described as Tolkien metal because of their lyrics. However, the name was specifically created for Summoning and its kind.<br />
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[[Category:Black metal]]</div>Oromëhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Vinyar_Tengwar_3&diff=370529Vinyar Tengwar 32023-03-15T15:49:32Z<p>Oromë: This cover art is clearly by Wynne, not Loback. Someone with an issue on hand, please confirm the artwork name.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{VTbox<br />
| title=Vinyar Tengwar 3<br />
| image=[[File:Vinyar Tengwar 3.jpg|225px]]<br />
| editor=[[Jorge Quiñónez]]<br />
| illustrator=[[Patrick H. Wynne]] (front cover)<br />
| publisher=[[Elvish Linguistic Fellowship]]<br />
| date=January [[1989]]<br />
| format=Paperback journal<br />
| pages=12<br />
}}<br />
'''''Vinyar Tengwar 3''''' is the third issue of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', a journal dedicated to the scholarly study of the invented languages of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].<br />
{{VTnav|2|4}}<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
* Cover: "On Orcs" — [[Patrick H. Wynne]]<br />
* Letters to ''VT''<br />
<br />
* "Conversational Quenya?" — Margaret Dean<br />
* "Orc Talk" — [[Tom Loback]]<br />
<br />
{{title|journal}}<br />
{{Vinyartengwar}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinyar Tengwar 03}}<br />
[[Category:Vinyar Tengwar]]<br />
[[fi:Vinyar Tengwar 3]]</div>Oromë