https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=BalrogTrainer&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T21:40:43ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Alfrid_Lickspittle&diff=320979Alfrid Lickspittle2020-09-30T05:09:03Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{Adaptation}}<br />
{{Men infobox<br />
| name=Alfrid<br />
| image=[[File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Alfrid.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Alfrid" from ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
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}}<br />
'''Alfrid Lickspittle''' was the civil servant of the [[Master of Lake-town]]. His character was invented by [[Peter Jackson]] for [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]], and played by [[Ryan Gage]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150257180211558|articlename=Casting News for The Hobbit|dated=19-May-2011|website=FB|accessed=22-Dec-2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Alfrid serves as the [[Master of Lake-town]]'s chief overseer, always alerting the Master of any potential plots against his power - much to the chagrin of some [[Lake-town]] residents. He and the Master particularly have [[Bard]] in their sights, knowing his relation to [[Girion]], last [[Lord of Dale]]. When [[Smaug]] arrives to demolish the town, he and the Master - along with a few guards - empty out the town's treasury into a boat and attempt to retreat with it. However, when the overloaded boat started spilling treasure into the lake, the Master pushes Alfrid overboard in order to lessen the weight.<br />
<br />
When the town's refugees gather on the shore of [[Long Lake]] in the aftermath of the destruction, Bard is immediately praised for slaying the [[Dragons|Dragon]] and the citizens look to him for guidance. Alfrid immediately champions Bard despite the disapproval of several people. When the [[Battle of Five Armies]] begins, Alfrid spends most of his time showing his cowardice by attempting to hide from it - even disguising himself as a woman at one point - despite Bard ordering every able man to take up arms, and specifically telling Alfrid to join the fight. Not long after finding a treasure trove in the ruins of [[Dale]], Bard, after saving him from an attack by an [[Ogres|Ogre]], tells him to leave and not come back.<br />
<br />
In the [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (extended edition)|Extended Edition]] of the ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'', after said encounter with Bard, Alfrid hides in a catapult, which he inadvertently sets off when one of the coins that he has collected drops on the release trigger. This launches him into the mouth of a [[Trolls|Troll]], which kills them both.<ref>''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (extended edition)]]''</ref><br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Men from adaptations]]<br />
[[fi:Alfrid (elokuvahahmo)]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Galion&diff=320978Galion2020-09-30T04:56:44Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
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<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{nandor infobox<br />
| name=Galion<br />
| image=[[File:Lída Holubová - Bottle.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bottle" by [[:Category:Images by Lída Holubová|Lída Holubová]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=Butler<br />
| location=[[Elvenking's Halls]], [[Woodland Realm]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Silvan Elvish|Silvan]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}'''Galion''' was a [[Silvan Elves|Wood-elf]] who served as butler in [[Thranduil]]'s halls in northeastern [[Mirkwood]].<ref name=barrels>{{H|Barrels}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Galion served King [[Thranduil]] (and presumably also Thranduil's son [[Legolas]]). One evening in {{TA|2941}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> Galion and the captain of the guards decided to taste some new wine that had recently arrived to "see if it is fit for the king's table". The heady vintage from [[Dorwinion]] soon put the two Elves asleep, which gave [[Bilbo Baggins]] his chance to free [[Thorin]] and [[Thorin and Company|the other Dwarves]] (who had been imprisoned in Thranduil's dungeons during the [[Quest of Erebor]]). Using the captain's keys and his [[The One Ring|Magic Ring]], Bilbo freed the [[Dwarves]] and secreted them into several empty barrels. When other Elves arrived to push the barrels in they found Galion and woke him up. When the workers noted the heaviness of some of the "empty" barrels, Galion growled at them and ordered them to push the barrels into the water.<ref name=barrels/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Galion'' is said to be ''not'' [[Sindarin]], although perhaps "'Sindarized' in shape".<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 54</ref><ref group=note>For a name given the same description, cf. ''[[Lake-town#Etymology|Esgaroth]]''.</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Galion in adaptations<br />
|width=200<br />
|height=150<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Galion.png|Galion in ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Galion.jpg|Galion in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Peter Baldwin]] provided the voice of Galion.<br />
<br />
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''<br />
: The game features an NPC simply known as "Butler" that appears in the Elvenking's halls, where he empties wine barrels to send back down the river, but he will throw the party members in the dungeons if he spots them. It is also possible for him to be killed, either by the player or one of their companions.<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:This video game depicts only Galion, and not the Captain of the Guard. The butler does not succumb to drunkenness, but because Bilbo puts three herbs - Moonleaf, Willowweed and Spider's Bane - in his mug. This change was possibly made to ensure a more favourable [[wikipedia:Video game content rating system|game rating]].<br />
<br />
'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]:'''''<br />
:Galion is portrayed by Craig Hall. He is briefly seen by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] (while he's wearing [[the One Ring]]) in the cellars of the [[Elvenking's Halls]] praising the selections of wine. He invites [[Elros (Mirkwood guard)|Elros]] to drink with him, and they both end up passing out, allowing Bilbo and the [[Thorin and Company|Dwarves]] to escape through the cellars.<br />
<br />
'''2017: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Galion can be found in King [[Thranduil]]'s halls of Felegoth.<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Elvish words]]<br />
[[Category:Silvan Elves]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Galion]]<br />
[[fi:Galion]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=White_Ship&diff=307277White Ship2019-09-11T07:56:20Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Departure at the Grey Havens.jpg|thumb|right|350px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Departure at the Grey Havens'']]<br />
{{quote|In the twilight of autumn it sailed out of Mithlond, until the seas of the [[Bent World]] fell away beneath it…|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]}}<br />
<br />
The '''White Ship''' was the ship that sailed from the [[Grey Havens]] into the [[Aman|Uttermost West]], carrying the [[Ring-bearers]] to Aman. Its departure on [[29 September]] {{TA|3021}} marked the end of the [[Third Age]].<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref> Along with [[Frodo Baggins]] the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]] the [[Ring-finder]] the ship also carried [[Elrond]], [[Galadriel]], and [[Gandalf]], who had been the [[Keepers of the Three Rings]]. They were accompanied to the Grey Havens by [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] and many other Elves besides, but whether any of these others went aboard the ship with them is not told.<ref>{{RK|VI9}}</ref> It does seem, though, that Gandalf's horse [[Shadowfax]] did make the journey for he was waiting at the quayside<ref>{{L|268}}</ref>. The White Ship was one of the last ships to have set sail from the Grey Havens.<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
<br />
In the film, the White Ship is claimed to be "the last ship to leave Middle-earth".<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Ships]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Oliphaunts&diff=307276Oliphaunts2019-09-11T07:53:45Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{disambig-more|Oliphaunt|[[Oliphaunt (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Oliphaunt.jpg|thumb|250px|"Oliphaunt" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
'''Oliphaunts''' were enormous animals, similar to [[elephants]], used in the [[War of the Ring]] by the allies of [[Sauron]].<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Oliphaunts lived in the jungles of [[Far Harad]], far to the south of any known maps of [[Middle-earth]], where the [[Haradrim]] called them ''Mûmakil''. Massive, often ferocious beasts, their legs were like trees, their bodies were larger than a house, they had enormous sail-like ears, and they had a long snout like a huge serpent. Somehow the Haradrim tamed them and the result was possibly the most brutally effective beast of war that Middle-earth ever saw.<br />
<br />
The Haradrim strapped massive, carriage-like tiered towers on the backs of these beasts, and from these towers Haradrim archers and spearmen hurled projectiles down upon their enemies. The ''mûmak'' itself, enraged and goaded by its cruel Haradrim masters, would charge through the enemy, trampling archer, swordsman and horse beneath its massive feet.<ref name="Stewed">{{TT|IV4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Killing a ''mûmak'' was almost impossible - its rough, leathery hide made arrows relatively harmless, and any archer standing to take a shot would be an easy target for the archers on top of the ''mûmak''. Horses had a natural fear of the ''mûmakil'' so even the most skilled horsemen could not get close enough to strike at its great, trunk-like legs. The only known way to kill an oliphaunt was to shoot it in the eye, which typically meant standing in front of it as it charged the archer, and thus a very difficult task to perform.<ref name="Pelennor">{{RK|V6}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Due to their habitation in the far south, oliphaunts were creatures of legend to the inhabitants of the [[Westlands]]. The [[Hobbits]] had an old [[Oliphaunt|poem]] about oliphaunts,<ref>{{AB|Preface}}</ref> which [[Samwise Gamgee]] recited to [[Gollum]] in [[Ithilien]].<ref name="Gate">{{TT|IV3}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[7 March]] {{TA|3019}}<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref> [[Faramir]] led the [[Rangers of Ithilien]] on an ambush against a contingent of Haradrim marching north. This battle was witnessed by [[Frodo Baggins]] and Sam, and they saw an oliphaunt in full charge. The maddened animal had smashed its war-tower in its rush through the woods; unguided it trampled soldiers of both sides until it disappeared from view.<ref name="Stewed"/><br />
<br />
During the [[Siege of Gondor]], beginning on [[14 March]],<ref name="Great"/> oliphaunts were used to drag war towers and engines to be used against the walls of [[Minas Tirith]].<ref>{{RK|V4}}</ref> On [[15 March]],<ref name="Great"/> in the subsequent [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], oliphaunts were used as rallying points for the Haradrim after the [[Rohirrim]] had charged into the fray. Eventually all of the great beasts were killed as the forces of the West won the battle, but both [[Derufin]] and [[Duilin (son of Duinhir)|Duilin]], the sons of [[Duinhir]] of [[Morthond]] were trampled in the process.<ref name="Pelennor"/><br />
<br />
After the defeat of Sauron when Frodo and Sam had been rescued and brought to the [[Field of Cormallen]], Sam wandered in the glades near [[Henneth Annûn]], hoping to see the oliphaunt he had seen before, but to no avail.<ref>{{RK|VI4}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The word "oliphaunt" was used by [[Hobbits]].<ref name="Gate"/> In the tongue of the [[Haradrim]], oliphaunts were known as ''mûmakil'' (singular ''mûmak''); this word was adopted by the [[Men]] of [[Gondor]].<ref name="Stewed"/> In [[Sindarin]], the beast was known as the '''Annabon''', or "long-snout".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, '''MBUD'''</ref><br />
<br />
Oliphant/olifant/olifaunt had been archaic words for elephant and their ivory. The most famous use of the oliphant (as in horn) is in ''[[wikipedia:The Song of Roland|The Song of Roland]]'' "The oliphant is set to Roland's Lips"; Roland fails to call for help at the Battle of Roncevaux in 778 until it is too late for him and his comrades.<br />
<br />
Oliphant in English is derived from Old French ''olifant'' and [[Old English]] ''olfend'' from Old High German ''olbenta'''camel'.<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 761</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gandalf]] mentions elephants once in ''[[The Hobbit]]''<ref>{{H|2}}</ref> so perhaps "oliphaunt" is a [[Hobbitish]] corruption of this original word. But whether these two creatures are the same cannot be said with certainty.<br />
<br />
==Portrayals in adaptations==<br />
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Gandalf's line "Great elephants!" was replaced by "Great oliphaunts"; this was one of several uses of material from ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:The oliphaunts are depicted as large wooly mammoth-like creatures and are the beasts that pull [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] into position.<br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''<br />
:Two oliphaunts appear in the ambush in [[Ithilien]]. They are CGI created, and they are much, much bigger than today's elephants; furthermore, they have 2 sets of big tusks and one set of tiny tusks.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:Oliphaunts are used in the scenes from the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]], mounted with towers and decorated with deadly spikes on their multiple tusks. The [[Rohirrim]] charge headlong into battle, and even pass under them. Later in the battle, [[Legolas]] shoots down an oliphaunt. Several oliphaunts were killed during the battle. <br />
<br />
:[[Weta Workshop|Weta]] made a large slain prop ''mûmak'' at almost the last minute, much to Weta staff's consternation, on request by the director [[Peter Jackson]]. It appears in the scene where [[Peregrin Took]] enters the field and locates the dazed and disoriented [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] after his experience with [[Éowyn]] in successfully slaying the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]]. The prop became a favourite picnic destination for crew members.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[de:Mûmakil]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:biologie:faune:mumakil]]<br />
[[fi:Olifantit]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animals]]<br />
[[Category:Mannish words]]<br />
[[Category:Westron words]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarves_of_Belegost&diff=305997Dwarves of Belegost2019-08-09T07:17:29Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Dwarves of Belegost<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=<br />
| location=[[Belegost]], [[Blue Mountains]], [[Moria|Khazad-Dûm]]<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref><br />
| affiliation=[[Union of Maedhros]]<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Khuzdul]], [[Sindarin]]<br />
| members=[[Azaghâl]]<br />
| lifespan=c. 250 years<br />
| distinctions=<br />
| height=Five feet or less<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Dwarves of Belegost''' were a people of [[Dwarves]] who dwelt in the city of Belegost, the northernmost of the two great Dwarf-cities that stood in the Blue Mountains during the [[First Age]]. <br />
<br />
They had generally better relations with the [[Elves]] than their neighbors in [[Nogrod]], and were behind the building of [[Menegroth]]. The Dwarves of Belegost were friends to the [[Sindar]]<ref name="Sindar">{{S|Sindar}}</ref> and later allies of the [[Noldor]] of [[Beleriand]].<ref>{{S|Noldor}}</ref> They first met the [[Noldor]] Elves near [[Rerir|Mount Rerir]] and a great friendship began between the two peoples; [[Maedhros]] once saved Lord [[Azaghâl]] from an [[Orcs|Orc]]-assault.<ref>{{UT|Narn}}, p. 75</ref> They joined the [[Union of Maedhros]] and fought bravely beside each other during the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], where they lost their ruler Lord [[Azaghâl]] in battle to the dragon [[Glaurung]].<br />
<br />
When the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] assembled a great host of Dwarves to attack [[Doriath]], the Dwarves of Belegost tried to dissuade them from war, but their brethren from Nogrod did not heed their advice. These dwarves went on to fight in the [[Battle of the Thousand Caves]],<ref>{{S|Doriath}}</ref> and later met their demise the [[Battle of Sarn Athrad]]. After this tragedy the Dwarves of Belegost started leaving for [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], for fear of reprisal from the Elves. There was much loathing between Elf and Dwarf from there on.<ref name="Concerning">{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the end of the [[First Age]], around {{SA|40}}, the power and wealth of Khazad-dûm was much increased; for it was enriched by many people and much lore and craft when the ancient cities of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] in the [[Blue Mountains]] were ruined in the breaking of [[Thangorodrim]].<ref name="Durin"/> However, there always remained some Dwarves on the eastern side of the Blue Mountains in days afterwards.<ref name="Concerning" /><br />
<br />
In smithing, the Dwarves of Belegost were second only to the Dwarves of Nogrod. They learned many secrets in smithing from the Elves, and Elves from the Dwarves. They created many weapons for the Elves when evil began to stir in [[Beleriand]], and the smiths of Belegost were the first to create linked ring mail. <br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''<br />
: The Dwarves of Belegost are called '''Thrár's Tribe'''.<ref>{{ICE|8004}}</ref><ref>[[Thomas Morwinsky]], "A Brief History of the Dwarven Mansions", in ''[[Other Minds]]'' issue 4 (July 2008)</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dwarves of Nogrod]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Dwarven peoples]]<br />
[[de:Belegost]]<br />
[[fi:Belegost]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=White_Mountains&diff=305996White Mountains2019-08-09T07:14:02Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=The White Mountains<br />
| image=[[File:Raine Kuusi - Dusk.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Dusk" by Raine Kuusi<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Ered Nimrais<br />
| location=Between [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]]<br />
| type=Mountain range<br />
| description=Tall, snow-capped mountains<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Men]], [[Dwarves]], [[Orcs]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
| gallery=the White Mountains<br />
}}<br />
The '''White Mountains''', or '''''[[White Mountains#Etymology|Ered Nimrais]]''''' was a great mountain range that lay between [[Calenardhon]]/[[Rohan]] in the North and [[Gondor]] in the South. They ran 600 miles (965 kilometers) from [[Thrihyrne]] in the north-west to [[Mindolluin]] and [[Hill of Guard|Amon Tirith]] in the east. A low spur sprung off south-west, and ended at [[Ras Morthil]].<br />
<br />
==Geographic features==<br />
===Important peaks===<br />
The mountain range’s notable peaks were, from west to east, [[Thrihyrne]], [[Starkhorn]], [[Dwimorberg]], [[Írensaga]], [[Amon Anwar|Halifirien]], [[Calenhad]], [[Min-Rimmon]], [[Erelas]], [[Nardol]], [[Eilenach]], [[Amon Dîn]], [[Mindolluin]] and [[Amon Tirith]].<br />
<br />
At the foot of Thrihyrne was the valley known as [[Helm's Deep]], and the [[Glittering Caves]] of Aglarond were underneath its spurs.<br />
<br />
The three mountains Starkhorn, Dwimorberg and Irensaga enclosed the valley of [[Dunharrow]], and the Dwimorberg was also the home of the [[Paths of the Dead]].<br />
<br />
Halifirien, Calenhad, Min-Rimmon, Erelas, Nardol, Eilenach, and Amon Dîn were strategically chosen hilltops on the northern side of the range. They were the [[Warning beacons of Gondor]]. There was probably a beacon-row on the south side too.<br />
<br />
===Passes===<br />
There were no passes over the White Mountains. If the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] were to avoid the [[Gap of Rohan]], they would have to follow the coast around [[Ras Morthil]] on the cape of [[Andrast]]. The only passage through the mountain range was at the Paths of the Dead, but only the most courageous (or foolhardy) ever ventured that route.<br />
<br />
==Rivers==<br />
Several rivers sprung from the White Mountains, among them the [[Adorn]], the [[Deeping-stream]], the [[Snowbourn]] and [[Mering Stream]] on the north side, and, on the south side, the [[Erui]], the [[Ringló]], the [[Ciril]], the [[Morthond]] and the [[Lefnui]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origins===<br />
<br />
A local legend among the [[Pre-Númenóreans|indigenous people]] of [[Gondor]] told of [[giants]] making the mountains to keep [[Men]] out of their lands by the [[Belegaer|Sea]]. One of them, [[Stiffneck]] or [[Tarlang]] died there and some peaks are his [[Tarlang's Neck|neck]] and [[Dol Tarlang|head]]; the stones he was carrying were known as [[Cûl Veleg]] and [[Cûl Bîn]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings]]'', omitted entry quoted in [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', pp. 536-7</ref><br />
<br />
===Inhabitants===<br />
<br />
Throughout history, the White Mountains were inhabited by Men, including the [[Drúedain]], [[Dunlendings]], [[Rohirrim]], and [[Gondor|Gondorians]]; [[Orcs]]; and [[Dwarves]].<br />
<br />
The Drúedain lived along its northern edges, leaving [[Púkel-men]] at [[Starkhorn]] and [[Drúwaith Iaur]]. They resettled to a forest that would later be named after them: [[Drúadan Forest|Tawar in-Drúedain]].<br />
<br />
In the [[Second Age]], the White Mountains were populated by a people related to the Dunlendings who had been servants of [[Sauron]]. They swore allegiance to [[Isildur]], but betrayed him and were cursed: they became known as the [[Oathbreakers]].<br />
<br />
The valley on the southern side were under the rule of the [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]], and the lords of [[Blackroot Vale]], [[Ringló Vale]], [[Tumladen (Gondor)|Tumladen]] and [[Lossarnach]] were loyal fiefs.<ref name=rkmap/><br />
<br />
From {{TA|2510}}, the northern vales and hills became under the rule of the Rohirrim, mighty horse-lords from the North. They settled in [[Helm's Deep]], [[Dunharrow]] and [[Grimslade]], and built their capital [[Edoras]] on an outlying hill.<ref name=rkmap>{{RK|Map}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799}}, thousands of [[orcs]] fled south and troubled Rohan for two generations. Although the [[Rohirrim]] fought them off, some Orcs managed to reach the Mountains; King [[Walda]] was killed by an Orc at [[Dunharrow]].<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the early [[Fourth Age]], [[Gimli]], son of [[Glóin]] led a colony of [[Dwarves]] and settled in the [[Glittering Caves]], of which he had discovered the value during the [[Battle of the Hornburg]].<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The [[Sindarin]] name of the White Mountains, '''''Ered Nimrais''''', consists of ''[[ered]]'' ("mountains") and ''nimrais'' ("white-peaks; pale-horns").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 33</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of the White Mountains|Images of the White Mountains]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain ranges]]<br />
[[Category:Rohan]]<br />
[[Category:White Mountains]]<br />
[[de:Weißes Gebirge]]<br />
[[fi:Valkoiset Vuoret]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/montagnes_blanches]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Third_Age&diff=305995Third Age2019-08-09T06:56:11Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Third Age|[[Third Age (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{History of Arda}}<br />
The '''Third Age''', often abbreviated to '''T.A.''', began after the first downfall of [[Sauron]], when he was defeated by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] following the downfall of [[Númenor]].<br />
<br />
This age was characterized by the rise and decline of the exiled Númenorean kingdoms, the slow recovery of Sauron's power. In the meantime the [[Elves]] and [[Dwarves]] and other peoples did little new; also known as the '''Fading Years''', the [[Age]] marked the waning of the [[Elves]].<br />
<br />
It lasted for 3021 years, until Sauron was again defeated, this time, for once and for all, when his [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed. This was a gamble for [[the Wise]] because they preserved the [[Free peoples]] and destroyed much evil. But then the last greatest of the [[Eldar]] remaining in [[Middle-earth]] left for the [[Uttermost West]], and much good and beauty were lost to Middle-earth for ever. With the [[Last Riding of the Keepers]] the [[Fourth Age]] began.<br />
==Major events of the Third Age==<br />
{| rules="all" style="border:1px solid darkgrey; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%"<br />
!<br />
! style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" |Military<ref group=note>Only wars and isolated battles are mentioned as events; for battles being part of larger campaigns, look the campaigns' respective articles</ref><br />
! style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" |Political<br />
! style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center" |Other<br />
|-<br />
!|1st millennium <br />
|<br />
*[[Disaster of the Gladden Fields]] (2)<br />
|<br />
*Division of [[Arnor]] (861)<br />
|<br />
*Arrival of the [[Wizards]] (c. 1000)<br />
|-<br />
!|2nd millennium <br />
|<br />
*[[Angmar War]] (1409-1974)<br />
*[[Kin-strife]] (1442)<br />
*[[Corsair Wars]] (1447-3019)<br />
*[[Wainrider/Balchoth War]] (1851-2510)<br />
|<br />
*Founding of the [[Shire]] (1600)<br />
*Dissolution of Arnor (1974)<br />
*Evacuation of [[Moria]] (1981)<br />
*[[Thráin I]] establishes the Kingdom of [[Erebor]] (1999)<br />
|<br />
*[[Great Plague]] (1635)<br />
|-<br />
!|3rd millennium<br />
|<br />
*Fall of [[Minas Ithil]] (2002)<br />
*[[Uruk-hai attack on Osgiliath]] (2475)<br />
*[[War of the Dwarves and Dragons]] (2570-2589)<br />
*[[Battle of Greenfields]] (2747)<br />
*[[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] (2793)<br />
*[[Attack on Dol Guldur]] (2941)<br />
*[[Battle of Five Armies]] (2941)<br />
|<br />
*Death of [[Earnur]] and end of Kingship of [[Gondor]] (2050)<br />
*[[Thorin I]] leaves Erebor and joins the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] (2210) <br />
*[[Oath of Cirion|Founding]] of [[Rohan]] (2510)<br />
*[[Thrór]] re-establishes Erebor (2590)<br />
*[[Saruman]] occupies [[Orthanc]] (2759)<br />
*[[Sack of Erebor]] (2770)<br />
*Dwarves establish [[Thorin's Halls]] (2802)<br />
*Restoration of [[Kingdom Under the Mountain|Erebor]] (2941)<br />
*Establishent of the [[Kingdom of Dale]] (2944)<br />
*[[Balin's Colony]] of Moria (2989-2994)<br />
|<br />
*[[Watchful Peace]] (2063)<br />
*[[The One Ring]] is found (c. 2463)<br />
*[[Long Winter]] (2758)<br />
*[[Fell Winter (Third Age)]] (2911)<br />
|-<br />
!|4th millennium<br />
| <br />
*[[War of the Ring]] (3018-3019)<br />
|<br />
*Return of the King and the [[Reunited Kingdom]] (3019)<br />
|<br />
*[[Quest of the Ring]] (3018-3019)<br />
*Departure of the [[White Ship]] and end of the Third Age (3021)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Timeline/Third Age|Timeline of the Third Age]]<br />
* ''[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/09/23/when-did-the-third-age-end-in-our-calendar/ When Did the Third Age End in Our Calendar?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Ages]]<br />
[[de:Drittes Zeitalter]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/chronologie/troisieme_age]]<br />
<br />
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<hr />
<div>{{History of Arda}}<br />
The '''Years of the Lamps''' began shortly after the creation of Arda by the [[Valar]]. After they entered the world, Arda was still lifeless and had no distinct geographical features. The initial shape of Arda, chosen by the Valar, was of a symmetrical continent lit by [[Two Lamps|two lamps]]: one in the continent's north, and one in the south, made out of the misty light that veiled the barren ground. The Valar concentrated this light into two large lamps, [[Illuin]] and [[Ormal]]. The Vala [[Aulë]] forged great towers, one in the north, [[Helcar]], and another in the south, [[Ringil (tower)|Ringil]]. In the middle, where the light of the lamps mingled, the Valar dwelt at the island of [[Almaren]].<br />
<br />
The lamps were destroyed by an assault by [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. Arda was again darkened, and the lamps' fall spoiled the perfect symmetry of Arda's surface. Separate continents were created: [[Aman]] in the far West, [[Middle-earth]] in the middle, the [[Land of the Sun]] in the far East, and the [[Dark Land]] in the far South. At the site of the northern lamp was later the inland [[Sea of Helcar]], of which [[Cuiviénen]] was a bay. The [[Years of the Trees]] begin after that.<ref>{{S|Days}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the Legendarium==<br />
In Tolkien's latest writings in which Arda was a [[Round World version of the Silmarillion|round world]] from its beginning, the Sun and Moon (and the [[Two Trees]] for a time) had always given light to Arda, and the Two Lamps never existed.<ref>{{MR|Myths}}, p. 375 - 385</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[category:Ages]]<br />
[[de:Die Zeitalter vor den Tagen]]<br />
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<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Dwarves<br />
| image=[[File:Alarie - A bunch of dwarves.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="A bunch of dwarves" by [[:Category:Images by Alarie|Alarie]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Naugrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''Nogothrim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]).''[[Khazâd]]'' ([[Khuzdul|K]]), ''[[Hadhod]]rim'' ([[Sindarin|S]]), ''[[Casar]]i'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| origin=Created by [[Aulë]]<br />
| location=[[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], [[Belegost]], [[Nogrod]], [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], [[Iron Hills]], [[Glittering Caves]], [[Grey Mountains]], [[Blue Mountains]], [[Gundabad]], [[Rhûn]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Union of Maedhros]], [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]<br />
| rivalry=[[Elves]], [[Orcs]]<br />
| language=[[Khuzdul]] ([[Dwarvish]]), [[Iglishmêk]] (sign language), [[Westron]], [[Sindarin]]<ref name="S10">{{S|10}}</ref><br />
| people='''Clans:'''<br/>[[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]], [[Firebeards]], [[Broadbeams]], [[Ironfists]], [[Stiffbeards]], [[Blacklocks]], [[Stonefoots]], [[Petty-dwarves]]<br/>'''Groups:'''<br/>[[Dwarves of Belegost|Belegost Dwarves]], [[Dwarves of Erebor|Erebor Dwarves]], [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm|Khazad-dûm Dwarves]],<br/> [[Dwarves of Nogrod|Nogrod Dwarves]],<br/> [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains|Blue Mountain Dwarves]],<br/> [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains|Grey Mountain Dwarves]],<br/> [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills|Iron Hill Dwarves]]<br />
| members=[[Durin]], [[Gimli]], [[Thorin]], [[Dáin Ironfoot]], [[Azaghâl]], [[Mîm]], [[Balin]]<br />
| lifespan=c. 250-350 years<ref name=PMAiv>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref> <br />
| distinctions=Stocky; bearded; never bald; especially hardy and loyal; notoriously stubborn<br />
| height=4.5 - 5 feet (1.35 - 1.52 m) tall<br />
| hair=Blond, brown, black, blue, red, and (when older) grey or white<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Often axes, swords, bows, mattocks<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Since they were to come in the days of the power of [[Morgoth|Melkor]], [[Aulë]] made the dwarves strong to endure. Therefore they are stone-hard, stubborn, fast in friendship and in enmity, and they suffer toil and hunger and hurt of body more hardily than all other speaking peoples; and they live long, far beyond the span of Men, yet not forever.|[[The Silmarillion]], "[[Of Aulë and Yavanna]]"}}<br />
The '''Dwarves''', or '''''[[Khuzd|Khazâd]]''''' in their own tongue, were beings of short stature, often friendly with [[Hobbits]] although long suspicious of [[Elves]]. They were typically blacksmiths and stoneworkers by profession, unrivalled in some of their arts even by the Elves.<br />
<br />
While there were several tribes (Houses) of the Dwarves, the most prominent was that of the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origin===<br />
Unlike Elves and [[Men]], the Dwarves are not counted among the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. Their creator was [[Aulë#Names and etymology|Mahal]], known as [[Aulë]] the Smith. Aulë created the Seven [[Fathers of the Dwarves]], from whom all other Dwarves are descended, deep beneath an unknown mountain somewhere in [[Middle-earth]]. However, Aulë did not have the divine power to grant independent life to any creation, and the dwarves were bound to his will. [[Ilúvatar]] came and reprimanded Aulë, who confessed his desire to create more living things, but in repentance lifted his hammer to destroy the dwarves. Even as the blow was about to land, the dwarves cowered and begged for mercy, as Ilúvatar had taken pity and given true life to the creations of his child, including them in His plan for [[Arda]]. However, Ilúvatar did not wish them to wake before the [[Elves]], whom he intended to be the first-born. Ilúvatar granted the Dwarves life, and therefore they are known as the Adopted Children of Ilúvatar, but he bade Aulë lay them to sleep in their chamber deep beneath the mountain, and they were to awake after the [[Awakening of the Elves]].<ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:BFME2 - Dwarf 4.jpg|thumb||Dwarves as portrayed in [[The Battle for Middle-earth II]] game.]]<br />
The Seven Fathers awoke in their places in pairs with their wives, though [[Durin|Durin I]] had awoken alone. The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke.<ref name=pmxnotes>{{PM|XNotes}}</ref><br />
<br />
The seven clans of the Dwarves were:<ref name="PMX">{{PM|X}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''[[Longbeards]]''', ''Durin's Folk'', originally from [[Gundabad]].<br />
* '''[[Firebeards]]''' and '''[[Broadbeams]]''', originally from the [[Blue Mountains]].<br />
* '''[[Ironfists]]''' and '''[[Stiffbeards]]''', originated in the [[East]].<br />
* '''[[Blacklocks]]''' and '''[[Stonefoots]]''', originated in the [[East]].<br />
Durin settled in the caves above [[Kheled-zâram]] which later became the greatest of Dwarf realms, [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. Therefore the halls of the Longbeards were not located near the halls of another Dwarf-kingdom.<br />
<br />
There was also an eighth group of Dwarves that was not a separate member from these seven kindreds, but composed of exiles from each: the [[Petty-dwarves]], who were hunted like animals to the point of extinction by the [[Elves]] in the First Age.<br />
<br />
===Years of the Trees and First Age===<br />
Sometime after the Elves had awakened at [[Cuiviénen]], the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves were released from their stone chambers. The eldest of them, called Durin, wandered until he founded the city of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] in the natural caves beneath three peaks: [[Baranzinbar]], [[Zirakzigil]], and [[Bundushathûr]]. The city, populated by the Longbeards or [[Durin's Folk]], grew and prospered continuously through Durin's life (which was so long that he was called Durin the Deathless, also a reference to the belief by his people that he would be reincarnated seven times). <br />
<br />
Far to the west of Khazad-dûm, the great dwarvish cities of [[Belegost]] and [[Nogrod]] were founded in [[Ered Luin]] (the Blue Mountains) during the [[Years of the Trees]], before the arrival of the Elves in [[Beleriand]]. The [[Dwarves of Belegost]] were the first to forge mail of linked rings, and they also traded weaponry with the Sindar and carved the [[Menegroth|Thousand Caves of Menegroth]] for the Elf king [[Thingol]]. In Nogrod, the Smith [[Telchar]] forged [[Narsil]] and [[Angrist]], two of the most fateful weapons in the history of Arda, as well as the famed [[Dragon-helm]] of [[Dor-Lómin]].<br />
<br />
It is said that some Dwarves in the far [[East]] had fallen under the [[Shadow]] and were of evil mind when the ancestors of the [[Edain]] had encountered them.<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #28</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Dwarves of the Blue Mountains]] fought against the forces of Melkor during the first age, and the Dwarves of Belegost were the only people able to withstand dragon-fire in the [[Battle of Unnumbered Tears]], when [[Lord of Belegost|Lord]] [[Azaghâl]], who died in the battle, stabbed Glaurung, the first dragon. The [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] fought against Melkor as well. However, they slew [[Thingol]] out of greed and stole the [[Silmaril]] they had been charged to set into the necklace called [[Nauglamír]]. A number of retaliatory actions ensued, and the Nogrod army was destroyed by a force of [[Laiquendi]] and [[Ents]]. Both dwarf kingdoms would eventually be destroyed, along with nearly all of Beleriand, after the [[War of Wrath]], with the dwarvish refugees mainly resettling in Khazad-dûm.<br />
<br />
During those times of war in Beleriand, the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]] prospered in relative peace colonizing the [[Iron Hills]] and the [[Grey Mountains]] and traded with the ancestors of the [[Northmen]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}, pp. 302-303</ref><br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
<br />
In the [[Second Age]], around the year {{SA|40|n}},<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref> the Firebeards and Broadbeams who lived in Nogrod and Belegost left the destruction behind and came to [[Khazad-dûm]], increasing its wealth and power.<ref name=AppA3/><br />
<br />
The Dwarves had little participation in most of the important events involving the other races. However their friendship with the Elves perhaps became more close than ever; the Dwarves of [[Moria]] maintained close connections to the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] of [[Eregion]]; the [[Doors of Durin]] of Moria were built to facilitate the communication between the two people, and was constructed jointly by both races.<br />
<br />
When Eregion was sacked by [[Sauron]]'s forces, the Dwarves assailed them from behind however, it was too late to stop him from conquering all [[Eriador]].<ref name="UTGalad">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref><br />
[[File:Liz Danforth - Annatar and the Seven Rings.png|thumb|[[Liz Danforth]] - ''Annatar and the seven rings'']]<br />
When "[[Annatar]]" distributed the Rings of Power, he gave [[seven Rings|seven]] to Dwarf Lords in order to subdue and control them. However, they did not have the same effect as they did over Men. Dwarves did not shift into the [[wraith-world]] and in fact resisted domination. The Rings only augmented their greed and ability to create riches.<br />
<br />
At the end of the Age, very few Dwarves participated in the [[War of the Last Alliance|great War]], with some joining the side of [[Sauron]]. Some of the [[Dwarves of Moria]] joined the great host of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
<!-- This article is about the Race of the Dwarves in general so it should keep generic information. Specific or detailed information about the adventures of the Dwarves as presented in the Hobbit and LotR should rather go under the History section of the article [[Longbeards]], as the characters of the books represent that clan. --><br />
[[File:Angus McBride - Dwarves.jpg|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''The Dwarves are upon You!'']]<br />
In [[Third Age 1980]], after centuries of greedy digging for ''[[mithril]]'' and other minerals, the Dwarves woke a [[Durin's Bane|Balrog]] that was sleeping in the deeps of the Misty Mountains since the First Age. The Dwarves fled Khazad-dum, which from then on was called ''Moria'', which means "Black pit".<br />
<br />
Most of Durin's folk left for the [[Grey Mountains]] in the North, while some followed the new king, [[Thráin I]], who briefly went to [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] in {{TA|1999}}. For more than 300 years the [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] prospered until the Dragons in the far North started to gain strength. Some fled to the [[Iron Hills]], while most followed the new king [[Thrór]] to Erebor to start a new [[Kingdom under the Mountain]]. There, they prospered for over 200 years until the dragon [[Smaug]] descended in {{TA|2770}}. The King and his company went in exile South, while most of the survivors went to the Iron Hills.<br />
<br />
Durin's folk settled in [[Dunland]], and in {{TA|2790}} King Thrór travelled North to Moria where he was killed by the [[Orcs|Goblin]] king [[Azog]]. Thrór's son [[Thráin|Thráin II]] (who had received the Last of the Seven Rings from his father before his departure) summoned all the Houses of Dwarves to war. Thus began the [[War of Dwarves and Orcs]], in which the Dwarves destroyed all the Goblin strongholds in the [[Misty Mountains]] culminating to the great [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] where all the dwarven clans united. The Goblin hosts issuing from Moria were strong and relentless until the arrival of fresh [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]]. The Battle ended with the victory of Dwarves, but at great cost. The Dwarven clans, however, were unwilling to repopulate Moria. Thráin, therefore, came to the [[Blue Mountains]] and established his [[Thorin's Halls|realm]] there.<br />
<br />
[[File:Angelo Montanini - Dori.jpg|thumb|[[Angelo Montanini]] - ''Dori'']]<br />
The Wizard [[Gandalf]] was instrumental into helping Thráin's son Thorin in reclaiming the Kingdom of Erebor. Thorin gathered around him [[Thorin and Company|twelve dwarves]], mostly from his own line, and was joined by [[Gandalf]] and [[Bilbo Baggins]]. The [[Quest of Erebor]] ended with the death of [[Smaug]]. After a quarrel with the Men and Elves over the unguarded hoard, the Dwarves - assisted by those from the [[Iron Hills]] - united with the Men and Elves to fight the attacking Goblins and Wargs, in what was called the [[Battle of Five Armies]], where Thorin was killed.<br />
<br />
[[Gimli]] son of Glóin joined the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] as a representative of the Dwarves and befriended [[Legolas]] during the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
===Fourth Age===<br />
Not much is known about the Dwarves in the [[Fourth Age]]. After the [[War of the Ring]], [[Gimli]] brought a part of Durin's Folk from Erebor to the Glittering Caves behind Helm's Deep and founded a colony there. Subsequently, Gimli went on many travels with his friend Legolas, and History lost track of their fate. Through their friendship and influence, the feud between the two races that had lasted for millennia finally ended, shortly before the departure of the last Elves from Middle-earth. It is rumoured that Gimli and Legolas eventually boarded a ship that sailed down the river Anduin, out to sea and across to Valinor in the year {{FoA|120}}. Gimli would thus have become the only Dwarf to ever be permitted to cross to the Undying Lands.<br />
<br />
[[Durin VII]] (the Last), retook and brought Khazad-dûm back to its original splendour, and the Longbeards lived there till the "world grew old and the days of Durin's race ended".<ref name="PMX" /> <br />
<br />
==Nature==<br />
They were 4.5 - 5 feet (1.35 - 1.52 m) tall and their more distinctive characteristic was their beard which they have from the beginning of their lives, male and females alike; and which they shave only in shame.<ref name=wj13>{{WJ|13}}</ref><br />
<br />
They a tendency toward gold lust and committed their share of rash and greedy acts. Among these was the dispute over the [[Nauglamír]], which led to the slaying of Elu [[Thingol]] and stirred up the initial suspicion between Elves and Dwarves to open hatred.<ref name=rings/><br />
<br />
Dwarves generally lived far from the sea and avoided getting on boats, as they disliked the sound of the ocean and were afraid of it.<ref name="S10" /><br />
<br />
===Wicked Dwarves===<br />
Of the people of Middle-earth, Dwarves are the most resistant to corruption and influence of Morgoth and later Sauron. The seven rings of Power of the dwarves did not turn them to evil, but it did amplify their greed and lust for gold. It is said that very few wilfully served the side of darkness.<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the First Age, it is said that some [[Men]] had met Dwarves of the [[East]] who had fallen under the [[Shadow]] and were of evil mind and were distrustful of their race.<ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 28}} Of the Seven Houses, few fought on either side during the [[War of the Last Alliance]] at the end of the Second Age, and it's known that none from the House of Durin ever fought on the side of evil.<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the early parts of the Third Age (or at least in legends of the previous), it is known that in some places wicked dwarves had made alliances with [[orcs]].<ref>{{H|Hill}}</ref> It is suggested by Tolkien in some of his notes that of the dwarves that turned to wickedness they most likely came from the Dwarves of the far eastern mansions (and perhaps some of the nearer ones) came under the Shadow of Morgoth and turned to evil. It is, however, unlikely if these refer to [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]] (the most eastern known stronghold of the Dwarves).<ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 28}}<br />
<br />
But the Dwarves are not evil by nature, and few ever served the Enemy of free will, whatever the tales of Men may have alleged.<ref name="Other" /> For Men of old lusted after their wealth and the work of their hands, and there has been enmity between the races.<ref name="Other" /><br />
<br />
===Skills and industries===<br />
As creations of Aulë, they were attracted to the substances of Arda and crafts. They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. They were considered unrivalled in arts such as smithing, crafting, metalworking, and masonry, even by the [[Noldor]].<ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Dwarves were the greatest miners ever to exist in [[Middle-earth]], building immense halls under mountains where they built their cities. They built many famed halls including [[Menegroth]], the fairest dwelling of any king that has been east of the [[Sea]],<ref name=S2/> [[Nargothrond]],<ref name=return>{{S|Return}}</ref> [[Khazad-dum]], the grandest mansions of the Dwarves,<ref name="S10" /> the [[Elvenking's Halls]],<ref group="note">In the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'', it is stated by [[Gimli]] that the Dwarves aided in the making of [[Thranduil]]'s halls. However, in the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', it is stated that Thranduil's halls "were not to be compared with [[Menegroth]]. He had not the arts nor wealth nor the aid of the Dwarves."</ref><ref>{{TT|Road}}</ref> and the [[Kingdom Under the Mountain]].<br />
<br />
In the darkness of [[Arda]] already the Dwarves wrought great works for even from the first days of their Fathers they had marvellous skill with metals and with stone; but in that ancient time iron and copper they loved to work, rather than silver and gold.<ref name="S10" /><br />
<br />
In the tempering of steel alone of all crafts the Dwarves were never outmatched even by the [[Noldor]], and in the making of mail of linked rings, which was first contrived by the [[Dwarves of Belegost|smiths of Belegost]], their work had no rival. During the third age of the captivity of [[Melkor]], the Dwarves smithied for [[Thingol]]; for they were greatly skilled in such work, though none among them surpassed the [[Dwarves of Nogrod|craftsmen of Nogrod]], of whom [[Telchar]] the smith was greatest in renown.<ref name="S10" /><br />
<br />
They were also capable masons and smiths - Dwarven smithing skills were said to be unrivalled, and their masonry creations were bested by none. The crafting skills of the Dwarves were unmatched; they crafted objects of great beauty out of gems and metals. They crafted many famed weapons, armours, and items of art and beauty, among them [[Narsil]], the sword of [[Elendil]], the [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin]] and the necklace [[Nauglamír]], the most prized treasure in [[Nargothrond]] and the most famed Dwarven work of the [[Elder Days]].<ref name=doriath>{{S|Doriath}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Third Age]], Dwarves wrought with patient craft works of metal and stone that now none can rival.<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref>. However, as stated by [[Gloin son of Groin|Gloin]] at the [[Council of Elrond]], the [[Dwarves of Erebor]] have surpassed their predecessors in mining and building before [[Smaug]] descended on the [[Lonely Mountain]], but not in metal-work, smithing or the making of mail, as their predecessors' secrets have been long lost.<ref name="Meetings">{{FR|Meetings}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Hardiness===<br />
The Dwarves were created by Aulë to be strong, resistant to fire and the evils of Morgoth. They were hardier than any other race, secretive, stubborn, and steadfast in enmity or loyalty.<br />
<br />
The Dwarves are described as "the most redoubtable warriors of all the Speaking Peoples"<ref name="PMX" /> - a warlike race who would fight fiercely against whoever aggrieved them including Dwarves of "other mansions and lordships".<ref name="S10" /> Highly skilled in the making of weapons and armour, their main weapon is the battle axe, but they also use bows, swords, shields, and mattocks.<ref>{{H|15}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sickness was almost unknown to the Dwarves, as they were immune to human diseases.<ref name=PMAiv/><br />
<br />
They were generally less corruptible than Men. When Sauron attempted to enslave the Free Folk of Middle-earth using the [[Rings of Power]], the Elves completely resisted his power (indeed, his hand had never sullied the [[Three Rings]]), while the [[Nine Rings]] utterly corrupted the Men who bore them into the [[Ringwraiths]]. In contrast, the Dwarves were sturdy and resistant enough that Sauron was not able to dominate them using the [[Seven Rings]]. At most, the Seven Rings sowed strife among the Dwarves and filled their wearers with an insatiable greed for gold, but they did not turn them into wraiths subservient to the Dark Lord, and he considered his plan to have failed. Sauron was furious at the Dwarves' resistance, spurring his drive to recapture the Seven Rings from them.<br />
<br />
Another example was [[Gimli]], who, while [[Saruman]] used the power in his voice and the [[Rohirrim]] were spell-bound by his magic, Gimli was unmoved and commented that Saruman's words cannot be trusted, causing Saruman to be angered enough to lose his charm.<ref>{{TT|Voice}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Lifespan===<br />
The lifespan of Dwarves was varied depending on their "breed".<ref name=PMAiv/> The [[Longbeards]] were particularly long-lived,<ref name=PMAiv/> but by the Third Age, their lifespan was diminished and they lived, on average, 250 years.<ref name=PMAiv/> The [[Kings of Durin's Folk]] named "Durin" were particularly long-lived.<ref name=PMAiv/> Occasionally they would live up to 300 years of age, and [[Dwalin]] reached the rare lifespan of 340 years (comparable to a Middle Man living to 100).<ref name=PMAiv/> <br />
<br />
Until they were around 30 years of age, Dwarves were considered too young for heavy labour or war (hence the slaying of Azog by [[Dain Ironfoot]] at age 32 was a great feat). By the age of 40, Dwarves were hardened into the appearance that they would keep for most of their lives. Between the approximate ages of 40 and 240, most Dwarves were equally hale and able to work and fight with vigour. They took on the appearance of age only about ten years before their death, wrinkling and greying rapidly, but never going bald. <br />
<br />
Although Dwarves did not suffer from diseases, corpulence could affect them. In prosperous circumstances, many grew fat by the age of 200 and became physically inept.<ref name=PMAiv>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Culture and family==<br />
The Dwarves didn't have relationships with animals, didn't harbour even [[dogs]] and wouldn't mount a [[horse]] willingly. For this reason they found the [[Northmen]] useful [[Alliance of Dwarves and Men|allies]] in the Second Age.<ref>{{PM|Relations}}</ref><ref name=pmxnotes/>{{rp|n. 29}}<br />
<br />
The Dwarves' numbers, although they sometimes flourished, often faced periods of decline, especially in periods of war. The slow increase of their population was due to the rarity of [[Dwarf-women]], who made up only about a third of the total population. Dwarves seldom wedded before the age of ninety or more, and rarely had so many as four children. They took only one husband or wife in their lifetime, and were jealous, as in all matters of their rights. The number of Dwarf-men that married was actually less than a third, for not all the Dwarf-women took husbands; some desired none, some wanted one they could not have and would have no other. Many Dwarf-men did not desire marriage because they were absorbed in their work.<ref name=AppA3>{{App|A3}}</ref><ref name=PMAiv/><br />
<br />
Dwarf-women seldom walked abroad, and that only in great need. When they did travel, they were so alike Dwarf-men in voice, appearance, and garb that it was hard for other races to tell them apart. They were likewise seldom named in genealogies, joining their husbands' families. The only Dwarf-woman named in Tolkien's legendarium is [[Dís]], sister of Thorin Oakenshield, who was given a place in the records because of the gallant deaths of her sons, Fíli and Kíli. The scarcity of women, their rare mention, and their identical looks with the males, coupled with the Dwarves' secretive culture, led many to mistakenly believe that Dwarves were born out of stone, and upon death, they returned to that stone.<ref name=AppA3/><ref name=PMAiv/><br />
<br />
Dwarves are fiercely devoted to their parents and children. In their desire for their children to grow up hardy and enduring, they may treat them harshly, but they will protect them at all costs. Dwarves resent injuries to their children and to their parents more than injuries to themselves.<ref name=PMAiv/><br />
<br />
==Religion==<br />
The Dwarves loved and revered the Vala Aulë.<ref name="S10" /><ref name=S2>{{S|2}}</ref><br />
<br />
Of old, the Elves believed that the Dwarves would have no future in [[Arda Unmarred]], but the Dwarves themselves held to a promise that Ilúvatar would hallow them and adopt them as his Children. They maintained that after death Aulë (Mahal) cared for them, gathering them to the [[Halls of Mandos]] with the other Children of Ilúvatar, though in halls set apart. It is said that after the Last Battle they will work alongside Aulë in the remaking of Arda.<ref name=S2/><br />
<br />
==Language==<br />
The Dwarven language was created by Aulë, and was called [[Khuzdul]]. It was a strange language to Elves and Men, and few non-Dwarves learned it, because it was difficult, and the Dwarves kept it secret, preferring to communicate in the languages of their neighbours. Only one Khuzdul phrase was well known to outsiders: the ancient battle cry, going back to at least the First Age: "''Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!''", which means "Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you!". The Dwarves taught Khuzdul carefully to their children, as a learned language, not a cradle-tongue, and thus the language changed very little over the ages, unlike those of other races. The Dwarves also devised a secret language of gestures to communicate between themselves in silence, the ''[[iglishmêk]]''.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p. 395</ref><br />
<br />
Certainly in the First Age when they first made contact with the Elves, the only tongue in Beleriand would have been Sindarin at that time as the Noldor had not yet returned from Aman. As a logical consequence, therefore, Sindarin was a language used by the dwarves.<ref name="S10" /> But the Dwarves were swift to learn and indeed were more willing to learn the [[Elven-tongue]] than to teach their own to those of alien race.<ref name="S10" /> In fact, the Dwarves were so impressed by the Elvish runes (The Cirth of Daeron) for writing Sindarin that they adopted them for use in their own tongue and used them forever more.<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
The Dwarves called themselves the ''[[Khazâd]]'', the name Aulë gave them; this is adapted as '''''[[Hadhod]]'''rim'' in [[Sindarin]], and '''''[[Casar]]'''i'' in [[Quenya]]. Casari was the common word for Dwarves among the [[Noldor]], but the [[Sindar]] usually called them ''Naugrim'' or ''Nogothrim'', the Stunted People.<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref><br />
<br />
An epithet for the Dwarves in [[Quenya]] was ''Auleonnar'', meaning "offspring of Aule".<ref>{{HM|PM}}, p. 391</ref><br />
<br />
In their dealings with people of other races, the Dwarves did not reveal their true names, rather adopting new names in other languages (the [[petty-dwarves]] were an exception). During the Third Age, the Longbeards used [[northern Mannish]] names in public.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
Almost all the names of the Dwarves of Middle-earth are taken from the Old Norse [[Völuspá]].<br />
<br />
According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical'" plural of ''dwarf'' is ''dwarrows'' or ''dwerrows''. He once referred to ''dwarves'' as "a piece of private bad grammar" (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|Letters]]'', 17), but in Appendix F to ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' he explains that if we still spoke of ''dwarves'' regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word ''dwarf'' as with ''man''. The form ''dwarrow'' only appears in the word ''Dwarrowdelf'', a name for [[Moria]]. Tolkien used ''Dwarves'', instead, which corresponds with ''Elf'' and ''Elves'', making its meaning more apparent. The use of a different term also serves to set Tolkien's Dwarves apart from the similarly-named creatures in mythology and fairy-tales.<br />
<br />
The enduring popularity of Tolkien's books, especially ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]],'' has led to the popular use of the term ''dwarves'' to describe this race in fantasy literature. Before Tolkien, the term ''dwarfs'' (with a different spelling) was used, as seen in ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''. In fact, the latter spelling was so common that the original editor of ''The Lord of the Rings'' "corrected" Tolkien's ''dwarves'' to ''dwarfs'' (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 138).<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In the earliest versions of Tolkien's Middle-earth mythology (see: ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'') the dwarves were evil beings created by [[Morgoth|Melkor]].<br />
<br />
In an earlier version of the legendarium it is hinted that the Dwarves do not know about Ilúvatar, or that they disbelieve his existence, but later writings contradict that suggestion.<ref name="#">{{LT2|IV}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Dwarves|Images of Dwarves]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*"[http://lingwe.blogspot.se/2013/02/did-tolkien-coin-plural-dwarves.html Did Tolkien coin the plural “dwarves”?]" by [[Jason Fisher]]<br />
<br />
{{notes}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{Dwarvenclans}}<br />
[[Category:Dwarves| ]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[de:Zwerge]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/nains/nains]]<br />
[[fi:Kääpiöt]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Unlight&diff=305490Unlight2019-06-28T16:01:54Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>The '''Unlight''' was a creation of the spider-like entity [[Ungoliant]]. It is described as a vast darkness that no light can escape or penetrate. As Ungoliant devoured the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Light of the Trees]], she brought forth the Unlight, and "it seemed not lack, but a thing with being of its own, that made by male out of Light had the power to pierce the eye, to enter the heart and mind and strangle the very will".<ref name=MR>{{MR|P3II7}}</ref>{{rp|289}}<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
Ungoliant wove this darkness into webs, which covered her lair in [[Avathar]]. She wove it as a cloak to conceal her and Melkor from the eyes of [[Manwë]] during the [[Darkening of Valinor]].<ref name=MR></ref>{{rp|284}} Even [[Tulkas]], the strongest of the Valar, was unable to break through it when he pursued [[Morgoth|Melkor]] and [[Ungoliant]] from [[Valinor]].<ref>{{S|8}}</ref> When Ungoliant was denied her full reward from Melkor, she ensnared him in her Unlight. However, the webs were torn asunder by the fire of the [[Balrogs]]' whips, when they came to their masters' aid.<ref>{{MR|P3II9}}, pp. 296-297</ref> In Valinor, the winds of Manwë rolled back the shadows of Ungoliant to the [[sea]].<ref>{{S|9}}</ref><br />
<br />
Though [[Spiders|Ungoliant's descendants]] were incapable of producing Unlight, the webs they wove proved formidable, as they were strong enough to entrap even the mightiest warrior, and dark enough to prevent light from entering their lairs.<ref>{{H|8}}</ref><ref>{{TT|IV9}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other versions of the Legendarium===<br />
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', the cloak that Gwerlum/Gloomweaver creates is one of invisibility rather than darkness.<ref>{{LT1|VI}}, p. 152</ref> Later, the webs left in Valinor after the theft were used by the [[Valar]] to cover the [[Shadowy Seas]] during the Hiding of Valinor.<ref>{{LT1|IX}}, p. 209</ref><br />
<br />
===See also===<br />
* [[The Darkness]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Concepts]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=%C3%89oth%C3%A9od&diff=304925Éothéod2019-05-30T07:39:58Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
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<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Éothéod<br />
| image=[[File:Donato Giancola - Fram Franson.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Fram Franson" by Donato Giancola<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=[[Northmen]]<br />
| location=near the [[Vales of Anduin]]; northern Anduin ([[Framsburg]])<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=[[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]]<br />
| language=<br />
| members=[[Marhwini]], [[Forthwini]], [[Frumgar]], [[Fram]]<br />
| lifespan=<br />
| distinctions=<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Éothéod''' were a race of [[Northmen]] who flourished near the [[Vales of Anduin]] and later in northern [[Mirkwood]] from around {{TA|1856}} to {{TA|2510|n}}. They were faithful allies to [[Gondor]], and eventually were the ancestors of the [[Rohirrim]].<br />
==History==<br />
After the [[Battle of the Plains]] ({{TA|1856}}) much of the Kingdom of [[Rhovanion]] was lost to the [[Wainriders]], and its people were enslaved. The northern Lord [[Marhwini]] with some remnants of Northmen went to the [[Vales of Anduin]] to the west. They were soon joined by many fugitives from [[Mirkwood]] whose lands were taken by the Wainriders. They established themselves between the eastern bank of the River Anduin and the western edge of Mirkwood Forest.<ref name="Cirion">{{UT|8}}</ref> <br />
<br />
These migrations happened outside the knowledge of [[Gondor]], who learned about their existence many years later. That was until around {{TA|1899|n}} when Marhwini warned [[Calimehtar (King of Gondor)|Calimehtar]] that the Wainriders were plotting to raid [[Calenardhon]] over the [[Undeeps]]. But the enslaved Northmen also prepared a revolt against the Wainriders. Calimehtar therefore provoked the Wainriders out of [[Ithilien]], and his horsemen, joined by a large [[éored]] led by Marhwini, drove the Wainriders back. Meanwhile outlaws and roused slaves from Mirkwood burned many Wainriders settlements. Marhwini retired to his land beside the Anduin, and the Northmen of his race never again returned to their former homes.<ref name="Cirion"/><br />
<br />
In the time of [[Forthwini]], the Éothéod were troubled again by raids into the south of his land, both up the river and through the [[Narrows]] of Mirkwood. The [[Lord of the Éothéod]] then warned King [[Ondoher]] that the Wainriders were recovering. The attack finally came around {{TA|1944|n}} and men of the Éothéod fought with Ondoher. [[Faramir son of Ondoher]] refused to remain in [[Minas Tirith]] and joined a battalion of Éothéod but was caught with a party of them as they retreated towards the [[Dead Marshes]]. The [[leader of the Éothéod]] did not manage to save him and Faramir died in his arms, before he found out that he was the Prince. He then went to join [[Minohtar]] at the head of the [[Greenway|North Road]] in Ithilien. Eventually the Wainriders were defeated by [[Earnil II]] at the [[Battle of the Camp]].<ref name="Cirion"/><br />
<br />
The Éothéod were now well-known to Gondor as a people of good trust. Having established contact, the historians of Gondor compiled their knowledge about all that had passed in the far northern region. <br />
<br />
===Migration===<br />
[[File:Douglas Chaffee - Framsburg.jpg|thumb|right|Douglas Chaffee - ''[[Framsburg]]''.]]<br />
After the fall of [[Angmar]] ({{TA|1975|n}}) Lord [[Frumgar]] led the Éothéod to a new land north of Mirkwood, between the Misty Mountains and the [[Forest River]] away from the ravages of the [[Easterlings]] and [[Orcs]]. Southward it extended to the confluence of [[Greylin]] and [[Langwell]] sources of the Great River [[Anduin]], near where the [[Grey Mountains|Ered Mithrin]] met the [[Misty Mountains]].<ref name="Cirion"/> They founded their capital there. <br />
Some time later their king [[Fram]], son of Frumgar, slew the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Scatha]]. The Éothéod capital was named ''[[Framsburg]]'' in his honour. After Fram nothing is known of the leaders of Éothéod until much later time, when king [[Léod]] was killed trying to tame the [[Horses|horse]] [[Felaróf]], first of the ''[[Mearas]]'' of Rohan. His son and successor [[Eorl the Young]] tamed the horse, taking it into service as compensation for his father's life.<br />
During the rule of the ruling [[Stewards of Gondor|Steward of Gondor]] [[Cirion]] had always in his mind the menace from the North. It was thus not until the winter of {{TA|2509}} was past that he became aware that a great movement against Gondor was being prepared. Gondor faced an attack by the evil ''[[Balchoth]]'', and Cirion sent messengers to the Éothéod capital. King Eorl answered the call for help, and rode out with most of the Éothéod to help their allies of old, leaving only a few warriors behind to protect his people. The Riders arrived just in time to help the army of Gondor at the [[Field of Celebrant]], and after [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant|defeating]] the enemy Cirion asked the Éothéod to watch over the depopulated province of [[Calenardhon]].<br />
<br />
===The Rohirrim===<br />
Three months later Cirion gave Calenardhon as a gift to Eorl and his people, and Eorl swore his [[Oath of Eorl|Oath]] of eternal friendship. Messengers were sent north, and the Éothéod completely removed to the plains of Calenardhon.<br />
<br />
The Éothéod renamed themselves ''Eorlingas'' or "followers of Eorl", but in the [[Gondor Sindarin|language of Gondor]] they became known as the [[Rohirrim]], or ''Horse-lords'', and their country became known as [[Rohan]], the Riddermark.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name Éothéod is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "horse people". It renders the original [[Rohirric]] word '''[[Lohtûr]]'''; "loho-" or "lô-" correspond to the Anglo-Saxon "éo-", meaning "horse".<ref>{{PM|II}}, p. 53.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eotheod}}<br />
[[Category:Northmen]]<br />
[[Category:Old English names]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Éothéod]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Caras_Galadhon&diff=304924Caras Galadhon2019-05-30T07:36:40Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Overview */</p>
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<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Caras Galadhon<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Great Tree at Caras Galadhon.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Great Tree at Caras Galadhon" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=The [[Naith]], [[Lothlórien]]<br />
| type=City<br />
| description=<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Galadhrim]], including [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Caras Galadhon.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
'''Caras Galadhon''' (pronounced {{IPA|[ˈkaras ˈɡalaðon]}}) was the city and fortress of the [[Galadhrim]] of [[Lothlórien]].<ref name=FR-II6>{{FR|II6}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Caras Galadhon was in the [[Naith]] of Lothlórien, in the [[Egladil|angle]] between the rivers [[Celebrant]] and [[Anduin]] known as [[Egladil]].<ref name=FR-II6/><br />
<br />
The city was located on a green hill surrounded by a fosse and a wall whose gates lay to the south-west. The inhabitants dwelt in large [[Telain|flets]] in the trees, reached by white ladders. On the top of the hill, in the greatest of trees, were the house of Celeborn and Galadriel.<ref name=FR-II6/> In the same tree were the highest point in the land.<ref name=UT-6>{{UT|6}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The city was founded in the second millennium of the [[Third Age]] due to the growing threat of [[Dol Guldur]].<ref name=UT-6/> <br />
<br />
During the events of the [[War of the Ring]], the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] was brought through Lothlórien to Caras Galadhon, and there met the lords of the [[Galadhrim]]. They stayed in the city for a month, recovering from their journey through [[Moria]].<br />
<br />
In the [[Fourth Age]], after Galadriel had gone into the [[Straight Road|West]], Caras Galadhon was ruled by a lonely Celeborn as capital of a Lothlórien which now spanned both sides of the river [[Anduin]]. Later Celeborn left for [[Valinor]] as well, and Caras Galadhon became an empty place.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Caras Galadhon'' is said to be [[Silvan Elvish]].<ref name=UT-6/>. However the word ''[[caras]]'' is also attested as [[Sindarin]].<br />
<br />
''Galadhon'' can be interpreted as genitive plural "of trees", showing a case ending not existing in Sindarin but known from [[Quenya]]. [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s earliest version of Sindarin, called [[Gnomish|Goldogrin]], also possessed this ending. In that case Caras Galadhon means "moated fortress of the trees".<br />
<br />
The name could also refer in some way to [[Galadhon]], whom Tolkien conceived to be the father of [[Celeborn]]. In that case the name would mean *"Galadhon's fortress".<br />
<br />
==Errors==<br />
In the first edition of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', Caras Galadhon was misspelled "Caras Galadon".<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:Caras Galadhon.jpg|right|thumb|Caras Galadhon from ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
:A view of Caras Galadhon from [[Cerin Amroth]] is only present in the Extended Edition. The Fellowship's stay in the city is a significant portion of the film.<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Caras Galadhon scenes are rather brief, mostly limited to the Mirror of Galadriel scene.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Caras Galadhon is the main inhabited area in Lothlorien, where players cannot enter until they prove their friendship to Galadhrim. The map and general layout of the city is replicated from the map in [[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]. The city hosts most major gameplay facilities and is composed of a large number of flets on different levels, connected by multiple ladders and staircases. It is rather hard to navigate and thus several quests consist solely of directing the player to various point of interest, then challenging him to find them again. The Company Pavilion, Galadriel's Garden and the House of Celeborn are also located there. <br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]<br />
[[Category:Lothlórien]]<br />
[[Category:Rhovanion]]<br />
[[de:Caras Galadhon]]<br />
[[fi:Caras Galadhon]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:villes_tours_et_forteresses:rhovanion:caras_galadhon]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nogrod&diff=304422Nogrod2019-04-17T04:23:42Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{kingdom<br />
| image=[[File:Mark Fisher - Belegost.gif|250px]]<br />
| name=Nogrod<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Tumunzahar, Hollowbold<ref name="Sindar"/> <br />
| location=[[Blue Mountains]], south-east of [[Dolmed|Mount Dolmed]]<br />
| capital=<br />
| towns=<br />
| regions=<br />
| population=[[Dwarves of Nogrod]]<br />
| language=[[Khuzdul]], [[Sindarin]]<br />
| govern1=[[Lord of Nogrod]]<br />
| govern2=<br />
| govern3=<br />
| currency=<br />
| holiday=<br />
| precededby=<br />
| event1=Founded<br />
| event1date=[[Years of the Trees]]<ref>{{VT|48a}}, p. 24 ("...which had certainly been founded long ago ... before the coming of the exiled Noldor, probably before the Eldar of the Great Journey ever reached Beleriand")</ref><br />
| event2=Destroyed<br />
| event2date={{FA|587}}<br />
| event3=Abandoned<br />
| event3date={{SA|40}}<br />
| event4=<br />
| event4date=<br />
| event5=<br />
| event5date=<br />
| followedby=<br />
}}<br />
'''Nogrod''' was one of two [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] cities in the [[Blue Mountains|Ered Luin]] that prospered during the [[First Age]]. It was home to the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]].<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Nogrod lay in the north-central part of the mountain range, near [[Dolmed|Mount Dolmed]] where the Dwarf-road of [[Beleriand]] crossed into [[Eriador]].<ref>{{S|Map}}</ref> It guarded one of the only passes through the mountain range.<ref>{{VT|48a}}, p. 24 ("But the Dwarves had built some great Mansions in those mountains [the Ered Luin] (commanding the only passes)")</ref> It was home to the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]]. Nogrod was also the home to the great Dwarven smiths [[Gamil Zirak]] and [[Telchar]].<ref>{{UT|Narn}}, ''The Departure of Túrin''</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The city was built sometime during the [[Years of the Trees]] when the western [[Fathers of the Dwarves]] awoke from beneath Mount Dolmed.<ref>{{VT|48a}}, p. 24 ("...which had certainly been founded long ago ... before the coming of the exiled Noldor, probably before the Eldar of the Great Journey ever reached Beleriand")</ref><br />
<br />
Nogrod traded with throughout Beleriand and the Dwarves were employed for delvings and crafts, most famously the [[Nauglamir]] for King [[Thingol]].<ref>{{S|Doriath}}</ref> [[Eöl]] the Dark Elf often went there, as did his son [[Maeglin]].<ref name="Sindar">{{S|Sindar}}</ref> <br />
<br />
At the end of the First Age, Nogrod was ruined in the [[War of Wrath]],<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref> and around the [[Second Age 40|fortieth year]] of the [[Second Age]] the Dwarves of the Blue Mountains began to migrate to [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], abandoning Nogrod and [[Belegost]].<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> However, there always remained some Dwarves on the eastern side of the Blue Mountains in days afterward.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}} p. 235</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Nogrod is a [[Sindarin]] name; it was originally known as '''Novrod''' which means "hollow delving" aka '''Hollowbold''', like its original Khuzdul name, '''Tumunzahar'''. <br />
<br />
Novrod was altered to ''Naug''rod under the influence of the similar-sounding word ''[[Naug]]'' "dwarf".<ref name=el/> Therefore while the name '''Hollowbold''' is provided as the translation of Nogrod<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> it is not a literal translation; the new name means rather "Dwarf dwelling".<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Nogrod"</ref><br />
<br />
The second element of Novrod/Nogrod is Sindarin ''groth/grod'' meaning "delving, underground dwelling".<ref name=el>{{S|Elements}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In ''[[The Etymologies]]'' the name is labelled as [[Noldorin]] and is said to contain the element ''[[Naug]]'' "dwarf". The second element ''-rod'' is not explained, but a note by [[Christopher Tolkien]] points to entry [[ROD]], an etymological [[root]] meaning "cave". Relevant Noldorin words include ''rhond'' "cave" and ''rhaud'' "hollow, cavernous".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entries NAUK, ROD</ref><br />
<br />
Its name in [[Khuzdul]] was ''[[Tumunzahar]]'' (meaning "Hollowbold"),<ref name="Sindar"/> and its [[Quenya]] name was ''Návarot''.<ref>{{WJ|AB}}, p. 389</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Beleriand]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]<br />
[[Category:Dwarven realms]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Nogrod]]<br />
[[fi:Nogrod]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/beleriand/nogrod]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fangorn_Forest&diff=304421Fangorn Forest2019-04-17T04:22:36Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{claimed|[[User:Holdwine Meriadoc|Holdwine Meriadoc]]}}<br />
{{expansion}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Fangorn|[[Fangorn (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=Fangorn Forest<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Fangorn Forest.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Fangorn Forest" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="Entwood" "Tauremorna" "Ambaróna" "Aldalómë"<br />
| location=North of Rohan, east of the southern tip of the [[Misty Mountains]]<br />
| type=Forest<br />
| description=Dense, dark woodland<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Ents]], [[Huorns]], [[Trees]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|All that lies north of [[Rohan]] is now to us so far away that fancy can wander freely there|[[Boromir]]<ref name="Farewell">{{FR|II8}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
'''Fangorn Forest''' was a deep, dark woodland that grew beneath the southern [[Misty Mountains]], under the eastern flanks of that range. It gained notoriety as the habitat of the [[Ents]] in the [[Third Age]]. The forest, known as '''Entwood''' in [[Rohan]], was named after the oldest Ent, [[Treebeard|Fangorn]]. Fangorn Forest was the oldest part of Treebeard's realm, and here the Ents retreated. Fangorn was within the borders of [[Gondor]], but centuries passed without any [[Gondorians|Gondorian]] visiting it to prove or disprove the legends around it. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[Legolas]] described Fangorn as "old, very old...and full of memory",<ref>{{TT|White}}</ref> and the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Peregrin Took]] described it as "very dim, and stuffy", comparing it to the [[Old Took|Old Took's]] room in the [[Great Smials]]. [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] contrasted the forest with [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo's]] description of the pitch-dark [[Mirkwood]], saying, "This is just dim, and frightfully tree-ish."<ref name="Treebeard">{{TT|III4}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===First and Second Age===<br />
Fangorn Forest was the easternmost survivor of the immense forest that spanned all of [[Eriador]] and [[Calenardhon]] in the [[First Age]] and early [[Second Age]], but which was destroyed by the [[Númenóreans]] and [[Sauron]]. <br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
[[Saruman]] often used to walk in Fangorn and talk with Treebeard, if he met him, and was always eager to listen to anything the old Ent told him about the forest. However, he never repaid Treebeard in the same way. <ref name="Treebeard"/> Saruman used this knowledge of the forest's secrets for his own advantage.<br />
<br />
Beginning in {{TA|2953}} Saruman started fortifying [[Isengard]]<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> and eventually his [[Orcs]] started abusing and harassing the forest, its trees and Ents, for his fortifications and war machines.<br />
<br />
====War of the Ring====<br />
On [[28 February]] of {{TA|3019}}, [[Éomer]]'s [[Éored]] attacked and slaughtered the band of [[Uruk-hai]] of [[Uglúk]] under the eaves of Fangorn.<ref>{{TT|Riders}}</ref> This allowed [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]] to escape the [[Orcs]] and pass into the forest. There they met Treebeard and informed him of the danger that [[Saruman]] posed to the Ents and their forest. Following the [[Entmoot]] the rest of the Ents finally agreed to march against [[Isengard]], taking Merry and Pippin with them and sending [[Huorns]] to [[Helm's Deep]] to deal with the [[Orcs]] there. Part of the reason was that [[Saruman]]'s Orcs had been chopping down the trees at the south and west side of the forest, which angered the Ents.<br />
<br />
On [[1 March|March 1]], {{TA|3019}}, [[Aragorn]], [[Gimli]] and [[Legolas]] entered the forest in search of Merry and Pippin. Rather than the two young hobbits, they encountered the White Wizard. At first they believed it to be [[Saruman]] before realising that it was [[Gandalf]], returned from death.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Fangorn'' is a [[Sindarin]] word that translates as "Treebeard" (from ''[[fang]]'' = "beard" and ''[[orn]]'' = "tree"). Entwood is a modernization of [[Old English]] ''Entwudu'' (''wudu'' "wood"), so modernised because it was recognisable by speakers of [[Westron]]. [[Gondorians]] used that name, assimilated to their own language.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, pp. 769-70</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Fangorn Forest|Images of Fangorn Forest]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
[[Category:Entish realms]]<br />
[[Category:Forests]]<br />
[[de:Fangorn (Wald)]]<br />
[[fi:Fangornin Metsä]]<br />
[[fr:/encyclo/geographie/forets/fangorn]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Glorfindel&diff=304311Glorfindel2019-04-09T16:31:50Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{sources}}{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Glorfindel<br />
| image=[[File:Venlian - Glorfindel Before the Storm.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Glorfindel Before the Storm" by [[:Category:Images by Venlian|Venlian]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Laurefindil]]''<br />
| titles=Lord of the [[House of the Golden Flower]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Aman]], [[Gondolin]], [[Rivendell]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]], [[Westron]]<br />
| birth=during [[Years of the Trees]]<br />
| birthlocation=[[Aman]]<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{FA|510}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Gondolin]] (then re-embodied); sent back to [[Middle-earth]] in c. {{SA|1600}}<ref>{{PM|XIII}}</ref><br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of the Golden Flower]]<br />
| parentage= Unknown. See [[#Parentage|below]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Long golden<ref name="flight">{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=[[Asfaloth]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Glorfindel.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|'''Glorfindel''' was tall and straight; his hair was of shining gold, his face fair and young and fearless and full of joy; his eyes were bright and keen, and his voice like music; on his brow sat wisdom, and in his hand was strength.|[[The Fellowship of the Ring]], ''[[Many Meetings]]''}}<br />
'''Glorfindel''' ([[Sindarin|S]] "golden haired", pron. {{IPA|[ɡlorˈfindel]}})<ref name="PE17">{{PE|17}}, page 17.</ref> was one of the mightiest [[Elves]] of [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Third Age]]. He was distinctive because of his return to [[Middle-earth]] after death, acting as an emissary of the [[Valar]], on a similar mission to the [[Wizards|Istari]] who were to come several thousand years later.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early History===<br />
<br />
Glorfindel was born in [[Valinor]] sometime during the [[Years of the Trees]]. He was of the host of [[Turgon]]. Glorfindel himself was reluctant; only for his allegiance and kinship with Turgon did he go, and had no part in the [[Kinslaying of Alqualondë]].<br />
<br />
===Gondolin===<br />
<br />
After the [[Exile of the Noldor]] Glorfindel’s history is obscure. As a great follower of Turgon he was appointed chief of the [[House of the Golden Flower]], one of the [[Twelve Houses of the Gondolindrim|Twelve Houses]] of [[Gondolin]]. He was dearly loved by all the [[Gondolindrim]], and went about in a mantle embroidered in threads of gold, diapered with celandine "as a field in spring". His vambraces were [[Uncommon words#damask|damascened]] with "cunning gold".<br />
<br />
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Glorfindel and Ecthelion.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Jenny Dolfen]] - ''Glorfindel and Ecthelion'']]<br />
He followed [[Turgon]] who surprisingly came to fight in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]. When the war turned against the [[Union of Maedhros|alliance]], Turgon's and [[Fingon]]'s forces retreated to the [[Pass of Sirion]] and Glorfindel with [[Ecthelion]] guarded their flanks.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
He witnessed the coming of [[Tuor]] and later the [[Fall of Gondolin]]. During the ensuing battle in the streets, Glorfindel chose (or was ordered) to hold the [[Great Market]] from the advancing [[orcs]]. He attempted to flank them, taking the enemy by surprise, but was himself ambushed and surrounded. Cut off, the House of the Golden Flower fought on fiercely for hours, until a fire-breathing [[Dragons|dragon]] came and levelled their ranks. Glorfindel, with some of the strongest of his followers, cut his way out, but the survivors of that battle were very few. Even then they were pursued and might have all been killed, but the [[House of the Harp]] arrived in time, after rebelling from their treacherous leader [[Salgant]], ambushing their pursuers. The Golden Flower arrived at the [[Square of the King]], one of the last of the Houses to be driven in.<br />
<br />
As many of the lords had fallen, [[Ecthelion]] was wounded, [[Galdor of the Tree|Galdor]] was engaged, and [[Egalmoth]] had not yet arrived, Glorfindel joined Tuor in leading the defense of the King’s Square. When Egalmoth arrived, bringing with him many women and children, he took over Glorfindel’s job in going from place to place, strengthening the defences. Glorfindel presumably threw himself once more into the thick of the fight. But even he could not prevent a dragon from coming down from the [[Alley of Roses]], breaking through their lines. The dragon was accompanied by orcs and balrogs, among them [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]. Even Tuor was thrown down, but Ecthelion sacrificed himself to kill Gothmog and buy the Gondolindrim a little more time. When the Gondolindrim fled southward, and King Turgon was slain, Glorfindel held the rear manfully, losing many more of his House in the process. After they had escaped Gondolin via [[Idril's secret way]], and passed through the [[Cirith Thoronath]], Glorfindel again held the rear with the largest number of the unwounded.<br />
<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Glorfindel and the Balrog Above Gondolin.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Glorfindel and the Balrog Above Gondolin'']]It was at that time that a balrog and a contingent of orcs ambushed their company. Glorfindel there accomplished his greatest deed, for he saved the lives of Tuor, [[Idril]], and all the company when he defied the balrog. They fought long. According to ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]'' Glorfindel stabbed it in the belly, but as the balrog fell it reached out and grabbed his long golden hair, pulling him back down over the edge of the cliff. He perished in the fall, but his body was borne up by [[Thorondor]], and buried him with a mound of stones in the pass. On that mound grew yellow flowers (possibly celandine), despite its remote location.<br />
<br />
===Re-embodiment and Return===<br />
<br />
Glorfindel’s spirit passed to the [[Halls of Mandos]], where he waited with the spirits of the other Noldor who had died during their war against [[Morgoth]]. But because of Glorfindel’s noble actions in life, his reluctance at the Exile, and his furthering of the purposes of the Valar by saving Tuor and Idril, he was re-embodied after only a short time. He had redeemed himself, and was purged of any guilt. Not only did his sacrifice get him an early pardon, it earned him great powers, so that he was almost an equal to the [[Maiar]].<ref name="PoME-LW">{{PM|Last}}, "Glorfindel I & II"</ref><br />
<br />
Eventually, [[Manwë]] sent him across the [[Belegaer|sea]] to [[Middle-earth]], possibly as early as [[Second Age 1200]], but more likely in [[Second Age 1600|1600]] with the [[Blue Wizards]]. If the latter date, he arrived just after [[the One Ring]] had been forged, [[Barad-dûr]] built, and [[Celebrimbor]] dead or soon to be so. While the Blue Wizards were sent to the east, Glorfindel’s mission was to aid [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elrond]] in the struggle against [[Sauron]]. He played a prominent behind-the-scenes role in the war in [[Eriador]] and the other struggles of the [[Second Age]] and [[Third Age]]. His part, though great, was mostly overlooked by the histories, because his immense, angelic power was not usually displayed openly.<ref name="PoME-LW" /><br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
<br />
[[File:Anna Lee - Glorfindel.jpg|thumb|left|[[Anna Lee]] - ''Glorfindel'']] Glorfindel spent several hundred years in Valinor and for an unknown reason, near {{TA|1000}}, he landed with [[Gandalf|Olórin]]<ref name="PoME-LW">{{PM|Last}}, "Glorfindel I & II", pp. 377</ref>, who was on a similar mission of his own. Over time, as the few remaining great Elves of Middle-earth took ship to Aman or fell one by one, only [[Galadriel]], [[Celeborn]], [[Elrond]], and [[Círdan]] were left of the Wise. Glorfindel took a more active role, leading the Elven forces in the [[Battle of Fornost]]. Upon the humiliation of [[Eärnur]] before the [[Witch-king]], Glorfindel bade him not pursue, and prophesied that the wraith would not fall by the hand of man. Not much can be said about his deeds and role in the events and struggles of the [[Westlands]] before the [[War of the Ring]]. <br />
<br />
During the War, he was one of the elves dispatched from [[Rivendell]] by Elrond to search for the [[Ring-bearer]]. Elrond had chosen him partially because Glorfindel did not fear the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]], as he had great presence in both the [[Seen]] and [[Unseen]] worlds. While on his perilous mission the Ringwraiths avoided him; he met five of them, and they fled at his presence. It was Glorfindel indeed who accomplished his mission and found the Ringbearer, [[Frodo Baggins]], and his friend [[Aragorn]] with him. Glorfindel put Frodo on his horse, [[Asfaloth]], and upon the approach of the Ringwraiths ordered him to go on. The white horse bore Frodo to safety across the [[Ford of Bruinen]], but Frodo, in a rash act of attempted heroism, turned around at the other side and defied the Nine. Glorfindel, expecting the flood that protected Rivendell to come down and smite the riders, revealed his power to the Riders, and drove them (willingly or not) into the River, where they were swept away by the ensuing waters.<br />
<br />
After this adventure, he helped bear Frodo to Rivendell, where the wounded Ringbearer was tended to. Glorfindel attended the [[Council of Elrond]], playing an active role in the conversation, speaking prophetically of [[Tom Bombadil]] and other matters with authority. Glorfindel stood beside Elrond and Gandalf as the backbone of the Council, laying out clearly their options. At first Glorfindel suggested that the Ring would be safe in the depths of the Sea, but the far-sighted Gandalf noted the change of landscapes, and the unforeseen possibilities that could bring the Ring forth once more in a hundred or even a thousand years in the future. He was briefly considered as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], but as his friend Gandalf said, Glorfindel's power would be of little use against the might of [[Mordor]], on a mission of secrecy.<br />
<br />
[[File:Ulla Thynell - Glorfindel.jpg|300px|thumb|Ulla Thynell - ''Glorfindel'']]<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]] nothing is said of Glorfindel. Whatever his role, he survived and joined Elrond's company to the [[Wedding of Elessar]]. After that no more is said of him. Like Olórin, his task in Middle-earth was done, and the age of the [[Elves]] was over. He probably passed West, perhaps with the bearers of the [[Three Rings]] and [[the One Ring]]. Or he may have remained for a time in Middle-earth to oversee the cleanup after the war.<br />
<br />
==Attributes==<br />
<br />
Glorfindel was an elf of great beauty, power, wisdom, and moral courage. He was clearly loved by the people of [[Gondolin]], who mourned his passing greatly. He acted most courageously during the Fall, his House being among those that suffered the greatest losses, and eventually giving his own life for the safety of [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]], accomplishing the designs of the Valar, though it was said that he "''would have defended them even had they been fugitives of any rank''". He was repentant of the rebellion of the Noldor, and took no part in the Kinslaying. His acts in the Third Age also show great presence and authority, as does the very fact that he was sent as an emissary of the Valar.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
<br />
''Glorfindel'' means ([[Sindarin|S]] "golden haired", pron. [ɡlorˈfindel]). It is the [[Sindarin]] calque of '''[[Laurefindil]]'''<ref name="PE17"/> ([[Quenya|Q]]: "golden head of hair", pron. [[Noldorin|N]] {{IPA|[ˌlaʊreˈfindil]}}, [[Vanyarin|V]] {{IPA|[ˌlaʊreˈɸindil]}}), which is made up of two components; ''[[laure]]'' means "golden color" and ''findil'' or ''findilë'' means "head of hair". <br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
<br />
Some have questioned whether Glorfindel of Gondolin and Glorfindel of Rivendell were the same. While writing the ''Lord of the Rings'' Tolkien simply borrowed a name from his earlier [[legendarium]], something he was known to do. ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', published posthumously, cast some light on this issue. Among the ''[[Last Writings]]'' published in that volume, there are two long essays, ''Glorfindel I'' and ''Glorfindel II''. These were written later in life by Tolkien, and directly addressed whether the two Glorfindels were the same person. Both essays clearly indicated that they were the same person, and included a detailed discussion of 're-embodiment' in Tolkien's mythology.<br />
<br />
{{quote|. . . At any rate what at first sight may seem the simplest solution must be abandoned: sc. that we have merely a reduplication of names, and that Glorfindel of Gondolin and Glorfindel of Rivendell were different persons. This repetition of so striking a name, though possible, would not be credible… Also it may be found that acceptance of the identity of Glorfindel of old and of the Third Age will actually explain what is said of him and improve the story. . .|''[[Last Writings]]'', Glorfindel II}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|. . . After his purging of any guilt that he had incurred in the rebellion, he was released from Mandos, and Manwë restored him… We may then best suppose that Glorfindel returned during the Second Age, before the ‘shadow’ fell on [[Númenor]]. . .|Ibid.}}<br />
<br />
As Tolkien's legendarium was an evolving work that he constantly updated and revised, there will always be some question of "final intent". Some may note that the above-quoted essays were private and not ever published, and thus should not be taken as decisive. Nevertheless the editors of the Tolkien Gateway believe that these essays, combined with Tolkien's published novels, clearly establish that Glorfindel of Gondolin and Glorfindel of Rivendell were the same person.<br />
<br />
==Parentage==<br />
The narrative doesn't mention Glorfindel's ancestry or parentage, and it is not known whether Tolkien wrote about the subject. Considering his apparent nobility, and his name ''Glorfindel'' ("Golden-haired")<ref name="PE17"/><ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> he could be a heritage of a possible Vanyarin intermarriage, as is the case of [[Finarfin]], [[Finrod]], [[Galadriel]] and [[Idril]]. [[Robert Foster]] suggests that he might belong to the [[House of Finarfin]]<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "House of Finarfin"</ref> (although Turgon was of the [[House of Fingolfin]]).<br />
<br />
[[Finwë]]’s daughters, [[Findis]] and [[Írimë]], are two characters of the royal Noldorin-Vanyarin family tree about whom almost nothing is known, as well as whether they had descendants, leaving thus space for speculation about the ancestry of characters such as Glorfindel.<br />
<br />
==Earlier Versions of the Legendarium==<br />
In a hasty note about the Council of Elrond Tolkien suggested that Glorfindel could tell of his ancestry in Gondolin, but this idea was disbanded. <br />
<br />
Glorfindel was originally planned to be part of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], in a way taking the place of [[Legolas]]. Tolkien proposed three dates as to his return to Middle-earth: {{TA|1000}}, with [[Gandalf]], {{SA|1200}} and the years following, or {{SA|1600}}. He dropped the first one after some thought, and though he declared the second possible, he favoured the last as the most probable.<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Glorfindel in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Glorfindel.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''<br />
|File:BFME2 - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego The Lord of the Rings The Video Game - Glorfindel.jpg|''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]''<br />
}}<br />
Glorfindel is rarely portrayed like in the book. His role in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is too small to be introduced and forgotten - he basically does little else beyond providing fast transport to Rivendell. In the more popular works, his role has been filled by another Elf.<br />
<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:In this adaptation, the role of Glorfindel was taken by [[Legolas]]. In a simplification of that character, and as a reason for ''his'' coming, he is portrayed as an Elf of Rivendell rather than [[Mirkwood]].<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Glorfindel appears in his original role at the Last Bridge, voiced by [[John Webb]]. Because the part of [[Gildor|Gildor Inglorion]] was cut, the heavily wounded Frodo says the [[Quenya]] greeting ''Elen síla lúmenn' omientielvo'' to him, and Glorfindel replies with Gildor's answer. Glorfindel keeps his two [[Sindarin]] lines, ''A na vedui, Dúnadan!'' and ''Noro lim, noro lim, Asfaloth!'', though he says them with a heavy English accent. Glorfindel's role at the Council of Elrond is omitted. His name is pronounced correctly in the adaptation, but in the credits, his name is pronounced "Glorfindle".<br />
<br />
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel is a powerful playable character once [[the One Ring|the Ring]] passes the [[Last Bridge]], who leads the Fellowship to [[Rivendell]]. <br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:To limit the already large number of one-appearance characters, Glorfindel has been omitted in this adaptation as well. [[Peter Jackson]] decided to have [[Arwen]] meet the travellers and then ride on [[Asfaloth]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Glorfindel appears on the Last Bridge. He has several Sindarin lines: ''A na vedui, Dúnadan'', like in the book, and ''Mae govannen, mellon'' (which Frodo accurately translates as "Well met, friend"). He comes to the aid of the hobbits at the request of Elrond, who had received news from [[Gildor|a group of Elves travelling near the Shire]] - even though there is no mention of that group earlier in the gameplay. Glorfindel does so in a monotonous voice, and his speech continues without pause. He also uses the lines ''Noro lim, Asfaloth'', though he does not say them to his horse: he says them to Frodo. No actor is specified for this part.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:[[Decipher]] made two [[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game|cards]] featuring extra [[Jarl Benzon]] as Glorfindel, one of them being at the Coronation of Elessar.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://scrapbook.theonering.net/scrapbook/movies/characters/other/view/12658|articlename=Glorfindel's Cameo in ROTK!|dated=|website=TORN|accessed=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070323204416/http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/04/040504lotrwetafalconer.html|articlename=The Making of the Weta "Book Cards": An Interview With Weta Workshop's Daniel Falconer|dated=5 April 2004|website=Decipher.com (archived)|accessed=15 October 2013}}</ref> He is briefly seen in the film at Aragorn's coronation when Arwen is revealed.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel played an important part in this video game, set during the [[War of the Ring]]. Together with [[Glóin]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], Glorfindel fights in several places in northern [[Eriador]] and [[Rhovanion]]. He is voiced by [[Jason Carter]], and portrayed as white haired. His design was changed to a more movie-accurate version in the expansion pack, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]''. He serves as narrator throughout, and appears in the story itself after the death of [[Arvedui]].<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel can be found in Rivendell just south of the [[Rivendell|Last Homely House]]. He has long blond hair and wears a white robe with purple belt. He is involved in some of the book quests for ''Shadows of Angmar''. The player also talks to him after defeating the balrog Thaurlach.<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'':'''<br />
:Glorfindel is purchasable as an optional player character in DLC character pack 2 for use in free play and on the open world. He is portrayed with light tan hair (rather than yellow blond like Legolas), wears an outfit which is a mix of light blue robe parts and silver armour whilst wearing a light blue cape. He wields a bow of the Galadhrim and also carries a golden Elvish longsword (all Elvish longswords appear gold in the game). Glorfindel is one of the most proficient fighter characters in the game.<br />
<br />
==Collectibles==<br />
[[Gentle Giant]] produced a ''Glorfindel Mini Bust'' for [[Comic-Con 2007]], based on Glorfindel's appearance in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II|EA's ''The Battle for Middle-earth II'']].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Glorfindel|Images of Glorfindel]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{councilofelrond}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:Gondolindrim]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Glorfindel]]<br />
[[fi:Glorfindel]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/glorfindel]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Corsairs_of_Umbar&diff=304310Corsairs of Umbar2019-04-09T16:26:06Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
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<div>{{people infobox<br />
| name=Corsairs of Umbar<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - Corsairs 01.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Corsairs by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=[[Black Númenóreans]]<br />
| location=[[Umbar]], [[Harad]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=[[Gondorians]]<br />
| language=<br />
| members=[[Angamaitë]], [[Sangahyando]], [[Captain of the Haven]]<br />
| lifespan=<br />
| distinctions=Sea-raiders and pirates<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Dark<br />
| skin=Dark<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Corsairs of Umbar''' were sea-raiders and pirates of the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]]. Umbar was an old [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] haven settled by the "[[King's Men]]" or Black Númenóreans,<ref name="Gondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref> a proud faction loyal to the King and opposed to the divine authority of the [[Valar]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the Umbar settlers further descended into evil, and were called the [[Black Númenóreans]]. They took to pillaging and piracy along the coasts of [[Gondor]]. <br />
<br />
During the [[Kin-strife]], the defeated rebels of [[Castamir]] fled Gondor to Umbar — by this time Umbar became the hated enemy of Gondor and a welcome refuge for its enemies. Ever since they claimed [[Harondor]].<ref name="Gondor"/><br />
<br />
[[Angamaite]] and [[Sangahyando]], the descendants of Castamir, led the Corsairs again [[Pelargir]] where stayed King [[Minardil]] and slew him ({{TA|1634}}). In the following years the Corsairs raided the Gondorian coasts up to [[Anfalas]], until [[Umbardacil]] avenged Minardil's death, retook Umbar and slew the last descendants of Castamir ({{TA|1810}}).<ref name="Gondor"/> <br />
Númenórean<br />
Eventually Umbar was taken by the [[Haradrim]]<ref name="Gondor"/> and mixed with the Corsairs. The [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] blood was mostly gone in that mixed people. The Corsairs once more harried the coasts of Gondor during the time of [[Cirion]].<ref name=Stewards/> <br />
<br />
In {{TA|2758}} three Corsair fleets attacked and waged war on all the Gondorian coasts until [[Beregond (Steward of Gondor)|Beregond]] overcame the invaders.<ref name=Stewards/> <br />
<br />
In the time of [[Ecthelion II]], a man under his service known as [[Thorongil]], warned him that the Corsairs were a great peril for the [[Southern Fiefs]]. With a small fleet, Thorongil made a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|surprise attack]], burning a great part of their ships and overthrowing the [[Captain of the Haven]].<ref name=Stewards>{{App|Stewards}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], a fleet of Corsairs was raiding [[Lebennin]] when [[Aragorn]] captured their ships<ref>{{RK|V9}}</ref> and rowed them to [[Minas Tirith]] to relieve the siege of the city.<ref>{{RK|V6}}</ref><br />
<br />
The threat was finally subdued during the reign of King Elessar.<ref name="Gondor"/><br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
The corsairs were recognizable by their red sails, adorned with a black star or eye.<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/2015/11/tolkiens-annotated-map-of-middle-earth-transcribed|articlename=Tolkien’s annotated map of Middle-earth transcribed|dated=10 November 2015|accessed=11 November 2015}}</ref><br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Corsairs are from the [[Mordor]] faction, and are equipped with knives and fire-bombs.<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Corsairs were led by four brothers who falsely call themselves the Heirs of [[Castamir]]. These were Azruthor, Dolgimil, Azgarzôr, and the eldest Balakhôr the Scourge. The player negotiated with a Corsair named Jajax, who ended up siding with the player against the Heirs and their followers.<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Black Númenóreans]]<br />
[[Category:Haradrim]]<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[de:Korsaren]]<br />
[[fi:Umbarin Merirosvot]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=A_Thief_in_the_Night&diff=304017A Thief in the Night2019-03-23T15:53:30Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>[[Category:The Hobbit chapters|Thief in the Night]]<br />
[[fi:Varas yöllä]]<br />
<br />
{{chapter<br />
| title=A Thief in the Night<br />
| book=The Hobbit<br />
| number=16<br />
| event=[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] takes the [[Arkenstone|Arkenstone of Thráin]] to [[Dale]] and gives it to [[Bard the Bowman|Bard]].<br />
| location=[[Dale]]<br />
| previous=The Gathering of the Clouds<br />
| next=The Clouds Burst<br />
}}<br />
'''A Thief in the Night''' is the 16th chapter of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.<br />
<br />
===Summary===<br />
[[Thorin and Company]] stayed in [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] for many days. For a time the dwarves ordered the treasure of [[Smaug]], but soon [[Thorin]] began to think only of the [[Arkenstone]]. He bade the others search every corner for it. [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] heard of Thorin's eagerness of finding it and feared that the Arkenstone would be found in his bundle. Meanwhile, the [[Ravens]] began to return to Thorin with messages that [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin]] was hurrying from the [[Iron Hills]] to aid Thorin. The Ravens gave Thorin counsel that Dáin's appearance in the valley might start a battle, but Thorin was set in his ways. That night, Bilbo made up his mind to leave Erebor in the night and reach Erebor. He offered to [[Bombur]], who was on watch for the earlier part of the night, to take the watch for him and let Bombur sleep until midnight. When Bombur agreed, Bilbo put on his [[The One Ring|magic ring]] and slipped off into the night.<br />
<br />
<br />
As he reached a stream that crossed between him and [[Bard]]'s camp, he lost his footing on a round stone and made a splash noise as he fell in the water. He had hardly just made to the other side when [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elves]] came there with lanterns, searching for the cause of the noise. Bilbo then sneezed, and the Elves discovered him. He introduced himself and bade the Elves lead him to their camp.<br />
<br />
<br />
When Bilbo came to the camp of Bard and the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]], they did not quite understand why he was there. So Bilbo explained that he meant well for everyone, and wished for there to be no battle. He then gave Bard the Arkenstone and explained that he took it as his fourteenth share in the treasure, as Thorin had promised him. Bard and the Elvenking both tried to stop him from leaving and offer him to stay with them, but Bilbo refused and made ready to return to Erebor to wake Bombur. As he left, though, he met [[Gandalf]], who was proud of him for his gift to Bard. Gandlaf then referenced news that even the Ravens did not know of. This referred to the [[Battle of Five Armies]], but Bilbo did not know about it at the time and left him puzzled. When he returned, he woke Bombur and was soon dreaming of eggs and bacon.</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Stage&diff=304016The Last Stage2019-03-23T15:52:48Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{chapter<br />
| title=The Last Stage<br />
| book=The Hobbit<br />
| number=19<br />
| event=[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] returns to his [[Smials|smial]] home.<br />
| previous=The Return Journey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''The Last Stage''' is the 19th and final chapter of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:The Hobbit chapters|Last Stage]]<br />
[[fi:Viimeiset vaiheet]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fire_and_Water&diff=304015Fire and Water2019-03-23T15:51:51Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{disambig-more|Fire and Water|[[Fire and Water (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[Category:The Hobbit chapters]]<br />
[[fi:Tulta ja vettä]]<br />
<br />
{{chapter<br />
| title=Fire and Water<br />
| book=The Hobbit<br />
| number=14<br />
| event=[[Smaug]] descends upon [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]]; [[Bard]] the Bowman slays him with his [[Black Arrow]].<br />
| location=[[Esgaroth]]<br />
| previous=Not at Home<br />
| next=The Gathering of the Clouds<br />
}}<br />
'''Fire and Water''' is the 14th chapter of ''[[The Hobbit]]''.<br />
<br />
===Summary===<br />
<br />
This chapter tells the story of the fall of [[Smaug]]. It begins when some the people of [[Lake-town]] saw a brief glow in the [[Lonely Mountain]]. Some reacted, believing that [[Thorin|the King under the Mountain]] was forging gold, but a [[Bard|grim-voiced man]] rightly believed it to be the fire of Smaug. The others noted how he was always foretelling evil things. Soon the news of activity spread and people were looking toward the Mountain in hope. But the grim-voiced man, [[Bard]] the Bowman, alerted the people, including the [[Master of Lake-town]], that the dragon was coming. The warriors soon were ready, and the rest were either preparing for the fire with vessels of water or readying their boats to escape. Smaug first destroyed the bridge to land, leaving the people of Lake-town stranded on the island. The archers, led by Bard, attempted to slay the dragon, but were unable to do so. Suddenly, a [[Thrushes|thrush]] came to Bard, whose companions were abandoning him. The thrush told Bard of the bare patch on Smaug's breast, which was illuminated by the light of the rising moon. Bard then took his [[Black Arrow]], which he had saved from his ancestors, and shot down the dragon. Smaug let out one final shriek and fell directly on Lake-town.<br />
<br />
The remaining people of Lake-town lamented for the loss of their town, and much of their supplies. Many of them mourned about the seeming loss of Bard. They said that Bard may have made a good king. But as they spoke of him, he returned, having survived Smaug's fall. Despite the Master of Lake-town's attempts at persuading the people into supporting him, the people began a chant:<br />
<br />
"Up the Bowman, and down with the Moneybags!"<br />
<br />
But the Master of Lake-town reminded the people that [[Thorin and Company]] had brought the ruin upon them. In spite of Bard's reasonable declarations that becoming angry with Thorin and Company would not be helpful, many of the people still wished for retribution against them.<br />
<br />
Throughout [[Middle-earth]], news of Smaug's defeat was spreading. Bird messengers arrived in the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]]'s [[Elvenking's Halls|halls]], [[Orcs#Goblins|Goblins]] were readying for a battle, and [[Beorn]] had heard the news before long.<br />
<br />
Messengers from Lake-town met Elvenking as he marched with his [[Elves of Mirkwood|folk]]. When he met Bard, they turned toward the Mountain and devised a plan. The women, children, old, and unfit, as well as the Master of Lake-town and some men and elves, would stay behind and collect wood for fires, while the able-bodied men, with the rest of the Elvenking's array, would march north to Erebor. Thus, eleven days after the ruin of Lake-town and the fall of Smaug, the host arrived at the [[Desolation of the Dragon|desolation of Smaug]].</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Black_Arrow&diff=304014Black Arrow2019-03-23T15:51:16Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{object infobox<br />
| name=The Black Arrow<br />
| image=[[File:Anke Eißmann - Bard the Bowman.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bard the Bowman" by [[Anke Eißmann]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=[[Lonely Mountain]], [[Lake-town]]<br />
| owner=[[Girion]], [[Bard]]<br />
| type=Weapon<br />
| appearance=<br />
| creator=Dwarves of [[Erebor]]<br />
| created=<br />
| createdlocation=[[Lonely Mountain]]<br />
| destroyer=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| destroyedlocation=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Arrow!" said the bowman. "Black arrow! I have saved you to the last. You have never failed me and always I have recovered you. I had you from my father and he from of old. If ever you came from the forges of the true king under the Mountain, go now and speed well!|[[Bard]], [[Fire and Water]]}} <br />
According to [[Bard|Bard the Bowman]], the [[Black Arrow]] had originated in the Lonely Mountain and had been passed down to him from his father and grandfather of the line of [[Girion]]. It was magical for him and whenever he shot it, he always recovered it.<br />
<br />
When in {{TA|2941}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> the [[Dragons|dragon]] [[Smaug]] attacked [[Lake-town]], after being disturbed by [[Thorin and Company]] in the [[Lonely Mountain]], the '''Black Arrow''' was the last arrow left in Bard's quiver.<br />
<br />
Bard fired the arrow through a bare patch in the armour on Smaug's underbelly, described to him by the [[Thrushes|Thrush]]. The arrow penetrated Smaug's heart, killing the dragon immediately.<ref>{{H|Fire}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] may have found inspiration for the weapon that achieves its goal and then perishes in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''. In that story Beowulf's sword cannot kill Grendal's mother but another sword, an ancient blade found in her lair, can destroy her and slice off Grendel's head. However, the sword then melted down to the hilt.<ref>{{HH|Death}}, (ii) ''The Black Arrow'', p. 558</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2018: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Black Arrows are said to have been a gift to each [[Lord of Dale]] from King [[Thrór]] in gratitude for saving the first dwarf king's life. The eighth Lord of Dale, later known as [[Girion]], wasted all the arrows while attempting to kill Smaug, except for the one which his son "Brandjarn" rescued and was passed down to Bard.<br />
<br />
:After the restoration of the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]], [[Dáin Ironfoot]] gifted the [[King of Dale|Kings of Dale]] with newly-forged Black Arrows. Shortly after the [[Battle of Dale]], young King [[Bard II]] wounded the great [[Cold-drakes|Cold-drake]] "Vethúg Wintermind" with a Black Arrow, thwarting the drake's attack on Erebor.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{weapons}}<br />
[[Category:Weapons]]<br />
[[Category:Heirlooms]]<br />
[[fi:Musta Nuoli]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Of_Herbs_and_Stewed_Rabbit&diff=304013Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit2019-03-23T15:42:12Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{chapter<br />
| image=Anke Eißmann - Ithilien.jpg<br />
| title=Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit<br />
| book=The Two Towers<br />
| number=15<br />
| event=[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]] meet [[Faramir]] and witness a battle.<br />
| date=[[6 March|6]]-[[7 March]] {{TA|3019|n}}<br />
| location=[[Ithilien]]<br />
| perspective=[[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise]]<br />
| previous=The Black Gate is Closed<br />
| next=The Window on the West<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit''' is the fourth chapter of the second book in ''[[The Two Towers]]''.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
[[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], and [[Gollum]] proceeded through the desolate landscape of [[Mordor]]. Gradually, they noticed that the land was becoming greener, more fragrant, and less barren, and they welcomed the change. As always, they travelled by night and rested by day. They did not travel on the open road, but near it. They worried about their dwindling food supply. After several days, they arrived in a [[Ithilien|country]] full of woods and streams. Gollum coughed and sputtered in the verdant setting, but the [[Hobbits]] rejoiced in the reappearance of greenery and water. They stopped at a stream to drink and bathe. Again, they were troubled by hunger. Sam sent Gollum off to hunt some food for them all, reminding him that Hobbit food was different from the food the creature was accustomed to eating. Sam watched the sleeping Frodo, observing the fine lines visible on Frodo’s face. Sam acknowledged that he felt deep love for Frodo.<br />
<br />
Gollum returned with rabbits, which he did not want to cook, preferring to devour them raw. Sam proceeded to make a nice dinner for himself and Frodo, calling upon Gollum again to gather wild herbs for his rabbit stew. Frodo awoke and saw the cooking fire burning. Sam informed Frodo of the nice dinner being prepared, but Frodo warned Sam about the dangers of fire in the open field.<br />
<br />
Suddenly Frodo and Sam heard voices nearby, and they saw four tall [[Men]] wielding spears. The warriors wondered whether the Hobbits were [[Elves]] or perhaps [[Orcs]]. One of the Men identified himself as [[Faramir]], Captain of [[Gondor]]. The Hobbits identified themselves as [[Halflings]]. Faramir said that the hobbits could not be travellers, as uninvited travellers were not allowed in his land. Frodo explained the Hobbits’ separation from [[Aragorn]] and [[Boromir]]. At the mention of the name of Boromir, Faramir was startled and became stern.<br />
<br />
Two men named [[Mablung (ranger of Ithilien)|Mablung]] and [[Damrod]] guarded Frodo and Sam, telling the Hobbits of their enemies, the [[Haradrim|Southrons]], who threatened to attack. Sam wondered where Gollum was. Suddenly, they heard noises of battle and the name of Gondor called out. Damrod announced that the Southrons were attacking and that Faramir’s men were setting out to meet them. The Hobbits climbed into a position where they could see what was going on, and they witnessed their first battle among Men.<br />
<br />
Suddenly, Damrod called out for help from a large elephant-like creature called the [[Mûmak]], which arrived from the forest and crushed the enemy. Sam was pleased that he had seen his first [[Oliphaunts|Oliphaunt]], as the creature was called. Damrod told the Hobbits to sleep, as the Gondor captain would soon return and they would have to flee the enemy. Sam replied that the troops of Gondor would not disturb him when they left. Damrod answered that it was not likely that the captain would allow Sam to stay, but would instead force him to travel with the troops.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:The Two Towers chapters]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Two_Towers&diff=304012The Two Towers2019-03-23T15:39:30Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Chapters */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Two Towers|[[Two Towers (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[Image:The Two Towers 1st edition.jpg|thumb|<small>The cover of the 1st edition of ''The Two Towers''.</small>]]<br />
'''''The Two Towers''''' is the second volume of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is preceded by ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' and followed by ''[[The Return of the King]]''.<br />
<br />
==Title==<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Two Towers.jpg|left|thumb|<small>Tolkien's design for the dust-jacket of ''The Two Towers'', depicting [[Minas Morgul]] at left and [[Orthanc]] at right.</small>]]<br />
Tolkien came up with the title under deadline pressure and later expressed dissatisfaction with it. In letters and one sketch he considered several possible sets of towers, including [[Minas Tirith]] and the [[Barad-dûr]], and even the possibility of leaving the matter ambiguous. However, he eventually settled on [[Orthanc]] and [[Minas Morgul]] and wrote a note to this effect which appears at the end of most editions of ''The Fellowship of the Ring''. He also produced a final cover illustration showing these towers, but the publisher decided not to use it in order to save money on the production costs.<br />
<br />
Loosely, any pair from a set of five towers in the story could plausibly fit the title: [[Cirith Ungol]], Orthanc, Minas Tirith, Barad-dûr, and Minas Morgul.<br />
<br />
A trailer of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' interprets the title as referring to the alliance between Orthanc and Barad-dûr.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvCktPUwkW0 Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Trailer] ([[Galadriel: "There is a union now between the Two Towers: Barad-dûr, fortress of the Dark Lord Sauron; and Orthanc, stronghold of the Wizard Saruman.")</ref> (Minas Morgul doesn't appear until [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|the next film]]).<br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
Because ''The Two Towers'' is the central portion of a longer work, its structure differs from that of a conventional novel. It begins and ends abruptly, without introduction to the characters, explanations of major plot elements or a satisfying conclusion. The first section follows the divergent paths of several important figures from ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', but tells nothing of its central character, on whose fate so much depends, enabling the reader to share in the suspense and uncertainty of the characters themselves. The narrative of the second part returns to the hero's quest to destroy the evil that threatens the world. While the first section tells of an epic battle, the struggles in much of the second section are internal.<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
{{ttchapters}}<br />
===Book III===<br />
[[Hobbits]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] escape from the [[Orcs]] who captured them when the orcs themselves are attacked by the Riders of Rohan. Merry and Pippin head into nearby Fangorn Forest where they encounter treelike giants called [[Ents]]. These guardians of the forest generally keep to themselves, but are moved to oppose the menace posed to the trees by the [[Wizards|wizard]] [[Saruman]], who has been chopping down trees in the forest to fuel fires for his furnaces.<br />
<br />
[[Aragorn]], Gimli the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]] and Legolas the [[Elves|Elf]], tracking Merry and Pippin, come across the riders of rohan who tell them that they attacked the orcs and left no survivors. However, Strider is able to find small prints and they follow these into Fangorn, where they meet a white wizard who they at first believe to be Saruman, but who turns out to be their wizard friend [[Gandalf]], whom they believed had perished in the mines of [[Moria]]. He tells them of his fall into the abyss, his battle to the death with the [[balrogs|Balrog]] and his reawakening. The four ride to [[Edoras]] and persuade King [[Théoden]] that his people are in danger. In the process, Saruman's agent in Edoras, [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]], is expelled from the city. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas then travel to the defensive fortification [[Helm's Deep]] while Gandalf goes north in search of Éomer's men in Rohan to bring as reinforcements. At Helm's Deep, they resist an onslaught of Orcs and Men sent by Saruman, and Gandalf arrives the next morning with the Riders of Rohan just in time. The fleeing orcs run into a forest of Huorn half-tree, half-ent creatures and none escape. Aragorn, Gimli, Legolas, Gandalf and the Rohan army then head to Saruman's stronghold in Isengard.<br />
<br />
There, they reunite with Merry and Pippin and find the city overrun by Ents, who have flooded it with the nearby river, and the central tower of Orthanc besieged, with Saruman in it. After giving Saruman a chance to repent, Gandalf casts him out of the order of wizards. Wormtongue throws something from a window at Gandalf and those with him. This turns out to be one of the ''[[palantíri]]''. Pippin, unable to resist the urge, looks into it and has an encounter with Sauron. Gandalf and Pippin then head for Minas Tirith in preparation for the upcoming war.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Chapters ===<br />
<br />
*'''I - [[The Departure of Boromir]]''' - An uncertain and troubled Aragorn finds Boromir wounded with with many orc-arrows; Boromir tells him that orcs had taken Merry and Pippin alive. Boromir dies, and Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli send his body down the stream on a 'funeral boat.' After much debate, the 'Three Hunters' set forth to track the [[Uruk-hai]] who had captured Merry and Pippin, rather than pursuing Frodo and Sam, who were making their way to Mordor. <br />
*'''II - [[The Riders of Rohan]]''' - They follow the trail of the orcs and find several clues as to what happened with the hobbits, then meet a company of [[Rohirrim]] led by [[Éomer]], who tell them that the orcs were destroyed and none were left alive. They camp near the site of the orc massacre.<br />
*'''III - [[The Uruk-hai]]''' - This chapter begins further back in time, telling the story of Merry and Pippin being captured by the orcs, who are led by [[Uglúk]] from Saruman's army, and [[Grishnákh]] from Mordor. The two sides of orcs are constantly arguing. The orcs camp near Fangorn, and Grishnakh attempts to take the hobbits away with him. The hobbits escape as Grishnákh is killed from an arrow. They flee into Fangorn Forest as the orcs are attacked by the men of Rohan.<br />
*'''IV - [[Treebeard (chapter)|Treebeard]]''' - Merry and Pippin meet Treebeard the Ent, who calls an Entmoot, a gathering of Ents in Derndingle. The hobbits meet another ent, [[Quickbeam]]. The ents decide at the entmoot after three days, to attack Isengard.<br />
*'''V - [[The White Rider]]''' - The chapter goes back to the story of Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli, who discover signs that the hobbits escaped the orcs into the forest. They meet an old man, who they at first presume to be Saruman, but who turns out to be Gandalf. They set off for Edoras.<br />
*'''VI - [[The King of the Golden Hall]]''' - The four of them reach Edoras and talk with King Théoden. Wormtongue is kicked out of the city. Théoden gives Gandalf the horse [[Shadowfax]].<br />
*'''VII - [[Helm's Deep (chapter)|Helm's Deep]]''' - Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli are at Helm's Deep with the Rohan army, defending the people of Rohan from attack by the army of Saruman.<br />
*'''VIII - [[The Road to Isengard]]''' - They travel to Isengard, and see that it has been destroyed. At Isengard they find Merry and Pippin.<br />
*'''IX - [[Flotsam and Jetsam]]''' - Merry and Pippin tell the story of how the ents attacked Isengard, in amongst the ruins or 'flotsam and jetsam' of the city. <br />
*'''X - [[The Voice of Saruman]]''' - Saruman has a very persuasive voice, which he almost uses to persuade Théoden and the others until Gandalf casts him from the order of wizards. Wormtongue throws the palantir of Orthanc from the tower, which misses Gandalf, and is picked up by Pippin.<br />
*'''XI - [[The Palantír]]''' - Pippin picks up the ''Palantir'' and is seen by Sauron. Gandalf explains the origin of the ''Palantir''; Gandalf sets off with Pippin for Minas Tirith, riding on shadowfax.<br />
<br />
===Book IV===<br />
Frodo and Sam discover [[Gollum]] stalking them as they try to reach [[Mount Doom]] to destroy [[the One Ring]]. Gollum hopes to reclaim the Ring. Sam loathes and distrusts him, but Frodo pities him. Gollum promises to lead them to a secret entrance to Mordor and for a time appears to be a true ally. They first stop at the Black gate of Mordor, where Gollum persuades them not to go in, where they would have been surely caught. They head south into Ithilien, and are captured by [[Faramir]], the brother of Boromir. Faramir learns from Frodo of his brother, with Faramir expressing his belief that Boromir is dead. Frodo tells of the plan to destroy the ring, and Faramir allows them to go on their way. Gollum leads them into the lair of [[Shelob]], an enormous spiderlike creature, who inflicts her poisonous bite on Frodo. Sam resolves to finish the quest himself and takes the Ring. But when Orcs take Frodo's body, he follows them and learns that Frodo is not dead but unconscious and now their prisoner. The last line of the book is "Frodo was alive but taken by the enemy."<br />
<br />
=== Chapters ===<br />
<br />
*'''I - [[The Taming of Sméagol]]''' - Gollum joins Frodo and Sam, after Sam captures him.<br />
*'''II - [[The Passage of the Marshes]]''' - They pass through the [[Dead Marshes]]<br />
*'''III - [[The Black Gate is Closed]]''' - They reach the gate of Mordor, Gollum persuades them not to go in, and to head south.<br />
*'''IV - [[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]''' - They reach the pleasant country of [[Ithilien]]. Title refers to the rabbits Gollum catches that Sam cooks; the smoke from the fire causes them to be seen by men of Gondor led by Faramir, and they witness an attack on a Southron army, and an [[Oliphaunts|Oliphaunt]]. <br />
*'''V - [[The Window on the West]]''' - Frodo and Sam are captured by Faramir's men and they are blindfolded on their way to [[Henneth Annûn]]. Frodo tells Faramir of his brother Boromir's part in the Fellowship.<br />
*'''VI - [[The Forbidden Pool]]''' - Faramir shows Frodo they have found Gollum at the Forbidden pool. Frodo saves him from being shot by Faramir's men.<br />
*'''VII - [[Journey to the Cross-Roads]]''' - Frodo, Sam and Gollum leave Faramir. They travel to the crossroad of the road east between [[Osgiliath]] and [[Minas Morgul]], and the north-south road from the Black Gate to the southlands.<br />
*'''VIII - [[The Stairs of Cirith Ungol]]''' - They witness an army leaving Minas Morgul.<br />
*'''IX - [[Shelob's Lair (chapter)|Shelob's Lair]]''' - encounter with Shelob the spider<br />
*'''X - [[The Choices of Master Samwise]]''' - Frodo is taken by the orcs. Sam listens to the orcs talking about him, which is how he finds out that he is still alive, having thought that Frodo had been killed by Shelob.<br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
Some of the events of ''The Two Towers'' were depicted in a 1978 film of ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[Ralph Bakshi]] and the 2002 ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' by [[Peter Jackson]]. Both films abandoned the parallel storytelling of the book in favour of a more chronological presentation. The first chapter from the book actually appears at the end of Jackson's ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Later events of ''The Two Towers'' were filmed for Jackson's ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''. Various games also adapt ''The Two Towers'', including online role-playing games like ''[[The Two Towers MUD]]'' and graphically-oriented console games.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[The Two Towers/Quotations|''The Two Towers''/Quotations]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{lotr}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Two Towers, The}}<br />
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[Category:The Two Towers chapters| ]]<br />
[[de:Die Zwei Türme]]<br />
[[fi:Kaksi tornia]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mouth_of_Sauron&diff=303695Mouth of Sauron2019-03-06T10:28:58Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
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<div>{{evil infobox<br />
| name=The Mouth of Sauron<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Mouth of Sauron 01.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Mouth of Sauron" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Mordu<ref name=Mordu/><br />
| titles=Lieutenant of the Tower of Barad-dûr, Messenger of Mordor<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Mordor]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=Before {{TA|2951}}<ref name="Gate">{{RK|V10}}</ref><br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=Probably [[25 March]] {{TA|3019}}<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 274</ref><br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=68+<br />
| notablefor=Negotiating with [[Aragorn]] and [[Gandalf]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Black Númenóreans|Black Númenórean]]<ref name="Gate">{{RK|V10}}</ref><br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing="robed all in black, and black was his lofty helm..."<ref name="Gate">{{RK|V10}}</ref><br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=Black horse<br />
| gallery=the Mouth of Sauron<br />
}}<br />
'''The Mouth of Sauron''' was the [[Dark Lord]] [[Sauron]]'s servant and representative at the end of the [[Third Age]]. He had the title Lieutenant of [[Barad-dûr]], since he was so strongly devoted to the Dark Lord. The Mouth of Sauron was one of the [[Black Númenóreans]].<ref name="Gate">{{RK|V10}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origins===<br />
The Mouth of Sauron had served Sauron all his life; a [[Men|Man]] of great stature, he was potentially the equal of the [[Dúnedain]] but had fallen into darkness. It is stated that "he entered the service of the [[Barad-dûr|Dark Tower]] when it first rose again".<ref name="Gate"/><ref group=note>It has been noted that this reference is difficult to interpret; according to [[Appendix B]] the Dark Tower arose first some time after {{SA|3320}} and again in {{TA|2951}}. If the Mouth lived in the Second Age, he would be one of the [[King's Men]] of [[Númenor]], and probably prolonged his life with sorcery (cf. {{HM|Guide}}, p. 274); in the second interpretation he would serve Sauron only for 68 years, and this would make him a Black Númenórean of [[Umbar]] or [[Harad]]. The second interpretation is more feasible (and supported by [[Michael Martinez]]) but both have been considered.</ref><br />
<br />
He had learned much sorcery during his time under Sauron and knew many of the Dark Lord's plans. Being crueller than an [[Orcs|Orc]] and cunning, he rose in power and favour. In any case, the Mouth had even forgotten his original name.<ref name="Gate"/><br />
<br />
===Late [[Third Age]]===<br />
The Mouth of Sauron briefly appeared when he haggled with the army of the west in front of the [[Black Gate|Morannon]], trying to convince [[Aragorn]] and [[Gandalf]] to give up and let Sauron win the battle for [[Middle-earth]]. Though he came before Aragorn and his men as an ambassador, he used quite insolent speech when he dealt with them. He tried to intimidate the army into surrendering by showing them the ''[[mithril]]'' coat of [[Frodo Baggins]] to make them think that the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]] had been captured. When Gandalf turned down his proposal, the Mouth of Sauron set all the armies of [[Barad-dûr]] upon them.<ref name="Gate"/><br />
<br />
The Mouth's fate is nowhere recorded, but it is probable he died in the assault before the Morannon.<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 274</ref> If he had survived, it is likely that he would have been one of the leaders in the retreat of Sauron's evil servants after the fall of Barad-dûr.<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
The name of the Mouth of Sauron itself poses an inconsistency in the narrative. Aragorn mentions that the name "Sauron" (meaning "Abominable") is the name used by his enemies, and according to [[Aragorn]], Sauron himself did not permit it pronounced.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref> Therefore it would be strange for a servant of Sauron to have a title that includes the word "Sauron".<br />
<br />
In an early manuscript, the name of the messenger is said to be '''Mordu''',<ref name=Mordu>{{WR|3|III}}, pp. 256, 267 (Christopher Tolkien notes that the reading is uncertain.)</ref> apparently meaning "Black Darkness" or "Black Night".<ref>{{webcite|author=Mark Fisher|articleurl=http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/m/mouthofsauron.html|articlename=Mouth of Sauron|dated=|website=EoA|accessed=14 December 2013}}</ref><br />
==Other versions of the Legendarium==<br />
In drafts of the ''Lord of the Rings'' the Mouth had been envisioned as having been a child snatched by Sauron, and later a [[Gondorians|Gondorian]] renegade.<ref>{{WR|3|XIII}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Mouth of Sauron in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Mouth of Sauron.jpg|[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Mouth of Sauron.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''1980: ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:The Mouth of Sauron briefly appears at the Black Gate. He was here portrayed by [[Don Messick]].<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The Mouth of Sauron's role is expanded. He is portrayed as the person who tortures [[Gollum]] into telling Sauron of "Baggins" and "Shire", though he is not named until the credits.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Michael Bakewell]], [[Brian Sibley]] (eds.) [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]], "[[The Long Awaited Party]]"</ref> [[John Rye]] provided the voice of the Mouth of Sauron, symbolising the function of the Lieutenant of Barad-dûr. <br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''<br />
:The Mouth of Sauron does not appear in the theatrical cut of the movie, but he does appear in the extended version, played by an unrecognizable [[Bruce Spence]]. His helmet, with the words "LAMMEN GORTHAUR" ([[Sindarin]] for "Voice of (Sauron) The Abominable") in [[Cirth]] written on it, covers his entire face except for his mouth, which is horribly diseased and disfigured by all the evil he has spoken, and disproportionately large, creating an unsettling effect. In fact, much of this spectacle is a result of CGI effects. Actually Jackson conceived this idea long after the footage had been shot and asked his special effects team to create the effect digitally.<br />
<br />
:The extended DVD cast commentary mentions that Jackson considered different depictions of the character, such as having Kate Winslet (who starred in ''Heavenly Creatures'', another Jackson film) play the role, partially to emphasize the temptations Aragorn was facing.<br />
<br />
:In the movie itself, Aragorn decapitates the Mouth of Sauron with [[Andúril|his sword]]. This sequence is often criticized by purist and outsider alike; through human history, it was considered a crime of war to execute messengers or heralds. In the book, the Mouth actually specifically points out that as an ambassador he is protected by the laws of war, and Gandalf acknowledges this:<br />
<br />
::''"...though Aragorn did not stir nor move hand to weapon, the other quailed and gave back as if menaced with a blow. "I am a herald and an ambassador, and may not be assailed!" he cried. "Where such laws hold," said Gandalf, "it is also the custom for ambassadors to use less insolence. But no one has threatened you. You have naught to fear from us..."'' -- Book V, Chapter 10, "The Black Gate Opens"<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of the Mouth of Sauron|Images of the Mouth of Sauron]]<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2011/10/20/how-old-was-the-mouth-of-sauron/ How old was the Mouth of Sauron?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/01/26/is-the-messenger-sent-to-dain-a-black-rider-or-the-mouth-of-sauron/ Is the Messenger Sent to Dáin a Black Rider or the Mouth of Sauron?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mouth of Sauron}}<br />
[[Category:Black Númenóreans]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de: Saurons Mund]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:bouche_de_sauron]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BAmenor&diff=303694Númenor2019-03-06T10:26:15Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{kingdom<br />
| image=[[File:Narfil Palùrfalas - Numenor Map.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Númenor<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Westernesse, Númenórë, Andor, Anadûnê<br />
| location=In [[Belegaer]], between [[Middle-earth]] and [[Aman]]<br />
| capital=[[Armenelos]]<br />
| towns=[[Andúnië]], [[Eldalondë]], [[Rómenna]], [[Ondosto]], [[Nindamos]]<br />
| regions=[[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]], [[Orrostar]], [[Mittalmar]], [[Emerië]], [[Nísimaldar]]<br />
| population=[[Númenóreans]]<br>Few [[Drúedain]]<br />
| language=[[Adûnaic]], [[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]]<br />
| govern1=[[King of Númenor|King]]/[[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Queen]]<br />
| govern2=[[Council of the Sceptre]]<br />
| govern3=<br />
| currency=<br />
| holiday=[[Erukyermë]], [[Erulaitalë]], [[Eruhantalë]]<br />
| precededby=<br />
| event1=Founded<br />
| event1date={{SA|32}}<br />
| event2=Destroyed<br />
| event2date={{SA|3319}}<br />
| event3=<br />
| event3date=<br />
| event4=<br />
| event4date=<br />
| event5=<br />
| event5date=<br />
| followedby=[[Arnor]], [[Gondor]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Númenor''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "westland", pron. {{IPA|[ˈnuːmenor]}}) or '''[[Númenórë]]''' (pron. {{IPA|[ˌnuːmeˈnoːre]}}), known in the [[Westron|Common Speech]] as '''[[Westernesse]]''' and in [[Adûnaic]] as '''[[Anadûnê]]''', was one of the names of the isle of [[Elenna]], which was raised from the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] by the [[Valar]] in the beginning of the [[Second Age]]. While strictly speaking the term ''Númenor'' referred to the realm established on the island, it was more often used as a synonym of the land itself. Númenor was one of the most powerful realms of the Second Age, and its people, called [[Númenóreans]], as well as their descendants, had considerable influence on the events of the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{main|Elenna}}<br />
The island of Númenor had a shape of a 5-point star, each point having its own unique geological and physical features: [[Forostar]], [[Andustar]], [[Hyarnustar]], [[Hyarrostar]] and [[Orrostar]].<br />
<br />
The central region was named [[Mittalmar]] and in its center stood the holy mountain [[Meneltarma]]<br />
<br />
Númenor had only two rivers: [[Siril]] and [[Nunduinë]].<br />
<br />
Cities built by the Númenóreans were [[Armenelos]], [[Andúnië]], [[Nindamos]], [[Eldalondë]] and [[Almaida]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origin===<br />
Númenor was the kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]], located on an island in the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]], between Middle-earth and [[Aman]]. The land was brought up from the sea as a gift to [[Men]]. It was also called ''Elenna'' ("Starwards") because the Dúnedain were led to it by the [[Star of Eärendil]], and because the island was in the shape of a five-pointed star. The Dúnedain arrived at the island in the year {{SA|32}},<ref>{{RK|B1}}</ref> and the [[Drúedain]] refugees who dwelt at the [[Mouths of Sirion]] before the sinking of [[Beleriand]] were permitted to join them.<ref name=Druedain>{{UT|Druedain}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Elros]] son of [[Eärendil]] was the first [[King of Númenor]], taking the name of [[Elros|Tar-Minyatur]] ("First King"). Under his rule, which took place between {{SA|32}} and {{SA|442}} and those of his descendants, Men rose to become a powerful race. <br />
<br />
The [[Númenóreans]] were forbidden by the Valar from sailing so far westward that Númenor was no longer visible, for fear that they would come upon the [[Undying Lands]], from which Men were barred. Over time the Númenóreans came to resent the [[Ban of the Valar]] and to rebel against their authority, seeking the everlasting life that they believed was begrudged them. They tried to compensate for this by going eastward and colonizing large parts of Middle-earth, first in a friendly way, beginning with [[Tar-Aldarion]]. The first ships sailed from Númenor to Middle-earth in the year {{SA|600|n}}. <br />
<br />
The Númenóreans established several settlements in Middle-earth, such as [[Lond Daer]]. They contacted the [[Middle Men|indigenous people]], teaching them several crafts, instructed them and helped free them from the [[Shadow]]. About SA 1200 they established permanent settlements like [[Pelargir]] and [[Umbar]].<br />
<br />
In {{SA|1700|n}} [[Tar-Minastir]] sent a fleet to help [[Gil-galad]] and together they drove back [[Sauron]], who had dominated almost all [[Eriador]] after the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]].<br />
<br />
===Decline===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Eagles of Manwë.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Eagles of Manwë'']]<br />
Soon the Númenóreans came to become proud and discontented, irritated by the [[Ban of the Valar]]. Starting to lose the meaning of the [[Gift of Men]] and envious of immortality, they longed for [[Eldamar]] which they saw only from a distance.<br />
<br />
About {{SA|1800|n}} they started to dominate the shores of Middle-earth and demand tribute from the lesser peoples which they had liberated and taught, and became a massive brutal maritime empire that had no rival. Fearing death, they tried to gain some immortality in riches and ornate tombs. [[Tar-Atanamir]] started to speak openly against the Valar.<br />
<br />
In {{SA|2280|n}} Umbar was strengthened with increased numbers of colonists and from there they began to dominate [[Harad]]. Even [[Sauron]] was afraid of them and retreated from these lands.<br />
<br />
A few of them, the [[Faithful]], remained loyal to the Valar and friendly to the Elves. The Valar displayed warnings to the Men of Westernesse in the form of huge eagles, but they paid no heed to these manifestations. The Faithful were persecuted by the majority of the population, which they called [[King's Men]], who decided to abandon the Elven customs and languages. [[Ar-Adûnakhôr]] took his regal name in [[Adûnaic]] and not in [[Quenya]].<br />
<br />
The Faithful remained in [[Andúnië]] and the Faithful [[Lords of Andúnië]], because of their noble heritage still had some gravity in the meetings of nobles. However, in the 32nd century [[Ar-Gimilzôr]] forced them to remove to [[Rómenna]] and the haven was closed to the Elven visitors. [[Tar-Palantir]] briefly attempted to cast the Shadow back and reunite the people with the Elves and the Valar, but did not make it to be. He was succeeded by his nephew, a sea captain who warred against the coastal people.<br />
<br />
That nephew was the twenty-fifth king, [[Ar-Pharazôn]], who in the year {{SA|3255|n}}, sailed to Middle-earth. Seeing the might of Númenor, Sauron submitted to the king's authority, and he was brought back to Númenor as a hostage. By that time, however, the Drúedain of Númenor had sensed a coming darkness and all of them had abandoned the island for Middle-earth.<ref name=Druedain/> Sauron soon became an adviser to the King as Tar-[[Sauron|Mairon]], and promised the Númenóreans eternal life if they worshiped [[Morgoth|Melkor]]. With Sauron as his advisor, Ar-Pharazôn had a 500-foot temple to Melkor erected, in which he offered human sacrifices to him. <br />
<br />
During this time, the white tree [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth the Fair]], whose fate was said to be tied to the line of kings, was chopped down and burned as a sacrifice to Melkor. Risking his life, [[Isildur]] rescued a fruit of the tree, preserving the ancient line of trees.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_The_Ships_of_the_Faithful.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Ships of the Faithful'']]<br />
<br />
===Destruction===<br />
{{main|Downfall of Númenor}}<br />
<br />
Prompted by Sauron and fearing death and old age, Ar-Pharazôn built a great armada and set sail into the west to make war upon the Valar and seize the Undying Lands. Sauron remained behind. In the year {{SA|3319|n}}, Ar-Pharazôn landed on Aman's shores and marched to the city of [[Valimar]].<br />
<br />
Fearing that the Númenorean army could wreak havoc in [[Valinor]],<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> but forbidden from killing or otherwise using force against Men,<ref>{{L|156}}</ref><ref>{{MR|P4k}}, p. 350</ref> the Valar called upon Ilúvatar for assistance. He broke and changed the world, taking Aman and Tol Eressëa from the world forever, and changing the world's shape from flat to round. Númenor was covered by great waves and sank into the abyss, killing its inhabitants, including the body of Sauron; Sauron was robbed of his ability to assume fair and charming forms.<br />
<br />
[[Elendil]], son of the leader of the Faithful during the reign of Ar-Pharazôn, his sons and his followers had foreseen the disaster that was to befall Númenor, and they had set sail in nine ships before the island fell. They landed in Middle-earth, and gathered the Númenorian and indigenous peoples living there, uniting them under them, as the kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]].<br />
<br />
After its fall Númenor was called ''Atalantë'', meaning "the Downfallen", in the [[Quenya]] language. Other names after the Downfall include ''Mar-nu-Falmar'' ("Land under the Waves") and ''[[Akallabêth]]'' ("the Downfallen" in Adûnaic).<br />
<br />
The story of the rise and downfall of Númenor is told in ''[[Akallabêth|The Akallabêth]]''.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
{{main|Númenóreans}}<br />
The population of Númenor chiefly consisted of [[Edain]], mostly descendants from the [[House of Hador]]; although before the Shadow fell on the island the westernmost cities such as [[Andúnië]] contained a small population of [[Elves]] because of the frequent visits from Tol Eressëa. They were known as the Númenóreans, or rather, ''Kings among Men''.<br />
<br />
There also was a small number of [[Drúedain]] living in Númenor, who, considered as Edain, accompanied their friends of the [[House of Haleth]] to Númenor. They were only few in number and dreaded the sea. They became uneasy when [[Tar-Aldarion]] started his great travels and urged him not to go, seeing the mischief to come. They did not succeed and one after another they took ships towards Middle-earth, saying, that "the Great Isle no longer feels sure under our feet, and we wish to return to the lands whence we came". The last of them left when Sauron was brought to Númenor.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
<br />
''Númenor'' is a shortened form of the name ''Númenórë''. The name is a compound of [[númen|''nūme-n'']] "going down" (from the [[Sundocarme|root]] √ndū, nū), sunset, West, and [[nóre|''nōre'']] "land, country".<ref>{{L|227}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/lambengolmor/conversations/messages/1144 |articlename=Holograph MS of Letter 227, correcting published etymology of "Númenor" (#1144)|dated=15 December 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=15 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
Númenor is the retelling of the [[Atlantis]] mythos in Tolkien's legendarium. Notably, he referred to a recurring "Atlantis dream" he had. The connection is more evident in the name ''[[Atalantë]]'', another epithet of the Island which in [[Quenya]] means "the downfallen" (note that in Greek, ''Atlantis'' is related to [[Wikipedia:Atlas|Atlas]]; therefore ''Atalantë'' has no direct connection).<br />
<br />
[[wikipedia:Plato|Plato]], the ancient Greek philosopher, recounted the myth of Atlantis. According to him, Atlantis was in the middle of the ocean in the West (cf. [[Belegaer|Great Sea]]), its people were more advanced than those of the known world (cf. [[Kings of Men]]) but were corrupted by arrogance; the continent was destroyed by the gods and survivors created colonies, as in Egypt (cf. [[Realms in Exile]]). Also according to Plato the center of Atlantis was occupied by a high mountain-palace (cf. [[Meneltarma]]) around which a city of three circles was build, quite different from the star-shaped island of Númenor. Another element with both common and different points between the two stories, is that Númenor sank when the fleet was attacking the West, while Atlantis sank during a sea-battle with the Athenians, in the east.<br />
<br />
Some parts of Númenor's history seem to have been inspired not only from Plato but also from researchers and occultists whose theories were widespread during Tolkien's time.<br />
<br />
Ignatius Loyola Donnelly and Edgar Cayce were the most famous authors regarding Atlantis and mentioned events and concepts that Plato never did. One of those "original" elements told by modern authors and mystics was a civil war between two factions of Atlanteans (good and evil)<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_race#The_civilization_of_Atlantis</ref> which reminds of the persecution of the [[Elf-friends]] by the [[King's Men]].<br />
<br />
According to those theories, remnants of Atlantean civilization survived by colonists or survivors in Egypt (and in Pre-Columbian America), which mirrors the [[Realms in Exile]] founded by the Faithful; furthermore Tolkien once equated the Gondorians with the Egyptian civilization.<ref>{{L|211}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses outside the legendarium==<br />
<br />
[[C.S. Lewis]]' novel ''That Hideous Strength'' makes reference to "Numinor [sic] and the True West", which Lewis credits as a then-unpublished creation of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. This is one of many examples of cross-overs between the novels of Lewis and Tolkien, both of whom were members of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group at [[Oxford University]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[King of Númenor]]<br />
* [[Númenóreans]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://sdgeard.customer.netspace.net.au/hccnum.html A History and Complete Chronology of Númenor] - A detailed chronology of Númenor, its successor states and their rulers.<br />
*[http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=38 Article] concerning the position of Numenor.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{numenorkings}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Numenor}}<br />
[[Category:Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Númenor| ]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya locations]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Númenor]]<br />
[[fi:Númenor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/eaux/iles/numenor]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_realms&diff=303451Dwarf realms2019-02-20T06:37:16Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
<hr />
<div>Throughout the history of [[Arda]], there have been many '''Dwarf realms''': <br />
* '''[[Moria|Khazad-dȗm]] '''was the most famous and greatest of all the dwarf kingdoms. Located in the [[Misty Mountains]], it was the home of the [[Longbeards]] and was later populated with [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]] fleeing [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]]. It prospered for thousands of years until the Dwarves awoke the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] which drove them from Khazad-dȗm, it was then renamed ''[[Moria]]'' ("Black Pit" in [[Sindarin]]).<br>It is told that a few centuries into the [[Fourth Age]], [[Durin VII]] – a descendant (some sources say the son)<ref name="Making">{{PM|Aiv}}, pp. 278-9.</ref> of [[Thorin III Stonehelm]] – at last led Durin's Folk back to recolonize [[Khazad-dûm]], where they remained "until the world grew old and the Dwarves failed and the days of Durin's race were ended".<ref name="Making" /><br />
<br />
* '''[[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] '''were located in the [[Blue Mountains]]. The [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]] awoke in [[Dolmed|Mount Dolmed]] in the [[Blue Mountains]], and lived there throughout the history of their people. These two houses built the great Dwarven cities of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] in the Blue Mountains. It is not clear whether they shared the two cities or whether each house dwelt in its own.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> Nogrod and Belegost were ruined at the end of the [[First Age]], leaving the Firebeards and the Broadbeams to either rebuild their halls or, as many did relocate to Khazad-dȗm in {{SA|40}}.<br>The '''''Ered Luin''''' would later become a refuge for much of Durin's folk who established [[Thorin's Halls]] beyond the [[Lune]]<ref name="Folk">{{App|Durin}}</ref> during the latter Third Age. However, the Firebeards and Broadbeams continued to live there through the Fourth Age, and probably till the diminishing of the race of Dwarves (there always remained some Dwarves on the eastern side of the Blue Mountains in days afterwards.)<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><br />
<br />
* The '''Exiled Kingdom in the [[Grey Mountains]]''' were the [[Dáin's Halls|great halls]] of which many of Durin's folk relocated to after being exiled from Khazad-dȗm. The [[Dwarves of the Grey Mountains]] became very prosperous in their new halls. for over 500 years they mined and defended their halls from the [[Dragons]] of the north and the Orcs from the west. Until, finally [[Cold-drakes]] forced them from the mountains, and killed their king [[Dain |Dain I]]. However, dwarves still remained in the Ered Mithrin throughout the Third and Fourth Age after the core population fled, surviving in whatever mines and halls were remaining.<ref name="Folk" /><br />
<br />
* The '''[[Kingdom under the Mountain]]''' was one of the greatest kingdoms of the Dwarves. Located at [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], it was founded by [[Thráin I]], but was abandoned by his son, [[Thorin I]]. It was resettled by [[Thrór]] but, years later, [[Smaug]] [[Sack of Erebor|sacked]] the mountain and drove the Dwarves out. [[Thorin|Thorin II Oakenshield]] refounded the kingdom in {{TA|2941}} at the cost of his life.<br />
<br />
* The '''[[Iron Hills]]''' were a range of small mountains rich with iron, colonized by Durin's folk during the [[First Age]]. Around the year 2500 of the Third Age, [[Grór]] son of [[Dáin I]] founded the Iron Hills as an independent kingdom after the Dwarves were exiled from the [[Grey Mountains]], and he became the first [[Lord of the Iron Hills]]. The exiles who settled in the Iron Hills were of course in friendly relations with the Dwarves of the [[Lonely Mountain]] (Erebor), who were of similar like and mind, being kin to Grór and [[Thrór]]. After the [[Battle of Five Armies]], many [[Dwarves of the Iron Hills]] relocated to the [[Lonely Mountain]] after the kingdom of Erebor was re-founded.<br />
<br />
* The '''[[Glittering Caves]]''' '''of [[Glittering Caves|Aglarond]]''' were a cave system in the [[White Mountains]] behind [[Helm's Deep]]. [[Gimli]] son of [[Glóin]] led a large group of [[Dwarves of Erebor]] there after the [[War of the Ring]] and became the [[Lord of the Glittering Caves]]. His Dwarves performed great services for the [[Rohirrim]] and the [[Men of Gondor]], of which the most famous was the making of new gates for Minas Tirith, forged out of ''[[mithril]]'' and steel.<ref name="Folk" /> The dwarves of Aglarond restored the Hornburg following the War of the Ring, and it became a fortress they shared with the Rohirrim. The Dwarves of the Glittering Caves carefully tended the stone walls and opened new ways and chambers and hung lamps that filled the caverns with light.<ref>{{TT|Road}}</ref><br />
<br />
* The '''Mountains of the''' '''[[East|Far East]]''', in [[Rhûn]], were inhabited by four of the Dwarf clans: the [[Ironfists]], [[Stiffbeards]], [[Blacklocks]] and [[Stonefoots]].<ref>{{PM|X}}, pp. 301, 322 (note 24)</ref> The distance between their mansions in the East and the [[Misty Mountains]], specifically [[Gundabad]], was said to be as great or greater than that of Gundabad's distance from the [[Blue Mountains]] in the West.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 301</ref> In the [[Third Age]], Dwarves of those kingdoms journeyed out of Rhûn to join all Middle-earth's other Dwarf clans in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], which was fought in and under the [[Misty Mountains]]. After this war, the survivors returned home. Late in the Third Age, when war and terror grew in Rhûn itself, considerable numbers of its Dwarves left their ancient homelands. They sought refuge in Middle-earth's western lands, where some of them met [[Frodo Baggins]].<ref>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
* The '''Exiled Realm in [[Dunland]]''' was established by Dwarves fleeing from [[Erebor]] after it was sacked by [[Smaug]]. This is where [[Thrór]] departed when he and his companion [[Nár]] journeyed to [[Moria]] in TA 2790. After the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], provoked by the [[Orcs]]' brutal slaying of Thrór, [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and [[Thorin]] led the remnants of their followers back to Dunland but soon left (to eventually settle in the [[Ered Luin]]).<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Dwarven realms]] <br />
[[Category:Dwarves]]<br />
[[de:Zwerge#Bekannte_Zwergenstädte]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Watcher_in_the_Water&diff=303450Watcher in the Water2019-02-20T06:35:58Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{evil infobox<br />
| name=The Watcher in the Water<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - Watcher in the Water.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Watcher in the Water" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=Lake of [[Sirannon]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=killing [[Óin]]; attacking the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Fellowship]] at the western entrance of [[Moria]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=Unknown<br />
| gender=<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Tentacles<br />
| steed=<br />
| gallery=the Watcher in the Water<br />
}}<br />
'''The Watcher in the Water''' was a mysterious and horrific beast that lurked in a lake caused by the damming of the [[Sirannon]] river, beneath the western [[walls of Moria]]. The full shape of the creature is unknown; its visible parts were its tentacles, which were long, sinuous, pale-green, and luminous, with a fingered end.<ref name=Dark>{{FR|II4}}</ref> There is very little known about the creature. Even [[Gandalf]] did not know what the Watcher was, or whether there were many of its kind.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In {{TA|2989}} an expedition led by [[Balin]] attempted to reclaim Moria. Their activity attracted the attention of Orcs, who began to attack the Dwarves. In {{TA|2994|n}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> the Dwarves tried to escape from the mines but were stopped by the Watcher, who killed [[Óin]]. When the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] found the [[Book of Mazarbul]] they read that "...the pool is up to the wall at [[Doors of Durin|Westgate]]. '''The Watcher in the Water''' took [[Óin]]. We cannot get out."<ref name=Dark/><br />
<br />
On [[13 January]] {{TA|3019}}<ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> the Watcher attacked the Fellowship just as they had opened the Doors of Durin to enter Moria. It grasped [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] by the foot and attempted to drag him into the water. [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] slashed the arm holding Frodo, causing it to release him. The party retreated through the doorway, followed by several tentacles. The creature possessed great strength; after the escape of the Fellowship into Moria, the arms hurled the enormous stone doors shut and uprooted the trees which grew to either side, barring the doors. Silently Gandalf noted that it seized Frodo (as the [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]) first<ref name=Dark/> suggesting an influence by [[the One Ring]].<br />
<br />
It is unknown what happened to the Watcher in the following centuries, but the Dwarves succeeded in retaking [[Moria]] in the [[Fourth Age]].<ref>{{PM|Aiv}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Watcher is a green, multi-tentacled monster. Only the tentacles can be seen. It takes [[Bill the Pony]] and pulls the [[Doors of Durin]] shut once the Fellowship is inside the mountains.<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Watcher in the Water.jpg|The Watcher in the Water in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''|right|thumb|150px]]<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:The Watcher in the Water was made to be slightly different than that in the [[The Fellowship of the Ring|book]]. In the book only green slightly luminous tentacles appear. In this film not only the tentacles but a massive head is visible. The tentacles of the Watcher in the Water have a sort of thumb and flat hand. In addition, there is a big sack on the back of the head that fills with air, making it look twice as big. In full form it resembles an octopus with a humanoid face. It has massive teeth in a small mouth, and great eyes set across from each other.<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:The Watcher is depicted as a sea serpent-like creature, with several thick tentacles that shoot out of the pool. The player, in the persona of Aragorn, needs to shoot them with a bow to stun the Watcher while Gandalf attempts to decipher the password for the West-gate.<br />
<br />
'''2008: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]: [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'':'''<br />
:The Watcher in the Water first features in the Moria introduction, where it drove off the [[Dwarves]] of the Iron Garrison in their first attempt to enter [[Moria]]. The need to find a weapon capable of harming it which serves to introduce the player to the expansion pack's new Legendary Item system. After being driven out of the Black Pool before the [[Doors of Durin]], it is encountered and driven off again in the Water-Works of Moria later in the Epic series. Its final appearance was in a twelve-man raid in which the objective is to finally put an end to the creature.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Nameless Things]]<br />
* [[:Category:Images of the Watcher in the Water|Images of the Watcher in the Water]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Enigmas]]<br />
[[Category:Evil]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Wächter im Wasser]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/guetteur_de_l_eau]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Eldarion&diff=302989Eldarion2019-02-06T12:58:52Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{gondorian infobox<br />
| name=Eldarion<br />
| image=[[File:Sara M. Morello - Eldarion of Gondor.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Eldarion of Gondor" by [[:Category:Images by Sara M. Morello|Sara M. Morello]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=Early [[Fourth Age]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule={{FoA|120}} - c. {{FoA|220}}<ref group="note">In a 1972 letter concerning ''[[The New Shadow]]'', Tolkien states, "I have written nothing beyond the first few years of the Fourth Age. (Except the beginning of a tale supposed to refer to the end of the reign of Eldarion about 100 years after the death of Aragorn. ...)"</ref><ref name="L338"/><br />
| death=c. {{FoA|220}}<ref name="L338">{{L|338}}</ref> <br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Telcontar]]<br />
| parentage=[[Aragorn|Elessar]] & [[Arwen]]<br />
| siblings=At least 2 sisters<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref><br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}'''Eldarion''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[elˈdari.on]}}) was the son of [[Arwen]] and [[Aragorn|Elessar]]. His birth marked the reunion of the lines of [[Eärendil]]'s sons [[Elros]] (through Aragorn) and [[Elrond]] (through Arwen) separated for millennia. Also, he represented (through [[Galadriel]]) the union of the [[Edain|Three Houses of the Edain]] with the ancient [[House of Finarfin]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Eldarion became the second King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] after the death of his father Elessar in {{FoA|120}}. He was also recorded to have several sisters.<ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref><br />
<br />
One hundred years into his reign, he encountered a renewal of [[Morgoth]]-worship known as the "[[Dark Tree]]".<ref>{{PM|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a 1972 letter concerning ''[[The New Shadow]]'', Tolkien mentioned that Eldarion's reign would have lasted for about 100 years after the death of Aragorn.<ref name="L338"/><br />
==Etymology==<br />
His name in [[Quenya]] means "Scion of the [[Eldar]]". In [[Letter 338]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] spelled this name '''Eldaron''', this is probably a typographic error.<ref name="L338"/><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | EAR |y| ELW | | GAL |y| CEL |GAL=[[Galadriel]]|CEL=[[Celeborn]]|EAR=[[Eärendil]]|ELW=[[Elwing]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | ROS | | RON |y| CLB | | |ROS=[[Elros]]|RON=[[Elrond]]|CLB=[[Celebrían]] }}<br />
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | KON | | | | |!| | | | | |KON=<small>''[[Kings of Númenor]]''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | LOA | | | | |!| | | | | |LOA=<small>''[[Lords of Andúnië]]''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | ELE | | | | |!| | | | | |ELE=[[Elendil]]}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | ISI | | ANA | | |!| | | | | |ISI=[[Isildur]]|ANA=[[Anárion]]}}<br />
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | KOA | | KOG | | |!| | | | | |KOA=<small>''[[Kings of Arnor]]''</small>|KOG=<small>''[[Kings of Gondor]]''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | KOA | | OND | | |!| | | | | |OND=[[Ondoher]]|KOA=<small>''[[Kings of Arthedain]]''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |:| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | ARV |y| FIR | | |!| | | | | |ARV=[[Arvedui]]|FIR=[[Fíriel]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | COD | | | | |!| | | | | |COD=<small>''[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain]]''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | ART |y| GIL |!| | | | | |ART=[[Arathorn II]]|GIL=[[Gilraen]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | ARA |y| ARW | | | | |ARA=[[Aragorn|Aragorn II]]|ARW=[[Arwen]]}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | ELD | | SDS | | | | |ELD='''ELDARION'''|SDS=''several sisters''}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File: The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Eldarion.jpg|Eldarion in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''|thumb|right]]<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:While Arwen is on her way to the [[Grey Havens]] to leave Middle-earth and Aragorn, she has a vision of her future son (not named until the credits), which persuades her to stay. The boy is played by [[Sadwyn Brophy]], son of [[Jed Brophy]].<br />
{{notes}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=gondorian<br />
| house=[[House of Telcontar]]<small><br/>Continuation of the senior branch of the [[House of Isildur]]</small><br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Aragorn|Elessar]]<br />
| prow=4<br />
| list=35th [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|120}} - c. {{FoA|220}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
| nrow=4<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| list=12th [[Kings of Arnor|King of Arnor]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|120}} - c. {{FoA|220}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| list=2nd [[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|120}} - c. {{FoA|220}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| list=Head of the [[House of Telcontar]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|120}} - c. {{FoA|220}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{northernline}}<br />
{{southernline}}<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gondorians]]<br />
[[Category:House of Telcontar]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya names]]<br />
[[de:Eldarion]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:4a:gondoriens:eldarion]]<br />
[[fi:Eldarion]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fords_of_Isen&diff=302987Fords of Isen2019-02-06T11:13:28Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Fords of Isen<br />
| image=[[File:Matěj Čadil - Ethraid Engrin.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Ethraid Engrin" by Matěj Čadil<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Crossings of Isen, Athrad Angren, [[Ethraid Engrin]]<br />
| location=In the [[Gap of Rohan]] where the [[North-South Road]] crossed the River [[Isen]]<br />
| type=Ford<br />
| description=A double ford – two shallow arms of the river surrounding a large eyot<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=[[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]]</br>[[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]]<br />
| gallery=the Fords of Isen<br />
}}<br />
The '''Fords of Isen''' were the crossing point of the [[North-South Road]] on the river [[Isen]] in the [[Gap of Rohan]]. At the western border of the realm of [[Rohan]] and at a strategic position between the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[White Mountains]],<ref name="Map">{{UT|Map}}</ref> the Ford was the main entrance to Rohan from the west, and constantly guarded by the [[Rohirrim]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The River Isen ([[Sindarin]] '''[[Sîr Angren]]''') could not be crossed anywhere south of [[Isengard]], except at the Fords of Isen,<ref name="Isen">{{UT|Isen}}</ref> which were just above the point where the river bent west towards [[Belegaer]].<ref name="Map"/> In this area the river became broad and shallow, flowing across a stony shelf and branching into two arms about a large eyot. Only here could large forces effectively cross the river.<ref name="Isen"/> During much of the time the Fords were closely guarded from the fortresses of [[Isengard]] and the [[Hornburg]] at [[Helm's Deep]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In {{SA|3320}}, two Númenórean Kingdoms were established - [[Arnor]] in the north and [[Gondor]] in the south.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref> Between them ran a road built by the [[Exiles of Númenor|Númenórean Exiles]] to connect their realms. A traveler journeying southward through [[Enedwaith]] along the [[North-South Road]] would come to the point where it crossed the River [[Isen]] (then known by its [[Elvish]] name of '[[Angren]]'). The crossing of the Fords of Isen—the [[Ethraid Engrin]] (or ''Athrad Angren'') as they were known in those times—marked the point of entry into the southern land of Gondor.<br />
<br />
After the fall of [[Sauron]] in {{SA|3441}}<ref name="SA"/> but before [[Isildur]] departed from [[Gondor]] in {{TA|2}},<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> the army of Arnor marched home to [[Eriador]] via the Fords of Isen.<ref>{{UT|Gladden}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{TA|2510}} the Steward [[Cirion]] granted the land of [[Calenardhon]] to [[Eorl]] the Young.<ref name="TA"/> The River Isen then became the western boundary of the new realm of [[Rohan]] and responsibility for the great road and the Fords fell upon the [[Rohirrim]], although it was agreed that free passageway would be maintained for all travelers of either people.<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (iii) ''Cirion and Eorl''</ref><br />
<br />
In {{TA|2758}} a force of [[Dunlendings]] led by [[Wulf]] invaded Rohan through the Crossings of Isen. King [[Helm]] attempted to fight them off at that point but was defeated and retreated to [[Hornburg|Suthburg]] while Rohan was overran.<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[18 September]], {{TA|3018}}, the [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]] crossed the Fords of Isen on their way to [[the Shire]].<ref name="Great">{{App|Great}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen]] (on [[25 February]], {{TA|3019|n}}<ref name="Great"/>) the [[Orcs]] of [[Saruman]], reinforced by [[Dunlendings]] and wolfriders, plus two battalions of [[Uruk-hai]], rushed down upon [[Théodred]], King [[Théoden]]'s son, and killed the Prince. This blow against the leadership of Rohan was Saruman's main objective in this battle and his forces then withdrew.<br />
<br />
[[Erkenbrand]] of [[Westfold]] maintained a defense at the Fords after the First Battle, under the immediate command of [[Grimbold]], strengthened by [[Elfhelm]] and his riders. However, on [[2 March]], {{TA|3019|n}}<ref name="Great"/> the host of Saruman overwhelmed the defenders and swept across the Fords in the [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen]].<br />
<br />
In August of {{TA|3019|n}}<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> [[Aragorn]] took leave of the reduced company that had formed King Théoden's funeral escort near the Fords of Isen.<ref>{{RK|VI6}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The [[Sindarin]] name for the Fords of Isen was ''Ethraid Engrin'' (singular ''Athrad Angren'').<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, note 47</ref><br />
<br />
The literal meaning of ''Ethraid Engrin'' is "fords of iron" (''[[athrad|ethraid]]'' + ''[[angren|engrin]]'').{{fact}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Fords]]<br />
[[Category:Rohan]]<br />
[[de:Furten des Isen]]<br />
[[fi:Rautkymin Kahlaamo]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Avari&diff=302484Avari2019-01-21T09:07:52Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
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<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Avari<br />
| image=[[File:Peter Xavier Price - Avari Elf.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:Peter Xavier Price - Avari Elf.jpg|Avari Elf]]" by [[Peter Xavier Price]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Dark-elves, the Unwilling<br />
| origin=Elves who refused to make the [[Great Journey]]<br />
| location=[[Cuiviénen]], [[Taur-im-Duinath]], [[Rhûn]], [[Eriador]], [[Vales of Anduin]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Avarin]] languages<br />
| members=Possibly [[Morwë]], [[Nurwë]]<br />
| lifespan=Immortal<br />
| distinctions=<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=White<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
{{pronounce|Quenya - Avari.mp3|Gilgamesh}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avari''' ([[Quenya|Q]]: "unwilling"; or "'''the Refusers'''"<ref>{{PM|Atani}}, p. 312</ref>) were a branch of [[Elves]] that refused to make the [[Great Journey]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The original [[Elves]] that [[Awakening of the Elves|awakened]] in [[Cuiviénen]] numbered 144, and they were divided into three clans: the [[Minyar]], which had 14 members; the [[Tatyar]], which had 56 members; and the [[Nelyar]] (or [[Lindar]]), which had 74 members. After the [[Vala]] [[Oromë]] invited the Elves to live in [[Valinor]], the Elves entered into a great debate on whether to follow Oromë into the west. Most of the Elves were persuaded to undertake this [[Great Journey]], including all of the Minyar, half of the Tatyar, and 46 of the Nelyar. These Elves became known collectively as the [[Eldar]], and their clans became known by new names: the Minyar Eldar were called the [[Vanyar]], the Tatyar Eldar were called the [[Noldor]], and the Nelyar Eldar were called the [[Teleri]].<ref name=WJ3801>{{WJ|C}}, pp. 380-83</ref><br />
<br />
Those Elves who refused to take the Great Journey were called the Avari, and they were not counted among the Eldar.<ref>{{S|3}}, p. 41</ref> Their initial population had 56 members, consisting of 28 (half) of the [[Tatyar]] and 28 of the [[Nelyar]],<ref name=WJ3801 /> the latter of whom maybe were called Lindai. Some of them, especially those who dwelt furthest from the waters of [[Cuiviénen]] and wandered in the hills, had not seen Oromë at his first coming, and knew only vague, fearful rumours of the Valar; lies of Melkor concerning Oromë and [[Nahar]] perhaps had a role.<ref>{{MR|Annals}}</ref> Many thus refused to depart from their own lands, and spread gradually throughout the wide lands of [[Middle-earth]]. According to a tradition their leaders were [[Morwë]] of the Tatyar and [[Nurwë]] of the Nelyar. They were after known by the name "the Unwilling" because they refused the summons.<br />
<br />
According to the legends, [[Orcs]] may be descended from Avarin elves captured and corrupted by [[Morgoth|Melkor]].<br />
<br />
Over time, many Avari wandered westwards. Some mingled with the [[Nandor]] of the [[Vales of Anduin]], and others entered [[Eriador]].<ref name=WJA>{{WJ|Author}}, pp. 409-410</ref> Some time after the [[Green-elves|Laiquendi]] settled in Beleriand, some Avari "crept in small and secret groups into Beleriand from the South."<ref name=WJ377>{{WJ|B}}, p. 377</ref> Most of these Avari remained secretive and isolated from the other elves, living in caves and deep in the forests.<ref name=WJ377 /> They viewed the Eldar with jealousy and disdain, believing that the Eldar were deserters, and they treated the Eldar with hostility and treachery. They especially disliked the exiled [[Noldor]] who returned from Aman.<ref name=WJA /> Rarely, an Avar was accepted into Sindarin society.<ref name=WJ377 /> Outside of Beleriand, in Eriador and the Values of Anduin, some Avari and Eldar eventually established friendlier relations.<ref name=WJA /> <br />
<br />
The [[Edain]] who travelled to the West met the Avari first of all the Elves, and were taught from them music and language, which influenced theirs. They probably taught them many of the basic crafts of civilization, though the craft of the Eldar surpassed that of the Avari even more than that of the Avari surpassed primitive [[Men]].<br />
<br />
Some Avari after the end of the [[First Age]] started to mingle with the scattered [[Nandor]] beyond the [[Misty Mountains]] and they became hardly distinguishable from them, afterwards known as [[Silvan Elves]].<ref>{{UT|6a}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is told that no Avari Elves were to be found west of the [[Misty Mountains]] during the late [[Third Age]].<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 53</ref><br />
<br />
==Tribes==<br />
Six tribes of Avari are mentioned in the [[Third Age]], and their names are all cognates of the [[Primitive Quendian]] word [[Quendi|Kwendî]] (''the Speakers''): '''[[Kindi]]''', '''[[Cuind]]''', '''[[Hwenti]]''', '''[[Windan]]''', '''[[Kinn-lai]]''', '''[[Penni]]'''.<ref>{{WJ|Author}}, Note 9</ref><br />
<br />
==Languages==<br />
{{main|Avarin}}<br />
The Avari had many tribes and greatly varied languages, widely sundered from one another.<ref>{{WJ|Quendi}}, p.410</ref> The names above are the only certain [[Avarin]] words ever mentioned by the Loremasters. <br />
<br />
It is also possible that the name [[Eöl]] is an Avarin one.<br />
<br />
It is speculated also that [[Dorwinion]] was an Avarin land.<ref>http://www.jrrvf.com/hisweloke/site3/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=36</ref><br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
The Avari were called ''[[Abari]]'' in [[Telerin]];<ref name=WJB>{{WJ|B}}</ref> they were also called ''[[Moripendi]]'' (an equivalent of [[Quenya]] ''[[Moriquendi]]'' which referred to the [[Sindar]] as well)<ref>{{WJ|A}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
In [[Sindarin]] they were called ''Evair'', ''[[Morben]]'' or ''Mornedhel''.<ref name=WJB/><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In older versions of the legendarium, the name ''Avari'' was originally that of the later [[Eldar]], then meaning "those that departed".<br />
<br />
In other, relatively late writings, a brief idea was that the Avari did not come from the three clans, but from two other clans, led by [[Nurwë]] and [[Morwë]]. This idea was later dropped. In the final conception, the [[Elves]] were divided into three tribes.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/avarin.htm Avarin languages at Ardalambion]<br />
<br />
{{references}}{{elves}}<br />
[[Category:Avari| ]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya nouns]]<br />
[[de:Avari]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/elfes/avari]]<br />
[[fi:Avari]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Beornings&diff=302483Beornings2019-01-21T09:02:02Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
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<div>{{people infobox<br />
| name=Beornings<br />
| image=[[File:Angelo Montanini - Beornings.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:Angelo Montanini - Beornings.jpg|Beornings]]" by Angelo Montanini<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=<br />
| location=Upper [[Vales of Anduin]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| members=[[Beorn]], [[Grimbeorn]]<br />
| lifespan=<br />
| distinctions=<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
'''Beornings''' were a people of the upper [[Vales of Anduin]], between [[Mirkwood]] and the [[Misty Mountains]].<ref name=AppMen/><ref name=H18/><ref name =FRII1/><br />
==History==<br />
As other [[Northmen]], the Beornings descended from Men of the [[First Age]] who were related to the [[Edain]],<ref>{{App|Men}}</ref> perhaps akin to the [[House of Hador|Third House]].<ref>{{UT|8}}</ref> As such, the Beornings were close kin of the [[Éothéod]], the [[Woodmen]] of [[Mirkwood]] and the [[Bardings]].<ref>{{App|A2}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III2}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the [[Battle of Five Armies]] and the decimation of the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], many Northmen gathered around [[Beorn]] who became a great chief. It is possible that the Beornings became known as a people through being descendants of Beorn.<ref name=H18>{{H|18}}</ref><ref name=FRII1>{{FR|II1}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Beornings kept open the passages of the [[Ford of Carrock]] and the [[High Pass]] in return for tolls,<ref name=FRII1/> likely clearing the paths from [[Dale]] to [[Rivendell]] from evil creatures such as [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]].<ref>{{TI|XIII}}, pp. 263-4 (note 15)</ref><br />
<br />
In the events leading up to the [[War of the Ring]], the Beornings helped [[Aragorn]], who was taking [[Gollum]] to Mirkwood, to cross the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|10}}, "(ii) Other Versions of the Story"</ref> <br />
<br />
During the War, [[Grimbeorn]], son of Beorn, was the leader of the Beornings.<ref name=FRII1/> It is possible that [[Sauron]]'s forces had attacked them in early {{TA|3019}}: when [[Frodo Baggins]] wore [[the One Ring]] upon [[Amon Hen]], he saw the land of the Beornings aflame.<ref>{{FR|II10}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the War, the Beornings and the Woodmen were given central [[Eryn Lasgalen]] by [[Thranduil]] and [[Celeborn]].<ref>{{App|B3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
They spoke the [[Westron|Common Speech]],<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Leila Keene and Pat Kirke]]" (cf. ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', p. 72)</ref> and had perhaps also their own dialect of it or tongue.<ref name=AppMen>{{App|Men}}</ref><ref>{{PM|II}}, p. 34 (§14)</ref><br />
<br />
Through many generations, the descendants of Beorn were like him [[skin-changers]], able to take the shape of a [[bears|bear]].<ref group=note>Since it is unknown if all Beornings came from the line of Beorn, one can only guess if this was valid for all the Beornings.</ref> Some of Beorn's descendants were grim like him and even "bad", but none of them matched Beorn in size and strength.<ref name=H18/><br />
<br />
The Beornings seemed to have shared a dislike for [[Dwarves]],<ref name=FRII1/><ref>{{H|7}}: [Beorn speaking:] "''I am not over fond of dwarves''"</ref> perhaps related to the latters' praise of metals and the formers' disinterest in it.<ref>{{H|7}}: "''[The Dwarves] spoke most of gold and silver and jewels and the making of things by smith-craft, and Beorn did not appear to care for such things: there were no things of gold or silver in his hall, and few save the knives were made of metal at all.</ref><br />
<br />
They were known as great bakers, famous for their honey-cakes (which could feed travellers similarly to the ''[[lembas]]'') although they were reluctant to share them with travelers around the time of the War of the Ring.<ref>{{FR|II8}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
<br />
*''[[Beorn#Etymology|beorn]]'' + ''[[-ings]]''<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Beornings in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The One Ring (role-playing game) - Beorning.jpg|A Beorning in ''[[The One Ring (role-playing game)|The One Ring]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''2011-: [[The One Ring (role-playing game)|''The One Ring'' (role-playing game)]]:'''<br />
<br />
:Beornings are one of the playable cultures. The game describes them as rough Men, sometimes outlaws, gathered under the banner of Beorn. One of their cultural Virtues is the ability to take control of a 'spirit animal' whilst sleeping, a talent taught to some Beornings by Beorn himself.<ref>{{TOR|Adventures}}, pp. 41-6</ref><br />
<br />
'''2013: [[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]:'''<br />
:Beorn tells [[Thorin and Company]] that in the past Azog hunted him and his people for sport and that, as a result, few of his kind are left. It is one of his prime motivations to help them in [[Quest of Erebor|their Quest]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Beornings|Images of Beornings]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/11/05/what-kind-of-army-did-the-beornings-maintain/ What Kind of Army did the Beornings Maintain?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
<br />
{{references|n}}<br />
[[Category:Beornings| ]]<br />
[[Category:Demonyms]]<br />
[[de:Beorninger]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:peuples:hommes:beornides]]<br />
[[fi:Beorningit]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dwarves_of_the_Blue_Mountains&diff=302482Dwarves of the Blue Mountains2019-01-21T08:55:58Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
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<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Dwarves of the Blue Mountains<br />
| image=[[File:Angelo Montanini - Blue Mountain Dwarves.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:Angelo Montanini - Blue Mountain Dwarves.jpg|Blue Mountain Dwarves]]" by Angelo Montanini<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| origin=<br />
| location='''Blue Mountains''':<br/> [[Nogrod]]<br/>[[Belegost]]<br/>[[Thorin's Halls]]<br/>Newer halls in the Southern chain<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=[[Khuzdul]]<br/>[[Sindarin]]<br/>[[Westron]]<br />
| members=[[Firebeards]]<br/>[[Broadbeams]]<br/>Later [[Longbeards]]<br />
| lifespan=c. 250 years<br />
| distinctions=Beards, skilled warriors<br />
| height=Five feet or less<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Dwarves of the Blue Mountains''' were the various [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] peoples in the [[Blue Mountains|Ered Luin]].<br />
==History==<br />
===First Age===<br />
The [[Firebeards]] and [[Broadbeams]] awoke in [[Mount Dolmed]] in the Blue Mountains, and lived there throughout the history of their people. These two houses built the great Dwarven cities of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]].<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[First Age]] the most notable Dwarves were the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] and the [[Dwarves of Belegost]].<br />
<br />
Dwarves of the Ered Luin helped [[Finrod]] build [[Nargothrond]], and also made for him the [[Nauglamír]], and gave him his famous epithet, ''Felagund'', Hewer of Caves. Finrod rewarded them with treasures he brought from [[Tirion]].<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref><br />
===Second Age===<br />
After the [[War of Wrath]], much of the Ered Luin fell into the sea, and stunted the mountains (such as [[Dolmed]], and [[Rerir]]). Most of the two Houses left the Ered Luin for [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] home of the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]], bringing much lore and craft and swelling its numbers. Others stayed to build or rebuild their homes, and start over again. <br />
<br />
For hundreds of years the remnants of the Firebeards and Broadbeams toiled in the Ered Luin. The remnants of the two Houses seemed to having largely moved to the Southern range by the mid-[[Third Age]]. <br />
<br />
They likely trafficked and traded with the [[Elves of Lindon]], the Men of Eriador and of course with Durin's folk.<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
After the death of King [[Thrór]], his son [[Thráin]] sent messengers to all the Houses of the Dwarves requesting aid, and it can be assumed that both the western houses sent troops to fight in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]. <br />
<br />
After the War, the remaining Western Dwarves went back to their countries, and a year later King Thráin and his people established a [[Thorin's Halls|new realm-in-exile]] in the Northern Ered Luin beyond the [[Little Lune]]. This territory may have been given to them by the western Houses (It was part of their territory). His people prospered in a fashion, and were swelled in numbers by many of the wandering folk of Durin. They made things mostly of iron, trading with their neighboring kinsmen in the south, the Men of Eriador, and likely the Elves.<br />
<br />
Years later after King [[Thorin]] went on the [[Quest of Erebor]] and was killed in the [[Battle of Five Armies]], the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] was re-established by the new king [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]]. Many of the people of Durin's folk went to him and it became a great and prosperous kingdom once again.<br />
<br />
Even later in the [[Fourth Age]] there were still Dwarves in mines in the east side of the Blue Mountains, especially south of the Gulf of Lune, still trading along the [[East Road]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''<br />
:While [[Thorin and Company]] are lost in [[Mirkwood]], [[Bofur]] finds a dwarven tobacco pouch on the ground, which he recognises as one from the Dwarves of the Blue Mountains. [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] tells him that it is his own pouch that fell earlier, and they are going on circles.<br />
{{References}}<br />
*[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]], Eriador, Arnor and the Heirs of Isildur; Durin's folk.<br />
*[[Unfinished Tales]], [[The History of Galadriel and Celeborn]], [[The Quest of Erebor]]<br />
*[[The Silmarillion]]<br />
*[[The Peoples of Middle-Earth]], [[Of Dwarves and Men]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dwarven peoples]]<br />
[[de:Ered Luin]]<br />
[[fi:Sinivuoret]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Front_Porch&diff=302481Front Porch2019-01-21T08:49:23Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the entrance to [[Goblin-town]]|entrance to the [[Lonely Mountain]]|[[Front Gate]]}}<br />
The '''Front Porch''' was the name that the [[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]] of [[Goblin-town]] gave to a cave that opened onto the [[High Pass]] in the [[Misty Mountains]]. It was marked by a large rock standing in the path, behind which was a low arch and narrow opening into the mountain. The cave was just large enough to accommodate [[Thorin]], the other dwarves, [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Gandalf]], and all their [[ponies]].<ref name="hill">{{H|Hill}}</ref><br />
==History==<br />
The Goblin-town had a main gate in one of the passes of the [[Misty Mountains]] from which they assaulted travelers. As that way was eventually too dangerous and abandoned, travelers took the (seemingly safer) High Pass, so the goblins opened the Front Porch at some point before {{TA|2941}} as an alternate means to snatch people.<ref name=h6>{{H|6}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Fíli]] and [[Kíli]] discovered the cave during a thunder-battle of the [[Giants|stone-giants]] in the mountains and reported it empty. Upon entry, [[Gandalf]] lit his wand and explored it thoroughly. Satisfied, the company dried out and relaxed before falling asleep. Fortunately, Bilbo had a nightmare about a crack opening in the wall of the cave and upon waking found that his dream was partially true. Goblins had already stolen the ponies through a real crack in the wall when Bilbo let out a very loud yell. The goblins then captured Bilbo and the Dwarves, but the yell had woken up Gandalf, who escaped with a lightning-like flash that killed several of the goblins.<ref name="hill"/><ref name=h6/><br />
<br />
After their escape, Gandalf hoped to convince a "more or less decent [[Giants|Giant]]" to block the cave and make the passage safe again.<ref name=h6/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Goblin-gate]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{companyroute}}<br />
[[Category:Caves]]<br />
[[fi:Pääovi]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fathers_of_the_Dwarves&diff=302480Fathers of the Dwarves2019-01-21T08:37:19Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>[[File:Ted Nasmith - Aulë and the Seven Fathers.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Aulë and the Seven Fathers'']]<br />
The Seven '''Fathers of the Dwarves''' were the first of their race.<br />
<br />
The [[Valar|Vala]] [[Aulë]] created the [[Dwarves]] because he was impatient for the arising of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] ([[Elves]] and [[Men]]) and he wished for children to love and instruct. It was the period known as the [[Sleep of Yavanna]] when [[Middle-earth]] was dark and silent and was roamed by monsters from [[Utumno]]. For this, Aule made them strong and resistant and able to endure hardships; but as he had only a vague impression of the Children of Ilúvatar, his creations were structured differently, shorter and stunted.<ref name="Aule"/><br />
<br />
He created seven [[Dwarves]], and was teaching them the language he had devised for them ([[Khuzdul]]), but Aulë was not Ilúvatar who had the [[Secret Fire|Flame Imperishable]] and his children were dumb, able to move and speak only if he wished so, and would remain motionless whenever Aule would think elsewhere.<ref name="Aule"/><br />
[[File:Ted_Nasmith_-_Aulë_the_Destroyer.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Aulë the Destroyer'']]<br />
Ilúvatar confronted him for his impatience. Aulë offered his creations to Ilúvatar and was ready to break them in repentance. But Ilúvatar accepted his offer and gave them life of their own, and the Dwarves started cowering and pleading for mercy despite Aule's will.<ref name="Aule">{{S|Aule}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, the Fathers of the Dwarves had to wait until the Elves first arrived, and Aulë laid them to rest in various places in Middle-earth.<ref name="Aule"/> The eldest of all, [[Durin]], "lay alone" at [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] in the north of the [[Misty Mountains]].<ref name="Dwarves">{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> He later founded the line of the '''[[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]]''' (or ''[[Sigin-tarâg]]'' in Khuzdul), the Dwarves which were most friendly to the Elves and Men, mostly referred to as [[Durin's Folk]]. His city was [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref><br />
<br />
Two others were laid to rest near [[Dolmed|Mount Dolmed]] in the [[Ered Luin]] or ''Blue Mountains'', and they founded the lines of the '''[[Broadbeams]]''' and the '''[[Firebeards]]''' who later lived in [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]]. The other four Fathers of the Dwarves were laid to rest in two pairs in lands at least as far east of Mount Gundabad as it lay east of the Blue Mountains. They founded the lines of the '''[[Ironfists]]''', '''[[Stiffbeards]]''', '''[[Blacklocks]]''', and '''[[Stonefoots]]'''.<ref name="Dwarves"/><br />
<br />
It was said that the Seven Fathers would be reincarnated after generations among their own folk.<ref name="Aule"/> Durin for example was said to be reincarnated [[Durin (disambiguation)|six more times]].<ref name="Durin"/><br />
<br />
Of the Fathers of the Dwarves, only Durin is said to have "lain alone".<ref name="Durin"/> This can be interpreted as referring to the fact he was indeed laid down to rest alone while the other Fathers were laid to rest in pairs, but older versions of the story suggest that it meant Durin alone had no female companion. The other Fathers did: references are made by Tolkien to the "Thirteen Dwarves" created by Aulë (Durin and the six pairs).<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, Note 24</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
According to the ''Tolkien Encyclopedia'', Aulë's creation of the Dwarves is [[sub-creation]] which aims to honor the wider Creation of God/Eru, a concept expressed in ''[[Mythopoeia]]''; "and may indicate anxieties about the independent value of art."<ref>[[Michael D.C. Drout]], ed., ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'', p. 134</ref><br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dwarves]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Zwerge#Die_sieben_Väter_der_Zwerge]]<br />
[[fi:Kääpiöiden Seitsemän Isää]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fathers_of_the_Dwarves&diff=302479Fathers of the Dwarves2019-01-21T08:36:18Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Ted Nasmith - Aulë and the Seven Fathers.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Aulë and the Seven Fathers'']]<br />
The Seven '''Fathers of the Dwarves''' were the first of their race.<br />
<br />
The [[Valar|Vala]] [[Aulë]] created the [[Dwarves]] because he was impatient for the arising of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] ([[Elves]] and [[Men]]) and he wished for children to love and instruct. It was the period known as the [[Sleep of Yavanna]] when [[Middle-earth]] was dark and silent and was roamed by monsters from [[Utumno]]. For this, Aule made them strong and resistant and able to endure hardships; but as he had only a vague impression of the Children of Ilúvatar, his creations were structured differently, shorter and stunted.<ref name="Aule"/><br />
<br />
He created seven [[Dwarves]], and was teaching them the language he had devised for them ([[Khuzdul]]), but Aulë was not Ilúvatar who had the [[Secret Fire|Flame Imperishable]] and his children were dumb, able to move and speak only if he wished so, and would remain motionless whenever Aule would think elsewhere.<ref name="Aule"/><br />
[[File:Ted_Nasmith_-_Aulë_the_Destroyer.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Aulë the Destroyer'']]<br />
Ilúvatar confronted him for his impatience. Aulë offered his creations to Ilúvatar and was ready to break them in repentance. But Ilúvatar accepted his offer and gave them life of their own, and the Dwarves started cowering and pleading for mercy despite Aule's will.<ref name="Aule">{{S|Aule}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, the Fathers of the Dwarves had to wait until the Elves first arrived, and Aulë laid them to rest in various places in Middle-earth.<ref name="Aule"/> The eldest of all, [[Durin]], "lay alone" at [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]] in the north of the [[Misty Mountains]].<ref name="Dwarves">{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> He later founded the line of the '''[[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]]''' (or ''[[Sigin-tarâg]]'' in Khuzdul), the Dwarves which were most friendly to the Elves and Men, mostly referred to as [[Durin's Folk]]. His city was [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|Durin}}</ref><br />
<br />
Two others were laid to rest near [[Mount Dolmed]] in the [[Ered Luin]] or ''Blue Mountains'', and they founded the lines of the '''[[Broadbeams]]''' and the '''[[Firebeards]]''' who later lived in [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]]. The other four Fathers of the Dwarves were laid to rest in two pairs in lands at least as far east of Mount Gundabad as it lay east of the Blue Mountains. They founded the lines of the '''[[Ironfists]]''', '''[[Stiffbeards]]''', '''[[Blacklocks]]''', and '''[[Stonefoots]]'''.<ref name="Dwarves"/><br />
<br />
It was said that the Seven Fathers would be reincarnated after generations among their own folk.<ref name="Aule"/> Durin for example was said to be reincarnated [[Durin (disambiguation)|six more times]].<ref name="Durin"/><br />
<br />
Of the Fathers of the Dwarves, only Durin is said to have "lain alone".<ref name="Durin"/> This can be interpreted as referring to the fact he was indeed laid down to rest alone while the other Fathers were laid to rest in pairs, but older versions of the story suggest that it meant Durin alone had no female companion. The other Fathers did: references are made by Tolkien to the "Thirteen Dwarves" created by Aulë (Durin and the six pairs).<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, Note 24</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
According to the ''Tolkien Encyclopedia'', Aulë's creation of the Dwarves is [[sub-creation]] which aims to honor the wider Creation of God/Eru, a concept expressed in ''[[Mythopoeia]]''; "and may indicate anxieties about the independent value of art."<ref>[[Michael D.C. Drout]], ed., ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'', p. 134</ref><br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dwarves]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Zwerge#Die_sieben_Väter_der_Zwerge]]<br />
[[fi:Kääpiöiden Seitsemän Isää]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dagor_Bragollach&diff=302478Dagor Bragollach2019-01-21T08:33:42Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* East Beleriand Overrun */</p>
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<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{battle<br />
| name=''Dagor Bragollach''<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - Fingolfin's Challenge.jpg|300px]]<br />
| conflict=[[Wars of Beleriand]]<br />
| date={{FA|455}}<ref>{{S|F18}}</ref><br />
| place=Northern [[Beleriand]]/[[Anfauglith]]<br />
| result=Decisive Victory for Morgoth, breaking of the [[Siege of Angband]], destruction of [[Dorthonion]], loss of key fortresses and passes, burning of Ard-galen, death of Fingolfin<br />
| side1=The [[Noldor]], The [[Edain]] (especially the [[House of Bëor]])<br />
| side2=[[Orcs|Orc]] armies, [[Glaurung]], [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]<br />
| commanders1=<br />
{{Fingolfin blazon|died}}<br />
{{Maedhros blazon}}<br />
{{Finrod blazon}}<br />
* [[Angrod]] † <br />
* [[Aegnor]] †<br />
* [[Bregolas]] †<br />
* [[Barahir]]<br />
* [[Hador|Hador Lórindol]] †<br />
| commanders2=<br />
{{Morgoth blazon}}<br />
* [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]]<br />
* [[Glaurung]]<br />
| forces1=Forces besieging Angband, garrisons of several strongholds including [[Himring]], [[Barad Eithel]], [[Nargothrond]] and [[Tol Sirion]], Men of the House of Bëor and [[Dor-lómin]]<br />
| forces2=[[Balrogs]], uncounted [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], other creatures <br />
| casual1=Severe for both Elves and Men, including the virtual destruction of the House of Bëor<br />
| casual2=Light<br />
}}<br />
The '''Dagor Bragollach''' ([[Sindarin]] for '''"Battle of Sudden Flame"''') was the fourth battle of the Wars of [[Beleriand]].<br />
<br />
== The Battle Opens ==<br />
<br />
It began when [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]], which had held for four hundred years. On a winter's night, Morgoth sent out rivers of flame, consuming [[Ard-galen]], which was renamed [[Anfauglith]]. Many elves perished as they fled from these flames, from the fire and the smoke. His armies of [[Balrogs]] and [[Orcs]], led by [[Glaurung]] first of the [[Urulóki]], overran the highlands of [[Dorthonion]], and slew [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]. [[Maglor]]'s horsemen were burnt alive on the plain of [[Lothlann]], and [[Maglor's Gap]] was taken, giving Morgoth an entry into Beleriand itself. Maglor retreated with heavy losses to [[Himring]], where he helped defend the city of [[Maedhros]].<br />
<br />
== East Beleriand Overrun ==<br />
<br />
The [[Pass of Aglon]] was also breached, and [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]] fled south of [[Doriath]] to [[Nargothrond]]. Morgoth's Orcs took the mountain forests of [[Rerir|Mount Rerir]], and defiled [[Helevorn|Lake Helevorn]], ravaging [[Thargelion]] and marching far into [[East Beleriand]], filling the lands of the [[Gelion]] with fire and terror. [[Caranthir]] fled to [[Amon Ereb]], where he and [[Amrod]] built defenses, while Maglor and Maedhros held the northern border. The Orcs did not come into Taur-im-Duinath or Ossiriand.<br />
<br />
[[File:Henning Janssen - Aid on the Fens.jpg|thumb|left|[[Henning Janssen]] - ''Aid on the Fens'']]<br />
[[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] in the [[Pass of Sirion]] in the West held under [[Orodreth]], second son of [[Finarfin]] (Elven-king of the [[Noldor]] in [[Aman]]), and Orodreth's eldest brother King [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] came north from [[Nargothrond]] with a large army. However, they were ambushed by a large army of Morgoth's forces at the [[Fen of Serech]]. [[Gelmir_(son_of_Guilin)|Gelmir]] was lost during that battle.<ref>{{S|20}}</ref> The Noldor now found themselves trapped, and Finrod would have been killed but for a sortie by [[Barahir]], who descended from [[Dorthonion]] and rescued the [[Elves|Elven]] lord. It was this deed which later earned Barahir the ring of Finrod which would become known as the [[Ring of Barahir]].<br />
<br />
Finrod and his folk fled south to Nargothrond, while Barahir continued defending Dorthonion. The mountain forts of the [[Ered Wethrin]] around [[Hithlum]] also held, although barely.<br />
<br />
== The Battle Ends: Fingolfin's Duel ==<br />
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_Fingolfin's_Wrath.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Fingolfin's Wrath'']]<br />
Thus the Siege was broken, the [[Sons of Fëanor]] scattered, and the forces of Morgoth roamed at will throughout the north.<br />
<br />
When [[Fingolfin]], the High King of the Noldor, learned of the losses of so many Noldor, he rode in anger across the dust of Anfauglith and challenged Morgoth to single combat. At the doors of [[Angband]] itself, they fought a great duel. Fingolfin's sword, [[Ringil]], wounded Morgoth seven times. Yet, he was felled by Morgoth's hammer, Grond, and slain by Morgoth's mighty foot.<br />
<br />
The folk of [[Barahir]] fought foot by foot for their lands, refusing to retreat from the attacking forces, and Morgoth relentlessly pursued them to the death until very few remained. So great was his wrath against them that [[Dorthonion]] was turned into a twisted land of dread and such dark enchantment that even Orcs would not enter it unless need drove them.<br />
<br />
Despite Morgoth's crushing victory, his foes soon regrouped, and in several areas formed strongholds and defensive positions against his Orcs. This, along with the theft of a Silmaril from Morgoth by Lúthien, renewed the morale of the folk of the West, leading to the creation of the [[Union of Maedhros]], a final alliance of Men and Elves bent on removing Morgoth from Arda once and for all. Their efforts would not be successful however in this coming fight, the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Dagor Bragollach.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
The name means "Battle of the Sudden Flame" in [[Sindarin]].<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Dagor Bragollach|Images of Dagor Bragollach]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{warsofbeleriand}}<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin nouns]]<br />
[[de:Dagor Bragollach]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:evenements:1a:guerres:dagor_bragollach]]<br />
[[fi:Dagor Bragollach]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Black_Gate&diff=302477Black Gate2019-01-21T08:26:34Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=The Black Gate<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Black Gates.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Black Gates" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Morannon'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| location=Meeting of [[Udûn (valley)|Udûn]] and [[Dagorlad]], between [[Ered Lithui]] and [[Ephel Dúath]]<br />
| type=Gate<br />
| description=Iron wall containing arched two-doored entrance<ref name="Closed">{{TT|Gate}}</ref><ref name="Opens">{{RK|Gate}}</ref><br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=Originally [[Gondorians]]; later [[orcs]]<ref name="Closed"/><br />
| created=c. {{SA|1600}}<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref><br />
| destroyed=[[25 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| events=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Black Gate''' of [[Mordor]] ([[Sindarin]]: '''Morannon''') was originally a gate built by [[Sauron]], the Dark Lord of [[Mordor]], to prevent invasion through the Pass of [[Cirith Gorgor]], the gap between the [[Ered Lithui]] and the [[Ephel Dúath]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It was probably built with the power of the One Ring, like the [[Barad-dûr]]. After Sauron's fall, it became a [[Númenor]]ean garrison. Backed up on the other side by the [[Carach Angren|Isenmouthe]], and protected by the castle of [[Durthang]] to the west, it was redesigned to keep all of Mordor's evil inside, shielding the outside from it - and it from the outside. The reconstruction of [[Minas Ithil]], Tower of the Rising Moon, as well as the construction of [[Cirith Ungol]] were also done for the same purpose.<br />
<br />
However, during the aftermath of the [[Kin-strife]] in [[Gondor]] the watchfulness of the guards in these strongholds relaxed. Thus the [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]] and [[Orcs]] re-entered Mordor, eventually overrunning the garrisons and inhabiting them for themselves. It was at this time that the tower of Minas Ithil was taken by the Nazgul, having its name changed to [[Minas Morgul]], Tower of Sorcery.<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], the Army of the West, numbering under 6,000 men,<ref name="Opens"/> arrived at the Black Gate with the intention of drawing the [[Eye of Sauron]] away from [[Mount Doom]], to allow [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] the Ringbearer to cast [[the One Ring]] into the [[Cracks of Doom|Crack of Doom]] within it. This they achieved, and the Ring was destroyed in the fires of Mount Doom, following which the Black Gate and the Towers of Teeth immediately collapsed. <br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of the Black Gate|Images of the Black Gate]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
[[Category:Fortresses]]<br />
[[Category:Mordor]]<br />
[[Category:Doors and gates]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Morannon]]<br />
[[fi:Musta Portti]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/mordor/porte_noire]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mithril&diff=302476Mithril2019-01-21T08:21:36Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* The Mithril Coat */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the precious metal of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[legendarium]]|the real-world producers of metal mintiatures|[[Mithril Miniatures]]}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Mithril.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Mithril'']]<br />
{{quote| ''Mithril!'' All folk desired it. It could be beaten like copper, and polished like glass; and the Dwarves could make of it a metal, light and yet harder than tempered steel. Its beauty was like to that of common silver, but the beauty of ''mithril'' did not tarnish or grow dim.|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="Journey">{{FR|Journey}}</ref>}}<br />
'''''Mithril''''' was a precious silvery metal, stronger than steel but much lighter in weight, which was mined by the [[Dwarves]] in the mines of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] and could be beaten and polished without being weakened or tarnished. ''Mithril'', also known as silver-steel and Moria-silver, was admired and treasured by all the [[Portal:Characters|races]]. The [[Men]] called it "true-silver" while the [[Dwarves]], who loved it above all things, had their own, secret name for it.<br />
<br />
Mithril was rare and was found in [[Númenor]] and perhaps also in [[Aman]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The sole mithril-vein of the [[Misty Mountains]] made the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]] wealthy. The [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] settled [[Eregion]] because of it and created objects of mithril, thanks to trade with the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm|Dwarves of Moria]]; one of the [[Three Rings]] [[Rings of Power|of Power]], [[Nenya]], was made of mithril. The [[Noldor]] of [[Eregion]] made an alloy out of it called ''[[ithildin]]'' ("star moon"), which was used to decorate gateways and portals. It is visible only by starlight or moonlight. The [[Doors of Durin]] bore inlaid ''ithildin'' designs. <br />
<br />
The [[Star of Elendil]] was a gem set on mithril fillet that was a heirloom of the [[Lords of Andúnië]] of Númenor.<ref name="Gladden">{{UT|Gladden}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the only source of mithril was Moria. In [[Gondor]], the [[Guards of the Citadel]] of [[Minas Tirith]] wore helmets of ''mithril''. The smiths of [[Rivendell]] also created a second "Star of Elendil" of mithril, after the first one was lost with [[Isildur]].<ref name="Gladden"/><br />
<br />
Even before Moria was abandoned by the Dwarves ''mithril'' was worth ten times its own weight in [[gold]]. <br />
<br />
The mithril-vein reached [[Barazinbar]]<ref>{{App|A3}}</ref>, where the Dwarves mined and by {{TA|1980}} they released the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog]] from the [[Elder Days]] which destroyed the Dwarven Kingdom. Middle-earth's only source of new ''mithril'' ore was cut off. Production of new mithril ore stopped entirely, and it became priceless. The only ''mithril''-objects at the end of the Age were only heirlooms, or new items forged out of existing ones. The mithril helmets worn by the [[Guards of the Citadel]] were considered "heirlooms from the glory of old days".<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]] [[Arwen]] prepared for [[Aragorn]] a banner with the [[Livery of Elendil]] in mithril, gems, and gold. Aragorn used this during the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] to herald the Return of the King.<ref>{{RK|V6}}</ref><br />
<br />
After [[Gimli]] became lord of [[Glittering Caves|Aglarond]], he and his Dwarves forged great gates of ''mithril'' to replace the [[Great Gate of Minas Tirith|Great Gate]] of [[Minas Tirith]] which were broken by the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]].<br />
<br />
=== The Mithril Coat ===<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Mithril vest.jpg|thumb|The coat as depicted in the movies]]<br />
Of all items made of ''mithril'', the most famous is the "small shirt of mail" retrieved from the hoard of the dragon [[Smaug]], and given to [[Bilbo Baggins]] by [[Thorin]]. <br />
<br />
A kingly gift, the ''mithril''-coat was actually worth more than the entire worth of the Shire (Bilbo probably knew this, but he didn't care). Bilbo had it decorated on a stand in [[Bag End]] until he donated it to [[Mathom-house]]<ref>{{H|Stage}}</ref> but he took it back before leaving the [[Shire]] for [[Rivendell]]. Years later, he gave it to his nephew [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]], who wore it during the Quest to [[Mount Doom]]. It saved Frodo's life when he was nearly skewered by an [[Orcs|Orc]] in the Mines of Moria. It was later taken by the Orcs who captured him in the pass above [[Cirith Ungol]], and passed on to the Dark Lord's servants at [[Barad-dûr]]. When the coat was displayed before the hosts of [[Aragorn]] at the Gates of Mordor, many despaired, thinking Frodo had been captured or killed, and the Ring taken. Gandalf reclaimed it from Sauron's lieutenant, and was later able to return it to Frodo after the battles were won. After the [[Battle of Bywater]], the coat once again saved Frodo's life after [[Saruman]] attempted to assasinate him at [[Bag End]]<ref>{{RK|Scouring}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
<br />
The name ''mithril'' consists of the two [[Sindarin]] words ''[[mith]]'' ("grey, light grey") + ''[[ril]]'' ("brilliance").<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref><br />
<br />
== Inspiration ==<br />
In the ''[[wikipedia:Hervarar Saga|Hervarar saga]]'', which was a cycle dealing with the magic sword ''Tyrfing'' (and from which Tolkien borrowed, for instance, the names [[Dwalin]] and [[Durin]]), the hero Orvar-Odd wore a ''silken mailcoat'' which nothing could pierce (''Oddr svarar: "ek vil berjask við Angantýr, hann mun gefa stór högg með Tyrfingi, en ek trúi betr skyrtu minni, enn brynju þinni, til hlífðar"'').<br />
<br />
For the literal-minded reader, it can be unclear whether or not ''mithril'' is a real metal. Candidates for a possible real-world equivilent of ''mithril'' have been diverse, but the one metal that has by far the greatest similarities with described ''mithril'', is '''titanium'''. Titanium has half the density and weight of steel, has a lustrous silver-white color, is one of the strongest of metals, and is chemically inert such that it does not corrode over time. Like ''mithril'', titanium was also exceptionally rare and precious, as it does not typically occur as a workable metallic form in nature&mdash;the ore is actually extremely abundant, but the practical technology to extract titanium metal from the ore has only been widely available and economical since the 20th century. Titanium also has remarkable strengthening effects on other metals when alloyed with them.<ref>[http://www.thetolkienforum.com/showthread.php?13037-Mithril-and-Orichalcum&p=426876#post426876 Re: Mithril and Orichalcum], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium Titanium on Wikipedia]</ref> Other metals have been proposed as candidates for ''mithril'':<br />
* Platinum is silver-white in appearance and extremely resistant to corrosion, but is simply far too heavy to be ''mithril''.<br />
* Aluminium and magnesium have been a candidates for similar reasons as titanium, and aluminium is indeed the single most abundant metallic element in the earth's crust. These metals are also far too chemically reactive to naturally exist as a workable metal, which originally made them as precious and scarce as ''mithril''. (Famously, Napoleon III of France once bought dinnerware made out of aluminium because it was more expensive than gold at the time.) But they are also less lustrous and not as strong as titanium, though they are each also lighter than titanium.<br />
Certainly Tolkien, being highly educated, would have had knowledge of these metals and the difficulty in preparing them. In Tolkien's universe, ''mithril'' metal also does not typically exist anywhere except in specific localized deposits, with the only known deposits in [[Middle-earth]] being found in the mines of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. If ''mithril'' was indeed titanium and titanium does not tend to occur naturally as a metal, then ''mithril'' deposits may have possibly been a result of [[Morgoth|Melkor]]'s original formation of the [[Misty Mountains]], with the ''mithril'' either being intentionally refined as a workable metallic form when the mountains were risen, or being coincidentally formed as a chemical by-product of when Melkor so quickly formed the mountain chain to fend off the [[Valar]]. However, probably because nobody is known to have asked Tolkien about "''mithril''", it will never be known with an absolute certainty whether ''mithril'' is based on any real metal.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Mithril|Images of Mithril]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*"[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/03/06/where-did-all-the-mithril-go/ Where Did All the Mithril Go?]" by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Materials]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Egladil&diff=302475Egladil2019-01-21T08:18:38Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>'''Egladil''', or the '''Angle''' in [[Westron]], was the name given by the [[Galadhrim|people of Lórien]] to their lands between the courses of the rivers [[Anduin]] and [[Celebrant]].<ref>{{FR|II6}}</ref> A part of the [[Naith]], Egladil was the most populated part of the country, where the tree-city of [[Caras Galadhon]] was to be found.<br />
<br />
A parting feast was held there when the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] departed [[Lothlórien]].<ref>{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name is [[Sindarin]] (or [[Silvan Elvish]]) sometimes rendered into English as the "Angle". [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] gives the translation "Elven-point"<ref>{{HM|UI}}</ref> or, more accurately, "point (''[[til]]'') of the ''[[Eglath]]''".<br />
==Other versions of the Legendarium==<br />
In earlier drafts to the ''[[Lord of the Rings]]'', the location was named ''Nelennas'' and ''Nelen'', sometimes glossed as "Gore", which was part of the larger ''Narthas''.<br />
<br />
Other candidate, and more specific, names were ''Calennas'' and ''Calendil'', which is translated as "Green-tine" or "Green-spit".<ref>{{TI|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Christopher Tolkien]] notes a confusing fluidity in how his father alternated the names and their meanings, regarding the larger "Angle" region between the rivers, and the specific "Tongue" at their confluence.<ref>{{TI|XIVviii}}, note 5</ref><br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Angle (Eriador)]], a distant region between the rivers [[Hoarwell]] and [[Bruinen]].<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Rhovanion]]<br />
[[Category:Lothlórien]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[Category:Elven realms]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Lh%C3%BBn&diff=302367Lhûn2019-01-09T05:26:14Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Lhûn<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Lune<br />
| location=Western [[Eriador]], east of the [[Ered Luin]]<br />
| type=River<br />
| description=<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
}}<br />
The river '''Lhûn''' ([[Sindarin|S]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈɬuːːn]}}) or [[Westron]]ized '''Lune''' was a river of north-western [[Eriador]]. It gave its name to the [[Gulf of Lune]] and the [[Blue Mountains|Mountains of Lune]]. Of old, the Lhûn had been a line of defence: first against Sauron, and later against the [[Witch-king]].<br />
==Course==<br />
The river Lhûn found its origin in the [[First Age]] or before. The river had its sources in the far north of the Blue Mountains, and had two tributaries: the [[Little Lune]] and an unnamed river that had its origin in the [[Hills of Evendim|Emyn Uial]]. <br />
<br />
Its original course is no longer recorded in history, but following the [[War of Wrath]], its course was severely altered; after the breaking of the Blue Mountains, it flowed in the newly-formed [[Gulf of Lune]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> <br />
==History==<br />
In the [[Second Age]], the Lhûn formed the border between eastern [[Lindon]] and [[Arnor]].<ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref> [[Elendil]]'s [[Arnorians|people]] dwelt about the courses of the Lhûn.<ref name=rings/> During [[Sauron]]'s advent, [[Gil-galad]] and Elendil were desperately protecting the [[Grey Havens]], and managed to hold the Lhûn.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Angmar War|War with Angmar]], it formed the end of the [[Witch-king]]'s influence: many of the Dúnedain fled across it. When [[Eärnil II]] came, passage was won back over it. With their defeat imminent, many of the Witch-king's minions drowned in the river Lhûn.<ref>{{HM|AA}}, "Gondor and the Heirs of Anarion"</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The meaning of ''Lhûn'' is not known. In connection with its first appearance, in a manuscript dating from ca. 1940, the translation "Blue River" is given.<ref>{{HM|TI}}, "VI. The Council of Elrond (1): The Third Version, (iii)", p. 124</ref><ref name=VT48a5>{{VT|48a5}}</ref> Apparently, Tolkien originally envisioned it as [[Noldorin]] for "blue" (cf. [[Sindarin]] ''[[luin]]'').<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}} (entry for LUG<sup>2</sup>-)</ref> ''Lhûn'', and especially the initial ''/lh/'', may have been valid in Noldorin, it was not so in [[Sindarin]], so Tolkien had to rewrite the etymology. He considered the following:<ref name=VT48a5/><ref>{{PE|17}}, pp. 136-7</ref><br />
* [[Common Eldarin|CE]] Slōna, "floody"<br />
* CE Slōnā, "in flood, full of water" (during melting season)<br />
* CE Slounā, "flow freely"<br />
* CE Slōno, "deep of water, applied originally to the Gulf!"<br />
* A renaming to ''[[Sîr]] [[Luin]]'', "Blue River"<br />
* CE Slōn, "sound"<br />
* A [[Khuzdul]] origin, ''[[salôn]]'' or ''[[sulûn]]'', "fall, descend swiftly"<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lhun}}<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[Category:Lindon]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin locations]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gimli&diff=302366Gimli2019-01-09T05:14:09Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Sources}}<br />
{{disambig-two|the dwarf in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''|elf in [[The Tale of Tinúviel]]|[[Gimli (Noldo)]]}}<br />
{{dwarves infobox<br />
| name=Gimli<br />
| image=[[File:Matt Stewart - Forty-Two.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Forty-Two" by [[:Category:Images by Matt Stewart|Matt Stewart]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Elf-friend, Lockbearer<br />
| titles=[[Lord of the Glittering Caves]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Thorin's Halls]]<br/>[[Lonely Mountain]]<br/>[[Glittering Caves]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]<br />
| birth={{TA|2879}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Thorin's Halls]]<br />
| rule=Early [[Fourth Age]] - {{FoA|120}}<br />
| sailedwest={{FoA|120}}<br />
| sailedfrom=[[Ithilien]]<br />
| age=262<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Durin]]<br />
| parentage=[[Glóin]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Dark<ref name="Riders">{{TT|Riders}}</ref><br />
| clothing=Short shirt of steel rings<ref name="South"/><br/>cap of iron and leather<ref name="King">{{TT|King}}</ref><br/>belt,<ref name="South">{{FR|South}}</ref> hood, boots,<ref name="Journey">{{FR|Journey}}</ref> shield<ref name="King"/><br />
| weapons=Broad-bladed axe<ref name="South"/><br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Gimli.mp3|Ardamir}}{{quote|Only Gimli lifted up his head; a smouldering fire was in his eyes. . .|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', [[A Journey in the Dark]]}}<br />
'''Gimli''' was a [[Dwarves|dwarf]] of the [[House of Durin]] who became famous as the only Dwarven member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Gimli was born in the [[Blue Mountains]] during a time of exile for the [[Durin's Folk]], about [[Third Age 2770|a century]] after the tragic destruction of [[Dale]] and the [[Sack of Erebor|Sacking]] of [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] by [[Smaug]] the Golden. His father was [[Glóin]], a direct descendant of [[King of Durin's Folk|King]] [[Náin II]] and, through him, of [[Durin|Durin the Deathless]]. His father joined [[Thorin and Company]] in their [[Quest of Erebor|quest]] to reclaim the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]], but Gimli was forbidden because he was too young: only 62 at the time.<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Dwarves were successful in their Quest and Gimli and his father were among the Dwarves who returned to Erebor. Years later, in {{TA|3017}}, Gimli witnessed the arrival of a messenger of [[Sauron]] (presumed to be a [[Nazgûl]]) inquiring about [[Bilbo Baggins]], old acquaintance of his father, and the [[The One Ring|Ring of Power]], promising tempting offers. Gimli accompanied his troubled father to [[Rivendell]] for the dual purpose of warning Bilbo and seeking the counsel of [[Elrond]] on such weighty matters. He attended the [[Council of Elrond]] as a representative of the [[Dwarves of Erebor]].<br />
<br />
===The Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
Gimli, as the only young dwarf seen at the council of Elrond, was appointed as a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. He alone of the company wore a mail-shirt, and carried a broad-bladed axe.<ref name="South">{{FR|South}}</ref> He quickly distinguished himself in the company by declaring that he "needed no map" and naming the [[Misty Mountains]] individually by their [[Khuzdul]] names, inspiring the comment from [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]: "A fair jaw-cracker dwarf-language must be!"<br />
<br />
Gimli stood more than all the others with [[Gandalf]] on the matter of passing through [[Moria]].<ref name="Journey">{{FR|Journey}}</ref> This may be influenced by his curiosity about the fate of his cousin [[Balin]], who went thither to [[Balin's Colony|refound]] the ancient kingdom of the [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]], and also his vengeful nature. His first clash with [[Legolas]] occurred before the [[Doors of Durin]], in a brief dispute over whose fault it was (the Elves’ or the Dwarves’) that the friendship between the two races waned. Gandalf quickly intervened, though it was not until [[Lothlórien]] that they would truly become friends.<br />
<br />
He was quite helpful to Gandalf in explaining the Doors to the other curious members of the fellowship. Gandalf showed his appreciation of Gimli’s skills by letting him walk up front through the dark tunnels beside himself, and taking brief counsels with him when the way is unsure. It is probable that here Gandalf was tapping into Dwarven inborn or developed skills rather than actual knowledge of Moria itself, as Gimli had never personally been there.<br />
<br />
Gimli reacted most indignantly to Sam’s suggestion that Moria was but "holes", going so far as to chant for him the ancient ''[[Song of Durin]]''. Gimli continued to be helpful to Gandalf on the rest of the dark passage, and boldly aided in the [[Battle of the Chamber of Mazarbul]], protecting Balin’s tomb. After Gandalf remained behind to halt the Balrog, Gimli led the others across the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]].<br />
<br />
He again showed great emotion when they neared [[Kheled-zâram]], taking [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] alone out of all the company with him to see it (though Sam followed as well).<ref name="Lorien">{{FR|Lorien}}</ref> This hinted at a degree of affection for Frodo, though it may merely have been because he was the most important of the company. Despite his helpfulness, at [[Lothlórien]] he became the greatest hindrance to the Company, when he alone was required to be blindfolded and of all of them liked the idea the least (save for perhaps Legolas). The compromise was made that the entire company would go through the Golden Wood in this manner, that Gimli would not suffer alone.<ref name="Lorien"></ref><br />
<br />
Despite this early struggle, it was Gimli of all the company that was most remembered for his deeds in Lothlórien. For his heart softened towards [[Galadriel]] and as a result toward Elves in general when that great lady sympathised with his sorrows, using the traditional Khuzdul names.<ref name="Mirror">{{FR|Mirror}}</ref> In return he attempted to compliment her, as he saw her love and understanding. Though slightly clumsy in his first attempt, he distinguished himself when, as Galadriel gave the Company [[Gifts of Galadriel|gifts]], he asked only for a single strand of her hair. Galadriel gave him three hairs with a blessing, probably remembering when [[Fëanor]] had requested a similar gift several millennia ago. Henceforth Gimli was known as "[[Lockbearer]]". He wept openly at the departure from Lothlórien, calling the light more dangerous than the darkness he had feared.<br />
<br />
By the time the Fellowship departed from Lothlórien, Gimli had become fast friends with Legolas the Elf, a result of Galadriel’s kindness. This, too, made him famous among all the Dwarves of the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
===The Three Hunters===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Pursuit in Rohan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Pursuit in Rohan'']] After the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], during which he and Legolas slew many [[orcs]], Gimli listened in silence as his only remaining comrades, [[Aragorn]] and Legolas, sang a lament for Boromir in the character of three of the Winds. Only the East Wind was left, and Gimli would not sing it, which Aragorn declared to be appropriate.<br />
<br />
For most of the chase he served as a commentator, usually leaving the decisions to Aragorn. His reaction was quite hostile to the suspicious [[Rohirrim]], especially after [[Éomer]]’s rash comments about Galadriel. Little did either know that they would become close friends in the times to come as fiery words passed between them. After the [[Three Hunters]] were lent horses, Gimli and Éomer parted in peace, with promises to one another of reconciliation.<br />
<br />
Of the Three Hunters, Gimli seemed the most shaken by [[Fangorn Forest]] while they searched for traces of [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]. Gimli felt no reluctance to shoot the “unarmed” old man whom they thought was [[Saruman]], unlike Aragorn and Legolas. After Gandalf was revealed to them, Gimli fell to his knees. Gandalf put his hand on Gimli’s head, and the dwarf laughed for the first time recorded during the [[Quest of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
Gimli’s ire was raised again in King [[Théoden]]’s courts against [[Gríma|Wormtongue]], who spoke slanderously of the Lady of the Golden Wood. Gandalf quickly calmed him. Gimli was delighted by the [[White Mountains]] and [[Helm's Deep]], declaring "This country has tough bones". He declared that if he had a hundred of his kin he could make the fortress invincible.<br />
<br />
===War of the Ring===<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Glittering Caves of Aglarond.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Glittering Caves of Aglarond'']]During the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], Gimli saved Éomer’s life outside the gates. He came in, boasting of his first two orc-kills to his friend Legolas. Legolas estimated his slaughter to amount to twenty, starting the good-hearted orc-killing game that continued through the rest of the battle. Gimli was the first to the culvert when the orcs crept through, leaping heroically into their midst from the walls. He then proceeded to lead the blocking up of the culvert. During the course of the battle Gimli was one of those forced into the [[Glittering Caves]]. He was astonished to see the magnificence of these caverns, moving even Legolas with his glowing description of them. This one sight would change his life.<br />
<br />
His final kill score number was forty-two in that battle, surpassing his friend the elf by one. Gimli shows a hint of humour and affection when he greets the two [[Hobbits]] Merry and Pippin comfortably situated among [[wikipedia:flotsam|flotsam]] and [[wikipedia:jetsam|jetsam]] in the ruin of [[Isengard]]. He declared himself deep in Pippin’s debt when the hobbit lent him his spare pipe.<br />
<br />
Gimli shows some of the stone hardness of Dwarves when they meet [[Saruman]] at [[Orthanc]]. Saruman uses the power in his voice to sway [[Théoden]] to forgive him and make peace, and many of the [[Rohirrim]] are moved by his magic and are spell-bound. Unmoved, Gimli comments that Saruman's words cannot be trusted and that from Orthanc, help would mean ruin. Saruman is angered enough by Gimli that for a moment he loses his charm.<br />
<br />
As the fellowship of friends again began to break up – Gandalf and Pippin heading for [[Minas Tirith]], [[Théoden]] and his riders for [[Dunharrow]] – Gimli out of love and respect for Aragorn went with him, Legolas, the sons of Elrond, and the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] on the [[Paths of the Dead]]. He showed great reluctance before the [[Dark Door]], the final thought that drove him downward was the thought of being bested by an Elf underground.<br />
<br />
He participated in the epic [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], returning with Aragorn and his other companions on the [[Black Ships]], and later recounted their journey to the fascinated Hobbits. He began to fear for Legolas, who seemed entranced by the Sea. His position on Elves completely changed, he remarked "If all the fair folk take to the Havens, it will be a duller world for those who are doomed to stay". He was much more sceptical as to the overall end of [[Men]] than his comrade.<br />
<br />
Gimli fought in the [[Battle of the Morannon]], passing through unscathed, and finding the alive but bruised Pippin among the dead lying on the hill. He returned to the [[Field of Cormallen]] to be reunited to his friends, and there displayed open affection for all of them, even his frequent rival Pippin ("If only because of the pains you have cost me, which I shall never forget").<br />
<br />
===After the War of the Ring===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Legolas and Gimli Reach the Shores of Valinor.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Gimli and Legolas reach the shores of Valinor'']] <br />
After the coronation of Aragorn, Gimli said farewell to his old friend Éomer, who begged for pardon as to his words on Galadriel, though he added that he still didn’t think she was the fairest in the world. When he added that he considered [[Arwen]] the fairest instead, Gimli was content with this<ref>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
During the return journey he visited many places with Legolas, including Fangorn Forest and [[Glittering Caves|Aglarond]]. Eventually he returned to Erebor, to find it nearly devastated by war. [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin II Ironfoot]] had died, and [[Thorin Stonehelm|Thorin III Stonehelm]] was now King. Eventually, though, he returned to the Glittering Caves with a contingent of dwarves, becoming the "[[Lord of the Glittering Caves]]". He rebuilt the gates of Minas Tirith with ''[[mithril]]'' and steel, and in both [[Gondor]] and [[Rohan]] accomplished great works. There he met his friends Merry and Pippin and the [[Appendix A|history of his people]] made its way to the [[Red Book]]<ref>{{App|A}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
In Aglarond, it is assumed, he lived on until he was old, and in {{FoA|120}} he sailed with Legolas his friend across [[Belegaer]] to [[Valinor]], becoming the first and only Dwarf to do so<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Character==<br />
Gimli throughout the War showed perhaps the greatest open contempt for Sauron and his minions, save possibly [[Boromir]]. He was a grim character, for the most part, laughing only occasionally and, though in a few rare situations inspiring amusement, never joking. Due to his comments especially during the initial stage of the journey, he may be called more superstitious than the others, acting very much as if Caradhras was an actual living being.<ref name="South"></ref><br />
<br />
Gimli also carries the characteristic of smouldering vengeance against enemies found in many dwarves, such as when speaking of Moria. It may be that Gimli’s strongest show of sentiment was when speaking of Balin and Moria.<ref name="Journey"></ref> He also is shown to have a steadfast nature to match, noticeable, for instance, when he plunges heedlessly across a stagnant creek in his eagerness to get to Moria. He also seems to have a love (or an interest, at least) in food, complementing the [[lembas]] of the Elves most highly.<br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | NAI | | | | | | | | | | | |NAI=[[Náin II]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2338|n}} - {{TA|2585|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| DAI | | | | | | | | BOR | | | | | | |DAI=[[Dáin I]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2440|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†</small>| BOR=[[Borin]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2450|n}} - {{TA|2711|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| THR | | | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | |THR=[[Thrór]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2542|n}} - {{TA|2790|n}}''†</small>''|FAR=[[Farin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2560|n}} - {{TA|2803|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| THR | | | | FUN | | | | | | GRO | | |THR=[[Thráin|Thráin II]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2644|n}} - {{TA|2850|n}}''†</small>|FUN=[[Fundin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2662|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†</small>|GRO=[[Gróin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2671|n}} - {{TA|2923|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| THO | | BAL | | DWA | | OIN | | GLO |THO=[[Thorin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†</small>|BAL=[[Balin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2763|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†</small>|DWA=[[Dwalin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2772|n}} - {{FoA|91}}''</small>|OIN=[[Óin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2774|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†</small>|GLO=[[Glóin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2783|n}} - {{FoA|15}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIM |GIM='''GIMLI'''<br/><small>''{{TA|2879|n}} - {{FoA|120}}+''}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
<br />
In [[1978]], [[Jim Allan]] noted that the name ''Gimli'' appears once in the ''[[Völuspá]]'' and three times in the ''Prose Edda''. Allan suggested that ''Gimli'' means "One-of-Gimlé/Gimill", where [[Wikipedia:Gimlé|''Gimlé''/''Gimill'']] in the ''Eddas'' is a hall of the after-life "''inhabited solely by [[Calaquendi#Inspiration|Light-elves]]''" (evoking Gimli's leaving for [[Aman]]).<ref>[[Jim Allan]], "Giving of Names", in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', p. 225</ref><br />
<br />
However, with the publication of ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' in [[1981]], Tolkien wrote in a draft letter that Gimli's name comes from a poetic [[Old Norse]] word, ''gimm'', presumably meaning "fire".<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 382</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
The name "[[Gimli (Noldo)|Gimli]]" was first used by Tolkien for the name of a [[Gnome]] in the ''[[Tale of Tinúviel]]'', written in mid-1910s.<br />
<br />
In the [[Adûnaic]] language described in ''[[The Notion Club Papers]]'' ([[1945]]), ''gimli'' (pl. ''gimil'') is the word for "[[stars|star]]", derived from a [[root]] G-M-L and having the Characteristic Vowel I. From these derive others words such as ''igmil'' "a star-shaped formation"; and ''Gimilnitîr'' "Star-kindler" ([[Gilthoniel]]), a name for [[Varda]].<ref>{{SD|NC}}, p. 427-428</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Pictures of adaptations of Gimli<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Gimli.jpg|[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gimli.jpg|[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Gimli.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:SBG - Gimli.gif|''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:Aragorn's Quest - Gimli.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]''<br />
|File:Gimli.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Gimli mini figure.png|''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The part of Gimli was read by [[Eric Lugg]].<br />
<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:Gimli is portrayed as almost as tall as [[Aragorn]] and [[Legolas]]. He has a brown beard and wears a hood. [[David Buck]] provided Gimli's voice.<br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Gimli is provided by [[Gail Chugg]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:Both Gimli and Legolas are omitted from this adaptation, as it centers on Aragorn.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Gimli is played by [[Douglas Livingstone]], who uses a heavily articulated accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:[[John Rhys-Davies]] portrayed Gimli in voice and close-ups; Brett Beattie was his size-double. Jackson used the antagonism between Legolas and Gimli, although he placed most of it on Gimli's plate.<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Gimli is portrayed as a burly lumberjack, slightly smaller than Legolas, but the same size as Boromir. His moment of glory is in [[Moria]], where he aids the player (at this point, Frodo) with trying to find the Bridge. He is voiced by [[James Horan]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''<br />
:Now that [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] were no longer around to provide comic relief, Gimli was chosen to fill the spot. This has led to much criticism. <br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Gimli is one of the three playable characters.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:As in the second film Gimli's character was somewhat controversially used to insert comic relief into the scenes he appeared in.<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Gimli is a playable character, with an aggressive fighting style. He and Legolas accompany Aragorn through Paths of the Dead, later he fights on Pelennor fields and at the Black Gate.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra's War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:[[Bob Papenbrook]] provided the voice of Gimli, who is a Hero Unit for the Free People side. His first appearance is near the Lonely Mountain, where he and other dwarves fight orcs and later activate a giant catapult.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Gimil is a Hero Unit for the Rohan faction in skirmishes, though he accompanies the Fellowship in the storyline mode.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Gimli is now the Hero for the Dwarven faction.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Gimli is first met by Dwarven character in the intro taking place in {{TA|2941}}, shortly before the Quest for Erebor. Later, all characters meet him in Rivendell and he also accompanies them on a mission to the [[Misty Mountains]]. Later, he can be found in Lothlorien, where he is present on Cerim Amroth along with Legolas.<br />
<br />
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''<br />
:Gimli is a playable hero available in several missions.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Gimli can be found and talked to in Rivendell, he retains the appearance from the movies. While he provides insight into many events, interactions with him do not affect the main plot.<br />
<br />
'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''<br />
:When Thorin's Company are arrested in [[Mirkwood]], Legolas searches Glóin's possessions and finds a picture wallet. Legolas comments how ugly are the portraits and Glóin points out that it's his son's portrait, parodying the future friendship of the two.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Gimli|Images of Gimli]]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=dwarf<br />
| house=[[House of Durin]]<br />
| born={{TA|2879}}<br />
| died=after {{FoA|120}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=Position created<br />
| list=[[Lord of the Glittering Caves]]<br />
| dates=unknown – {{FoA|120}}<br />
| nvac=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Dwarves]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Longbeards]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Gimli]]<br />
[[fi:Gimli]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Old_South_Road&diff=302070Old South Road2018-12-17T04:16:53Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{disambig-two|the extension of the [[Greenway]]|the road of [[Beleriand]]|[[Old South Road (Beleriand)]]}}<br />
The '''Old South Road''', was the name of the extension of the North Road (later Greenway) beyond [[Tharbad]] and into [[Enedwaith]].<ref name=gen>[[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref> <br />
<br />
It formed the great '''[[North-South Road]]''' that once led to [[Gondor]].<ref name=utmap>{{UT|Map}}</ref><ref>{{UT|Index}}</ref> However several disasters that struck [[Eriador]] during the [[Third Age]], including the dissolution of [[Arnor]] and the abandonment of Tharbad, made traffic between the former [[Two Realms]] scarce; the route was all but lost by the end of the [[Ages|Age]].<ref name=gen/><br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
The name "Old South Road" appears only in the original [[General Map of Middle-earth]], as an extension of the Greenway to the south beyond Tharbad. After Tharbad, its line is dotted and disappears, suggesting (along with the name "Old") that it was perhaps ruined by the later [[Third Age]] and didn't go beyond Enedwaith. The road and the name also appears on [[Pauline Baynes]]'s ''[[A Map of Middle-earth]]''.<br />
<br />
While editing the ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] drew ''[[The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age]]''. In that map he "restores" by extrapolating the whole course of the Great Road, joining the interrupted lines.<ref>{{UT|IMap}}</ref> The label "Old South Road" disappears however, and is replaced by the more general label "North-South Road", which refers to the whole restored route.<ref name=utmap/><br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]<br />
[[Category:Roads and streets]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Smoking&diff=302069Smoking2018-12-17T04:15:36Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Stephen Schwartz - Smoke Rings.jpg|thumb|''Smoke Rings'' by Stephen Schwartz]]<br />
{{quote|No, not a pipe. I don't think I'll smoke again.|[[Merry Brandybuck]]<ref>{{RK|Houses}}</ref>}}<br />
'''Smoking''' was an activity or custom begun by the [[Hobbits]] (who referred to it as an 'art'). It consisted of inhaling the smoke of the burning leaves of a herb called ''[[Pipe-weed]]''. <br />
<br />
The [[Bree-hobbits|Hobbits of]] [[Bree]] claimed to be the first to have smoked the Pipe-weed, but the first who cultivated it was [[Tobold Hornblower]] of [[Longbottom]] of [[the Shire]], around the year {{SR|1070}}. Smoking had spread from the Hobbits to [[Dwarves]], [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]], and [[Wizards]].<ref>{{FR|Pipeweed}}</ref><br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien lighting pipe.jpg|thumb|100px|Tolkien lighting a pipe]]<br />
{{quote|I am in fact a Hobbit (in all but size). [...] I smoke a pipe...|[[Letter 213]]}}<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] was an avid pipe smoker. He attributed his addiction to his childhood, when he watched Father [[Francis Xavier Morgan]] smoking his pipe in a specific location each time.<ref>{{HM|Bio}}</ref> <br />
<br />
People who had met Tolkien noticed that a pipe was almost always in his hand or mouth, often making difficult to understand his speech.<ref>''J.R.R. Tolkien Talks about the Discovery of Middle-earth, the Origins of Elvish'' by [[Richard Plotz]], in [[Seventeen]]</ref> In a [[The Man Who Understands Hobbits|1966 interview]], Tolkien said: "Every morning I wake up thinking, 'Good, another 24 hours of smoking'".<ref>Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, "The Man Who Understands Hobbits", ''The Daily Telegraph Magazine'' (22 March 1968)</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
<br />
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:The card "Smoke Rings" enables the player to re-use one of his discarded characters.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/img/cards/middle-earth/347/big/DM088.jpg|articlename=Smoke Rings|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ TradeCardsOnline.com]|accessed=26 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Activities]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch-king&diff=302068Witch-king2018-12-17T04:12:32Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Twilight of Angmar */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{footnotes}}<br />
{{evil infobox<br />
| name=The Witch-king of Angmar<br />
| image=[[File:Melissa Hitchcock - The Black Captain.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Black Captain" by [[:Category:Images by Melissa Hitchcock|Melissa Hitchcock]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Black Captain, Chief of the Nine, Lord of Minas Morgul<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]<br />
| location=[[Angmar]]<br/>[[Minas Morgul]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[Second Age]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=[[15 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]<br />
| age=4200+<br />
| notablefor=[[Arnor#The Fall of Arthedain|Fall of Arnor]]<br/>Establishing [[Angmar]]<br/>Fall of [[Minas Ithil]] and [[Osgiliath]]<br/>Deaths of [[Eärnur]], [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], and [[Théoden]]<br/>Stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] (early)<br/>[[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]] (later)<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tallest of the Nazgûl<br />
| hair=Gleaming<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Crown<br />
| weapons=[[Morgul-knife]]; [[Black Breath]]; A great black mace<br />
| steed=Black horse<br />
| gallery=the Witch-king<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl. A great black shape against the fires beyond he loomed up, grown to a vast menace of despair. In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl, under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed, and all fled before his face.|"[[The Siege of Gondor]]"<ref name="Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref>}}<br />
The '''Witch-king of Angmar''' was the chief of the [[Nazgûl]], King of [[Angmar]] and [[Sauron]]’s great captain in his wars. A [[Wraiths|wraith]], the Witch-king of Angmar was nearly indestructible, a terrifying warrior, and a cunning strategist.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Some time after Sauron seized the [[Rings of Power]] in the [[Sack of Eregion]], {{SA|1697}} he gave [[Nine Rings|nine of them]] to [[Men|Mannish]] kings, sorcerers and other warriors.<ref>{{S|Rings}}, p. 289</ref> With the power of their rings, the Nine achieved glory and grew wealthy, but they eventually started hating life as they were slowly drawn under Sauron’s dominion. In the end, they all became the dreadful [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]].<br />
<br />
The one later known as the Witch-king was one of these, likely one of the unnamed three lords of [[Númenor]] to take the rings.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, p. 267, Ballantine Books p. 320</ref> <ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]], p. 20</ref> He first appeared in the histories as a Ringwraith in {{SA|2251}}. Being the most powerful of the Nazgûl, he became their chief and the most feared servant of his master Sauron.<br />
<br />
When [[Mordor]] fell in {{SA|3441}}, the Nazgûl vanished into the shadows and were not heard of again for a long time.<ref name="appendixB">{{App|B}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Early Power in Angmar===<br />
More than a thousand years later, in c. {{TA|1050|n}} of the [[Third Age]], [[Sauron]] began to rebuild his power in [[Dol Guldur]]. In c. {{TA|1300|n}} his Nazgûl also reappeared and the Witch-king established his realm, [[Angmar]], in the north.<ref name="appendixB">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]</ref> His capital was [[Carn Dûm]], on the northernmost peak of the [[Misty Mountains]]. He summoned men, [[orcs]] and other creatures of evil inclination to his banner. No one knew that he was actually a servant of the long-dormant [[Sauron]] and few that he was a wraith.<ref name="AppA">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 320 </ref><br />
<br />
In the north, disunity plagued the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Arnor]]. They had divided into three kingdoms: [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]] and [[Arthedain]], and were constantly at war with one another.<ref name="AppA">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), Houghton Mifflin p. 320 </ref> The Witch-king saw the North-kingdom of Arnor as more vulnerable than the South-kingdom of Gondor.<ref name="Malvegil">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194 </ref> He played upon their opposition, sending in infiltrators and taking over the hearts of the men of that land. By {{TA|1349|n}}, the government of Rhudaur was controlled by men secretly in his service,<ref name="Malvegil">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194</ref> and he secretly aided them in their wars against the other kingdoms.<ref name="Argeleb">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Argeleb I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194</ref> He then struck at a time of great hostility among the three, in {{TA|1409|n}}. Rhudaur in the east fell first, and most of the Dúnedain there were hunted down and slaughtered by sorcerers.<ref name="Arveleg">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Arveleg I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194 </ref> Cardolan was ravaged and the tower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], held by the men of Arthedain, was placed under siege. King [[Arveleg I]] was slain and the tower was destroyed, but the coveted ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' escaped in the hands of the surviving men of Arthedain and was brought to [[Fornost]].<ref name="Palantiri16">[[Unfinished Tales]], [[The Palantíri]], note 16, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 413 </ref><br />
<br />
The Witch-king continued to press the men of Arthedain, laying siege to Fornost, and he might have taken over all of Arnor in that one offensive. But [[Araphor]], the 18-year-old son of Arveleg, came to leadership and, with the help of the ancient elf [[Círdan]] of [[Lindon]], repelled the Witch-king’s forces at Fornost and the [[North Downs]].<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> [[Elrond]] brought an army of [[Elves]] from [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]], and the Witch-king was pushed back and subdued.<br />
<br />
===Twilight of Angmar===<br />
The Witch-king sat silent in Carn Dûm, rebuilding his armies and preparing for a final assault on [[Arthedain]], last of the Arnorian kingdoms. The [[Great Plague]] came and went in {{TA|1636|n}}, taking with it the last of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]]. The Witch-king sent [[barrow-wights]] to inhabit the barrows in [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]].<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> In {{TA|1974|n}}, he felt that his power was sufficiently restored to begin the advance.<br />
<br />
His attack was sudden, but not unexpected. King [[Arvedui]] sent a message to King [[Eärnil II]] of [[Gondor]] the year before, but help did not arrive in time. [[Fornost Erain]] fell, and the Witch-king took up residence there in the palace.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> Arvedui held out as best as he might on the [[North Downs]], but at last fled north with the treasured ''[[palantíri]]'' of [[Amon Sûl-stone|Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas-stone|Annúminas]]. He would not return, for he perished in a shipwreck in {{TA|1975|n}}. With him the ''palantíri'' were lost forever in the icy seas of [[Forod]]. The already-diminished North-kingdom ended, and [[Arnor]] fell.<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, a coalition in the south had formed. Eärnil sent his son, [[Eärnur]], north with a great fleet, all that Gondor could spare. They arrived at [[Lindon]] and joined with the folk of Círdan. Círdan summoned all that would come: surviving Dúnedain of Arnor and elves of Lindon.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> Even a company of [[Hobbits|hobbit]] archers went to their aide.<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> The Witch-king had grown overconfident and, instead of staying behind his fortifications, initiated the attack. The [[Battle of Fornost]] was fought on the plain between [[Nenuial]] and the North Downs. The Witch-king may not have anticipated the strength brought against him, but for whatever reason the alliance gained the upper hand. His army began to fall back toward Fornost, but Eärnur’s magnificent horsemen struck from the north and the Witch-king was routed.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> <br />
<br />
He decided to flee to Angmar and the safety of Carn Dûm, but the cavalry, with Eärnur himself in the lead, overtook him. Moreover, the ranks of the allies swelled, as an army of elves from [[Rivendell]] came led by the mighty hero of old, [[Glorfindel]]. Angmar was purged of men and orcs, and all seemed lost for the Witch-king in the face of such numbers. But the Witch-king himself came at the last, robed and masked in black and riding a black horse, and attempted to kill Eärnur with his own hands. But Eärnur’s horse shied away and fled, and the Witch-king laughed. But Glorfindel came on his white horse, and faced with such power the Witch-king fled. He vanished into the shadows and no-one marked where he had gone.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref><br />
<br />
Eärnur wanted to pursue, but Glorfindel held him back and made his famous prophecy.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|He will not return to this land. Far off yet is his doom, and not by the hand of man will he fall.|Glorfindel, ''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iv)}}<br />
<br />
===Lord of Minas Morgul===<br />
The Witch-king escaped to [[Mordor]], and gathered the other Ringwraiths about him in {{TA|1980|n}}.<ref name="appendixB">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]</ref> Angmar and Carn Dûm were lost, and so in {{TA|2000|n}} the Witch-king began a two-year siege of [[Minas Ithil]], eventually capturing the place and turning it into his residence. It was renamed [[Minas Morgul]], and the ''[[Ithil-stone|palantír]]'' was sent to Sauron. The Witch-king sent an aura of fear in [[Gondor]], and much of [[Ithilien]] was deserted.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref><br />
<br />
Eärnur succeeded his father as King of Gondor, and still held the Witch-king in especial hostility due to his humiliation at the Battle of Fornost. The year of his coronation the Witch-king sent him a taunting challenge, but [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]] the steward restrained Eärnur from rash action. Seven years later the challenge was repeated, and Eärnur rode with a small escort to Minas Morgul. None that rode thither ever returned, and there was no longer a King in Gondor.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref><br />
<br />
After this the Witch-king bided his time. He and the Nazgûl built up their armies, including the terrible new orc-race of [[uruks]]. In {{TA|2475|n}} he sent them out to capture [[Osgiliath]], which they did successfully. They were driven out by [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] of [[Gondor]], but Osgiliath now lay completely in ruins. Boromir went on to retake Ithilien, so that even the Witch-king feared him. But he was killed by a Morgul-wound, and so his rule was but twelve years.<ref name="twelve">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 333</ref><br />
<br />
===Hunt for the Ring===<br />
Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951|n}}, and sent three of his Ringwraiths to [[Dol Guldur]] (though the Witch-king was left in Minas Morgul). Then, by lucky chance, the creature [[Gollum]] was captured and interrogated. Under torture, the wretched creature revealed the tale of [[the One Ring]] and how it came to be in his possession. But from his words Sauron misunderstod that the land of the hobbits who stole the Ring was on the banks of the [[Gladden River]], whence Gollum originally came from.<ref name="thirteen">{{UT|Hunt}}, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 338-341</ref> Sauron sent the Nine, under the leadership of the Witch-king, invisible and uncloaked, to search for the Ring after the assault of Osgiliath.<br />
<br />
[[Khamûl]], the Witch-king’s lieutenant, reported that he was unable to find the “[[the Shire|Shire]]” in the vales of [[Anduin]]. The Witch-king was determined to search north and west until Gollum was found, or the Shire. But plans were halted when Sauron received word of the prophecy in Gondor and the doings of the turncoat [[Saruman]], and concluded that the Wise did not yet have possession of the Ring. He sent the Ringwraiths to [[Isengard]] in the form of [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], too late to prevent the escape of the captured wizard [[Gandalf]], but had words with Saruman. Saruman, already a traitor to both sides due to his transparent lust for the Ring, fortified himself in Isengard. The Witch-king did not have enough power with him to assault Saruman in his great fortress, but had words with him. Saruman convinced the Witch-king that Gandalf alone knew where the Shire and the Ring was, and so the Nine passed into [[Rohan]] in search of him.<ref name="thirteen"/><br />
<br />
They came upon the traitor called [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] and questioned him. The terrified man told them everything he knew; that Gandalf had passed through Rohan, where the Shire was, and even that Saruman had lied to them. The Witch-king spared Wormtongue’s life, foreseeing that Wormtongue would bring ruin to Saruman. He divided his wraiths into four pairs, and went with the swiftest to [[Minhiriath]]. Along the way they captured several spies of Saruman, and found to their delight charts and maps of the Shire. They sent along the spy to [[Bree]], warning them that they now belonged to Mordor, not Saruman.<ref name="thirteen"/><br />
<br />
They came to [[Sarn Ford]], but the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] prevented them from crossing. They sent for their great captain, the chieftain [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], who alone could well resist the wraiths, but he was away, and the Ringwraiths captured the ford and killed many of the Rangers.<ref name="thirteen"/> The Witch-king sent three Ringwraiths under Khamûl into the Shire while he went east with the others.<ref name="appendixB">{{App|B}}</ref> But they had come too late: the Ring had moved on in the hands of a hobbit, [[Frodo Baggins]].<br />
<br />
===Pursuit of the Ring===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Fire on Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Fire on Weathertop'']]Khamûl was unsuccessful, but brought word from the spy they had spared in Bree. The man had witnessed a vanishing act on Frodo's part, and had organized an attack on the inn. The Witch-king guessed that Frodo would head east, and sent four wraiths to [[Weathertop]], the ruins of the tower he had destroyed long ago. He went south along the [[Greenway]] and discovered nothing. Gandalf followed them, but the Witch-king let him slip ahead, and attacked him on Weathertop. Gandalf escaped at dawn, and again the Witch-king divided his force and sent four after the wizard.<br />
<br />
The Ring walked almost right into his hands. The captain of the Dúnedain, Aragorn II, had become the guide of the hobbits, and led them to Weathertop, where they were spotted and attacked. The Witch-king advanced on Frodo, and the terrified hobbit put on the Ring, seeing them as they truly were. When Frodo resisted, and invoked the name of [[Varda|Elbereth]], the Witch-king stabbed Frodo in the shoulder. The tip of his blade broke off and sent poison through the hobbit’s veins. Then Aragorn counterattacked with flaming brands. The Witch-king departed with the other Nazgûl, believing that his objective was completed.<br />
<br />
He resumed the pursuit quickly, though, and found that Khamûl had been driven from the [[Last Bridge]] by his old enemy [[Glorfindel]]. The Witch-king, who only had one companion with him, was likewise unable to confront him openly. They regrouped and went south, rejoining with the other four. They managed to pick up the trail of the company of the Ring, and despite hindrance from Glorfindel and Aragorn managed to pursue Frodo alone on [[Asfaloth]]. The pursuit came to the [[Ford of Bruinen]], and there Frodo compelled the horse to stop. The Witch-king saw his defiance and laughed, breaking his sword with a movement of his hand. But the waters of the [[Bruinen]] rose at [[Elrond]]'s command, sweeping the Nine downstream.<ref name="fourteen">[[The Fellowship of the Ring]], [[Flight to the Ford]]</ref><br />
<br />
===War of the Ring===<br />
[[File:Angus McBride - Gandalf facing Witch-king.gif|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Gandalf facing the Witch-king'']]<br />
The Witch-king took the only surviving horse back to [[Mordor]], arriving there in December. He then sent aid to the other eight Nazgûl, and they returned in secret. In [[Minas Morgul]] they prepared for a grand invasion of [[Gondor]] at the order of their master. The Witch-king was given by Sauron added "demonic" force.<ref name="fifteen">[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Letter 210]], p. 272</ref> On 10 March {{TA|3019|n}}, the signal was given and Minas Morgul was emptied. The Witch-king rode at the head of the army in black, upon a black horse, as he had in the time of the wars of Angmar. As the Witch-king passed out of the gates of the dead city, he sensed the presence of Frodo. He was disturbed, but continued on through Ithilien.<br />
<br />
With the Witch-king in command, [[Osgiliath]] soon fell.<ref name="Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref> The defeat was attributed to his superior numbers, and his terrible presence which made all hearts to quail. The [[Rammas Echor]] was breached, and the [[Pelennor Fields]] were overrun. Other wraiths he sent out mounted on [[Fell beasts]]. [[Faramir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Denethor|Denethor II]]'s son, was wounded by a dart and the [[Black Breath|black breath]], but his company was saved by a sortie. Then the Witch-king laid siege to [[Minas Tirith]] itself, sending fire and the heads of the dead Gondorians into the city via catapults. Then he launched the assault.<br />
<br />
He sent [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] out first, accompanying it in person so as to be the first to enter the city. Three times Grond struck the gate, empowered by the sorcery of the Witch-king. The third time the Gate shattered in a flash of fire. The Witch-king passed into Minas Tirith, but was confronted by Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]]. Gandalf forbade him entry, but the Witch-king laughed and put on a show of power.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set. The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark. From a mouth unseen there came a deadly laughter.<br>'Old fool!' he said. 'Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it? Die now and curse in vain!' And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Siege of Gondor]]}}.<br />
<br />
===The Fall of the Witch-king===<br />
[[File:Nick Deligaris - Éowyn and Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|350px|Nick Deligaris - ''Éowyn and Nazgûl'']]<br />
As Gandalf stood resolute before the Witch-king, the [[Rohirrim]] arrived. Thus he departed, mounting a fell beast and descending upon King [[Théoden]] who led the attack. [[Snowmane]], the King's horse, collapsed with a dart in the side, and Théoden was crushed beneath him. But the rider [[Dernhelm]] defied the Witch-king. The Witch-king threatened Dernhelm with a terrible death, but the rider revealed that she was a woman, [[Éowyn]], and the Witch-king remembered the words of Glorfindel. He hesitated, but then moved forward. Éowyn decapitated the fell beast, but the Witch-king rose and struck her down with his mace, breaking her shield-arm. Then the hobbit [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] stabbed him in the sinew of his leg with the [[Daggers of Westernesse|blade of Westernesse]] (though there was much pain in Meriadoc's arm afterward), as he drew back to kill the woman. Then Éowyn rose and drove her sword through where his invisible head was, and the sword broke as his crown toppled. The Witch-king gave a great and horrible wail, perishing at last.<ref name="Pelennor">{{RK|Battle}}</ref><br />
<br />
So the prophecy of Glorfindel was fulfilled, for the Witch-king did not fall at the hands of a man, but at the hands of [[Éowyn|a woman]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|a hobbit]]. With his defeat, and the coming of Aragorn II in the black ships, the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] was lost by Sauron.<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
* Witch-king of Angmar - "Witch" most likely coming from his background in sorcery, and "king" after his establishment of the realm of Angmar in 1300.<br />
* Witch-lord of Angmar - A variant of the above title.<br />
* Lord of the Nazgûl<br />
* Lord of the Ringwraiths<br />
* Chieftain of the Ringwraiths<br />
* Lord of the Nine Riders<br />
* King of the Nine Riders<br />
* Wraith-lord<br />
* Wraith-king<br />
* High Nazgûl<br />
* Lord of Morgul<br />
* Morgul-lord<br />
* King of Minas Morgul<br />
* Black Captain<br />
* Captain of Despair<br />
* [[Dwimmerlaik]]<br />
* Lord of Carrion<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
While in modern English ''witch'' has mostly female connotations, referring to a hag or sorceress, in middle-English ''wicche'' had no gender distinction; the preference of ''witch'' for female persons (the males referred more usually as ''wizzards'') evolved later through the centuries. <br />
<br />
Tolkien uses the archaic, gender-unspecific meaning of the term; of course, the word [[Wizards|Wizard]] refers exclusively to the [[Maiar]] [[Istari]].<br />
<br />
==Inspirations==<br />
An undead witch-king named ''Þráinn'' appears in ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrómundar_saga_Gripssonar Hrómundar saga Gripssonar]''. It is possible that this was Tolkien's source of inspiration.<br />
<br />
The prophecy that the Witch-king would fall "not by the hand of man" and the fulfillment of the prophecy occurring as a technicality (being slain by a hobbit and a woman) bears a striking resemblance to the prophecy regarding the title character's death in Shakespeare's Macbeth, where it was foretold that Macbeth will be slain "not by man born of woman" and is then killed by Macduff, born by caesarian section. Tolkien was familiar with the play, having reputedly taken inspiration for the Last March of the Ents from the same source (See article ''[[Ents]]'' for details).<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations == <br />
The Witch-king's true name is never given, and therefore among [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]], the Witch-king is often simply called ''Angmar'', after the name of the realm he founded and led. It is possible that he was one of the three [[Black Númenóreans]] Tolkien stated had become Nazgûl, or possibly [[Isilmo]], a Númenórean prince and father of Tar-Minastir. This possibility was adopted by the now defunct [[Middle-earth Role Playing]] game and [[Mithril Miniatures]] where he is named ''Er-Murazor'', a Númenórean prince and younger son of [[Tar-Ciryatan]]. <br />
<center><gallery><br />
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Witch-King.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]</center><br />
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Witch-king.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''</center><br />
File:Witchking ea rotk.jpg|<center>The Witch-king from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]</center><br />
File:The Lord of the Rings online Shadows of Angmar - Witch-king 1.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''</center><br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Witch-king of Angmar.png|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''</center><br />
</gallery></center><br />
===Films===<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown with no distinction from the other [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]; all are robed in brown and black, and none seem to be able to talk clearly.<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is portrayed as a humanoid figure with no head. Red eyes glare under a golden crown. His dialogue is more or less as in the books, albeit in a strange and somewhat unfitting electronic voice. After a stab from behind by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], [[Éowyn]] beheads him. It is worthy of note that the Witch-king is seen with the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] as his emblem and faction, rather than the grim moon of [[Minas Morgul]]. <br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is called the "Witch-king of [[Angmar]]", the "Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]", and the "Greatest of the Nine" by [[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''; however, no other mention of the kingdom of Angmar itself is made. Also, in that film, there is no mention of [[Glorfindel]]'s prophecy; there is only a claim among the enemy that "no man can kill" the Witch-king. Like the other Nazgûl, he is depicted as a humanoid figure shrouded in a hooded black robe; his only distinguishing feature is a mask-like spiked helmet with a huge mouth. His first mention is when Gandalf tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] while in Minas Tirith that the Dark Lord has not yet revealed his "deadliest" servant: the Witch-king, the one that "stabbed [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] on [[Weathertop]]". <br />
<br />
:During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Witch-king's army uses the ram [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] to break through the city gates early in the battle (after the failure of a lesser ram), and the Witch-king is not present to confront Gandalf as he is in the book. The confrontation takes place later, as Pippin and Gandalf race to the tombs to save [[Faramir]], and the Witch-king intercepts them. Unlike in the book, this meeting decisively favors the Witch-king, who breaks Gandalf's staff and throws the wizard to the ground before leaving to deal with the arrival of the [[Rohirrim]]. Gandalf's face shows obvious fear in this scene, in comparison to the resolution (for "victory or death") in the books.<br />
<br />
:The Witch-king's final stand on the battlefield occurs with less dialogue than in the book, and the weapons used to defeat him are both mundane: Merry's sword is not a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] from the [[Barrow-downs]], but rather the Rohirric sword that [[Théoden]] had as a child. This does makes it somewhat confusing in the film wether or not the Witch-King was truly destroyed in this fight like in the book, or wether we was temporarily incompacitated (like at the ford of Bruinen) and later perished along with his other fellow Nazgul due to the One Ring's destruction.<br />
<br />
:Eight actors are known to have played some part of the Witch-king. <br />
# An unidentified extra portrayed the "King of Men" in the prologue. He was chosen to be the Witch-king simply because he was the smallest of the nine.<br />
# [[Shane Rangi]] did the horse chase. <br />
# [[Fran Walsh]] provided the "Ringwraith scream".<br />
# Effects technician Ben Price played the Witch-king in "many scenes"<ref>http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/07/072904lotrwetaprops.html</ref><br />
# [[Brent McIntyre]] is officially credited as the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. He stabbed Frodo.<br />
# [[Lawrence Makoare]] filled the robe of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.<br />
# [[Mark Ferguson]] filled the heavy armoured costume when Makoare felt claustrophobic.<ref>http://www.markferguson.net/articles/interview_Nautilus20.html</ref><br />
# [[Andy Serkis]] provided the voice of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.<br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series) ]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is mentioned to have been defeated years ago, and his body sealed by the "Men of the North" in a very deep and dark tomb in the "[[High Fells of Rhudaur]]". His [[wraith]], apparently summoned by the [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]], is encountered by [[Radagast]] in the ruins of [[Dol Guldur]], but the [[Wizards|Wizard]] fends him off and salvages the Witch-king's [[Morgul-knife|Morgul blade]] in the struggle.<br />
<br />
:In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven [[Mordor]] by [[Galadriel]] and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], [[Sauron|his master]] also eventually following suit.<br />
<br />
===Radio series===<br />
'''1956: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The Black Captain is played by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1727">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1727, [[14 December|December 14]], [[1956]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The role of The Lord of the Nazgul, as he is always credited in this production, is expanded with material from ''[[The Hunt for the Ring]]''. He is the second speaking character in the series: he is the one who captures [[Gollum]], though he is not identified as such until the credits. [[Philip Voss]] provided the voice for The Lord of the Nazgul.<br />
<br />
===Games===<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown without distinction of the other Nazgûl.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king's role and voice are similar to that of the film, but his appearance is different. An early helmet design, that had been removed from the film because it resembled [[Sauron]]'s helm too much, was used here, presumably because there was no time to make a new character model.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Witch-King is one the main "Hero" units for the Servants of Sauron, his signature ability is being able to turn Wights into Nazgûl. The evil campaign storyline shows him reclaiming Dol Guldur for Sauron.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Witch-King is a "Hero" unit for Mordor faction. He is an airborne unit riding on a Fell Beast and one of the strongest units in the game.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:In addition to his appearance from the first game, the Witch-King can now also dismount and become a landscape unit armed with a mace. <br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king is a non-playable character present in several scenes. His most memorable appearance takes place in the Great Barrow within the Barrow-Downs. There are also multiple references to him in quest dialogue, the most notable is that the Witch-King for whatever reason cannot return to rule [[Carn Dum]] and instead has erected a Steward named [[Mordirith]] to rule in his place, in mockery of the Stewards of Gondor.<br />
<br />
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''<br />
:In the campaign for the "Evil" side, the Witch-King is revived by other Nazgûl after Sauron reclaims The One Ring.<br />
<br />
''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king appears in a flashback of the playable characters during the prologue of the game. He and the other [[Nazgûl]] attack and destroy the [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]] camp at [[Sarn Ford]]. Shortly after he speaks with [[Agandaûr]], who explains that he has assembled an army in [[Fornost]]. The Witch-king commands him to return and attack immediately, to aid in the [[Hunt of the Ring]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</reF><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*'''[[:Category:Images of the Witch-king|Images of the Witch-king]]'''<br />
*[[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Featured Articles]]<br />
[[Category:Nazgûl]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Der Hexenkönig von Angmar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/roi-sorcier]]<br />
[[fi:Noitakuningas]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Witch-king&diff=302067Witch-king2018-12-17T04:10:40Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Early Power in Angmar */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{footnotes}}<br />
{{evil infobox<br />
| name=The Witch-king of Angmar<br />
| image=[[File:Melissa Hitchcock - The Black Captain.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Black Captain" by [[:Category:Images by Melissa Hitchcock|Melissa Hitchcock]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Black Captain, Chief of the Nine, Lord of Minas Morgul<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]<br />
| location=[[Angmar]]<br/>[[Minas Morgul]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Sauron]]<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[Second Age]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=[[15 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]<br />
| age=4200+<br />
| notablefor=[[Arnor#The Fall of Arthedain|Fall of Arnor]]<br/>Establishing [[Angmar]]<br/>Fall of [[Minas Ithil]] and [[Osgiliath]]<br/>Deaths of [[Eärnur]], [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], and [[Théoden]]<br/>Stabbing [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] (early)<br/>[[Nazgûl|Ringwraith]] (later)<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tallest of the Nazgûl<br />
| hair=Gleaming<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Crown<br />
| weapons=[[Morgul-knife]]; [[Black Breath]]; A great black mace<br />
| steed=Black horse<br />
| gallery=the Witch-king<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl. A great black shape against the fires beyond he loomed up, grown to a vast menace of despair. In rode the Lord of the Nazgûl, under the archway that no enemy ever yet had passed, and all fled before his face.|"[[The Siege of Gondor]]"<ref name="Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref>}}<br />
The '''Witch-king of Angmar''' was the chief of the [[Nazgûl]], King of [[Angmar]] and [[Sauron]]’s great captain in his wars. A [[Wraiths|wraith]], the Witch-king of Angmar was nearly indestructible, a terrifying warrior, and a cunning strategist.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Some time after Sauron seized the [[Rings of Power]] in the [[Sack of Eregion]], {{SA|1697}} he gave [[Nine Rings|nine of them]] to [[Men|Mannish]] kings, sorcerers and other warriors.<ref>{{S|Rings}}, p. 289</ref> With the power of their rings, the Nine achieved glory and grew wealthy, but they eventually started hating life as they were slowly drawn under Sauron’s dominion. In the end, they all became the dreadful [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]].<br />
<br />
The one later known as the Witch-king was one of these, likely one of the unnamed three lords of [[Númenor]] to take the rings.<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}, p. 267, Ballantine Books p. 320</ref> <ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]], p. 20</ref> He first appeared in the histories as a Ringwraith in {{SA|2251}}. Being the most powerful of the Nazgûl, he became their chief and the most feared servant of his master Sauron.<br />
<br />
When [[Mordor]] fell in {{SA|3441}}, the Nazgûl vanished into the shadows and were not heard of again for a long time.<ref name="appendixB">{{App|B}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Early Power in Angmar===<br />
More than a thousand years later, in c. {{TA|1050|n}} of the [[Third Age]], [[Sauron]] began to rebuild his power in [[Dol Guldur]]. In c. {{TA|1300|n}} his Nazgûl also reappeared and the Witch-king established his realm, [[Angmar]], in the north.<ref name="appendixB">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]</ref> His capital was [[Carn Dûm]], on the northernmost peak of the [[Misty Mountains]]. He summoned men, [[orcs]] and other creatures of evil inclination to his banner. No one knew that he was actually a servant of the long-dormant [[Sauron]] and few that he was a wraith.<ref name="AppA">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 320 </ref><br />
<br />
In the north, disunity plagued the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Arnor]]. They had divided into three kingdoms: [[Cardolan]], [[Rhudaur]] and [[Arthedain]], and were constantly at war with one another.<ref name="AppA">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), Houghton Mifflin p. 320 </ref> The Witch-king saw the North-kingdom of Arnor as more vulnerable than the South-kingdom of Gondor.<ref name="Malvegil">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194 </ref> He played upon their opposition, sending in infiltrators and taking over the hearts of the men of that land. By {{TA|1349|n}}, the government of Rhudaur was controlled by men secretly in his service,<ref name="Malvegil">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Malvegil]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 193-194</ref> and he secretly aided them in their wars against the other kingdoms.<ref name="Argeleb">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Argeleb I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194</ref> He then struck at a time of great hostility among the three, in {{TA|1409|n}}. Rhudaur in the east fell first, and most of the Dúnedain there were hunted down and slaughtered by sorcerers.<ref name="Arveleg">[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], [[The Heirs of Elendil]], entry for [[Arveleg I]], [[HarperCollins]] p. 194 </ref> Cardolan was ravaged and the tower of [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]], held by the men of Arthedain, was placed under siege. King [[Arveleg I]] was slain and the tower was destroyed, but the coveted ''[[Amon Sûl-stone|palantír]]'' escaped in the hands of the surviving men of Arthedain and was brought to [[Fornost]].<ref name="Palantiri16">[[Unfinished Tales]], [[The Palantíri]], note 16, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 413 </ref><br />
<br />
The Witch-king continued to press the men of Arthedain, laying siege to Fornost, and he might have taken over all of Arnor in that one offensive. But [[Araphor]], the 18-year-old son of Arveleg, came to leadership and, with the help of the ancient elf [[Círdan]] of [[Lindon]], repelled the Witch-king’s forces at Fornost and the [[North Downs]].<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> [[Elrond]] brought an army of [[Elves]] from [[Rivendell]] and [[Lothlórien]], and the Witch-king was pushed back and subdued.<br />
<br />
===Twilight of Angmar===<br />
The Witch-king sat silent in Carn Dûm, rebuilding his armies and preparing for a final assault on [[Arthedain]], last of the Arnorian kingdoms. The [[Dark Plague]] came and went in {{TA|1636|n}}, taking with it the last of the Dúnedain of [[Cardolan]]. The Witch-king sent [[barrow-wights]] to inhabit the barrows in [[Barrow-downs|Tyrn Gorthad]].<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> In {{TA|1974|n}}, he felt that his power was sufficiently restored to begin the advance.<br />
<br />
His attack was sudden, but not unexpected. King [[Arvedui]] sent a message to King [[Eärnil II]] of [[Gondor]] the year before, but help did not arrive in time. [[Fornost]] fell, and the Witch-king took up residence there in the palace.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> Arvedui held out as best as he might on the [[North Downs]], but at last fled north with the treasured ''[[palantíri]]'' of [[Amon Sûl-stone|Amon Sûl]] and [[Annúminas-stone|Annúminas]]. He would not return, for he perished in a shipwreck in {{TA|1975|n}}. With him the ''palantíri'' were lost forever in the icy seas of [[Forod]]. The already-diminished North-kingdom ended, and [[Arnor]] fell.<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, a coalition in the south had formed. Eärnil sent his son, [[Eärnur]], north with a great fleet, all that Gondor could spare. They arrived at [[Lindon]] and joined with the folk of Círdan. Círdan summoned all that would come: surviving Dúnedain of Arnor and elves of Lindon.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> Even a company of [[Hobbits|hobbit]] archers went to their aide.<ref name="ten">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iii), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 321-322</ref> The Witch-king had grown overconfident and, instead of staying behind his fortifications, initiated the attack. The [[Battle of Fornost]] was fought on the plain between [[Nenuial]] and the North Downs. The Witch-king may not have anticipated the strength brought against him, but for whatever reason the alliance gained the upper hand. His army began to fall back toward Fornost, but Eärnur’s magnificent horsemen struck from the north and the Witch-king was routed.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref> <br />
<br />
He decided to flee to Angmar and the safety of Carn Dûm, but the cavalry, with Eärnur himself in the lead, overtook him. Moreover, the ranks of the allies swelled, as an army of elves from [[Rivendell]] came led by the mighty hero of old, [[Glorfindel]]. Angmar was purged of men and orcs, and all seemed lost for the Witch-king in the face of such numbers. But the Witch-king himself came at the last, robed and masked in black and riding a black horse, and attempted to kill Eärnur with his own hands. But Eärnur’s horse shied away and fled, and the Witch-king laughed. But Glorfindel came on his white horse, and faced with such power the Witch-king fled. He vanished into the shadows and no-one marked where he had gone.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref><br />
<br />
Eärnur wanted to pursue, but Glorfindel held him back and made his famous prophecy.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|He will not return to this land. Far off yet is his doom, and not by the hand of man will he fall.|Glorfindel, ''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[Appendix A]] (iv)}}<br />
<br />
===Lord of Minas Morgul===<br />
The Witch-king escaped to [[Mordor]], and gathered the other Ringwraiths about him in {{TA|1980|n}}.<ref name="appendixB">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix B]]</ref> Angmar and Carn Dûm were lost, and so in {{TA|2000|n}} the Witch-king began a two-year siege of [[Minas Ithil]], eventually capturing the place and turning it into his residence. It was renamed [[Minas Morgul]], and the ''[[Ithil-stone|palantír]]'' was sent to Sauron. The Witch-king sent an aura of fear in [[Gondor]], and much of [[Ithilien]] was deserted.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref><br />
<br />
Eärnur succeeded his father as King of Gondor, and still held the Witch-king in especial hostility due to his humiliation at the Battle of Fornost. The year of his coronation the Witch-king sent him a taunting challenge, but [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]] the steward restrained Eärnur from rash action. Seven years later the challenge was repeated, and Eärnur rode with a small escort to Minas Morgul. None that rode thither ever returned, and there was no longer a King in Gondor.<ref name="eleven">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] pp. 331-332</ref><br />
<br />
After this the Witch-king bided his time. He and the Nazgûl built up their armies, including the terrible new orc-race of [[uruks]]. In {{TA|2475|n}} he sent them out to capture [[Osgiliath]], which they did successfully. They were driven out by [[Boromir (Steward of Gondor)|Boromir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] of [[Gondor]], but Osgiliath now lay completely in ruins. Boromir went on to retake Ithilien, so that even the Witch-king feared him. But he was killed by a Morgul-wound, and so his rule was but twelve years.<ref name="twelve">[[The Lord of the Rings]], [[Appendix A]] (iv), [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 333</ref><br />
<br />
===Hunt for the Ring===<br />
Sauron declared himself openly in {{TA|2951|n}}, and sent three of his Ringwraiths to [[Dol Guldur]] (though the Witch-king was left in Minas Morgul). Then, by lucky chance, the creature [[Gollum]] was captured and interrogated. Under torture, the wretched creature revealed the tale of [[the One Ring]] and how it came to be in his possession. But from his words Sauron misunderstod that the land of the hobbits who stole the Ring was on the banks of the [[Gladden River]], whence Gollum originally came from.<ref name="thirteen">{{UT|Hunt}}, [[Houghton Mifflin]] p. 338-341</ref> Sauron sent the Nine, under the leadership of the Witch-king, invisible and uncloaked, to search for the Ring after the assault of Osgiliath.<br />
<br />
[[Khamûl]], the Witch-king’s lieutenant, reported that he was unable to find the “[[the Shire|Shire]]” in the vales of [[Anduin]]. The Witch-king was determined to search north and west until Gollum was found, or the Shire. But plans were halted when Sauron received word of the prophecy in Gondor and the doings of the turncoat [[Saruman]], and concluded that the Wise did not yet have possession of the Ring. He sent the Ringwraiths to [[Isengard]] in the form of [[Nazgûl|Black Riders]], too late to prevent the escape of the captured wizard [[Gandalf]], but had words with Saruman. Saruman, already a traitor to both sides due to his transparent lust for the Ring, fortified himself in Isengard. The Witch-king did not have enough power with him to assault Saruman in his great fortress, but had words with him. Saruman convinced the Witch-king that Gandalf alone knew where the Shire and the Ring was, and so the Nine passed into [[Rohan]] in search of him.<ref name="thirteen"/><br />
<br />
They came upon the traitor called [[Gríma|Wormtongue]] and questioned him. The terrified man told them everything he knew; that Gandalf had passed through Rohan, where the Shire was, and even that Saruman had lied to them. The Witch-king spared Wormtongue’s life, foreseeing that Wormtongue would bring ruin to Saruman. He divided his wraiths into four pairs, and went with the swiftest to [[Minhiriath]]. Along the way they captured several spies of Saruman, and found to their delight charts and maps of the Shire. They sent along the spy to [[Bree]], warning them that they now belonged to Mordor, not Saruman.<ref name="thirteen"/><br />
<br />
They came to [[Sarn Ford]], but the [[Dúnedain]] [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] prevented them from crossing. They sent for their great captain, the chieftain [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]], who alone could well resist the wraiths, but he was away, and the Ringwraiths captured the ford and killed many of the Rangers.<ref name="thirteen"/> The Witch-king sent three Ringwraiths under Khamûl into the Shire while he went east with the others.<ref name="appendixB">{{App|B}}</ref> But they had come too late: the Ring had moved on in the hands of a hobbit, [[Frodo Baggins]].<br />
<br />
===Pursuit of the Ring===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Fire on Weathertop.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Fire on Weathertop'']]Khamûl was unsuccessful, but brought word from the spy they had spared in Bree. The man had witnessed a vanishing act on Frodo's part, and had organized an attack on the inn. The Witch-king guessed that Frodo would head east, and sent four wraiths to [[Weathertop]], the ruins of the tower he had destroyed long ago. He went south along the [[Greenway]] and discovered nothing. Gandalf followed them, but the Witch-king let him slip ahead, and attacked him on Weathertop. Gandalf escaped at dawn, and again the Witch-king divided his force and sent four after the wizard.<br />
<br />
The Ring walked almost right into his hands. The captain of the Dúnedain, Aragorn II, had become the guide of the hobbits, and led them to Weathertop, where they were spotted and attacked. The Witch-king advanced on Frodo, and the terrified hobbit put on the Ring, seeing them as they truly were. When Frodo resisted, and invoked the name of [[Varda|Elbereth]], the Witch-king stabbed Frodo in the shoulder. The tip of his blade broke off and sent poison through the hobbit’s veins. Then Aragorn counterattacked with flaming brands. The Witch-king departed with the other Nazgûl, believing that his objective was completed.<br />
<br />
He resumed the pursuit quickly, though, and found that Khamûl had been driven from the [[Last Bridge]] by his old enemy [[Glorfindel]]. The Witch-king, who only had one companion with him, was likewise unable to confront him openly. They regrouped and went south, rejoining with the other four. They managed to pick up the trail of the company of the Ring, and despite hindrance from Glorfindel and Aragorn managed to pursue Frodo alone on [[Asfaloth]]. The pursuit came to the [[Ford of Bruinen]], and there Frodo compelled the horse to stop. The Witch-king saw his defiance and laughed, breaking his sword with a movement of his hand. But the waters of the [[Bruinen]] rose at [[Elrond]]'s command, sweeping the Nine downstream.<ref name="fourteen">[[The Fellowship of the Ring]], [[Flight to the Ford]]</ref><br />
<br />
===War of the Ring===<br />
[[File:Angus McBride - Gandalf facing Witch-king.gif|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Gandalf facing the Witch-king'']]<br />
The Witch-king took the only surviving horse back to [[Mordor]], arriving there in December. He then sent aid to the other eight Nazgûl, and they returned in secret. In [[Minas Morgul]] they prepared for a grand invasion of [[Gondor]] at the order of their master. The Witch-king was given by Sauron added "demonic" force.<ref name="fifteen">[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Letter 210]], p. 272</ref> On 10 March {{TA|3019|n}}, the signal was given and Minas Morgul was emptied. The Witch-king rode at the head of the army in black, upon a black horse, as he had in the time of the wars of Angmar. As the Witch-king passed out of the gates of the dead city, he sensed the presence of Frodo. He was disturbed, but continued on through Ithilien.<br />
<br />
With the Witch-king in command, [[Osgiliath]] soon fell.<ref name="Siege">{{RK|Siege}}</ref> The defeat was attributed to his superior numbers, and his terrible presence which made all hearts to quail. The [[Rammas Echor]] was breached, and the [[Pelennor Fields]] were overrun. Other wraiths he sent out mounted on [[Fell beasts]]. [[Faramir]], [[Ruling Steward|Steward]] [[Denethor|Denethor II]]'s son, was wounded by a dart and the [[Black Breath|black breath]], but his company was saved by a sortie. Then the Witch-king laid siege to [[Minas Tirith]] itself, sending fire and the heads of the dead Gondorians into the city via catapults. Then he launched the assault.<br />
<br />
He sent [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] out first, accompanying it in person so as to be the first to enter the city. Three times Grond struck the gate, empowered by the sorcery of the Witch-king. The third time the Gate shattered in a flash of fire. The Witch-king passed into Minas Tirith, but was confronted by Gandalf on [[Shadowfax]]. Gandalf forbade him entry, but the Witch-king laughed and put on a show of power.<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The Black Rider flung back his hood, and behold! he had a kingly crown; and yet upon no head visible was it set. The red fires shone between it and the mantled shoulders vast and dark. From a mouth unseen there came a deadly laughter.<br>'Old fool!' he said. 'Old fool! This is my hour. Do you not know Death when you see it? Die now and curse in vain!' And with that he lifted high his sword and flames ran down the blade.|''[[The Return of the King]]'', [[The Siege of Gondor]]}}.<br />
<br />
===The Fall of the Witch-king===<br />
[[File:Nick Deligaris - Éowyn and Nazgûl.jpg|thumb|350px|Nick Deligaris - ''Éowyn and Nazgûl'']]<br />
As Gandalf stood resolute before the Witch-king, the [[Rohirrim]] arrived. Thus he departed, mounting a fell beast and descending upon King [[Théoden]] who led the attack. [[Snowmane]], the King's horse, collapsed with a dart in the side, and Théoden was crushed beneath him. But the rider [[Dernhelm]] defied the Witch-king. The Witch-king threatened Dernhelm with a terrible death, but the rider revealed that she was a woman, [[Éowyn]], and the Witch-king remembered the words of Glorfindel. He hesitated, but then moved forward. Éowyn decapitated the fell beast, but the Witch-king rose and struck her down with his mace, breaking her shield-arm. Then the hobbit [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] stabbed him in the sinew of his leg with the [[Daggers of Westernesse|blade of Westernesse]] (though there was much pain in Meriadoc's arm afterward), as he drew back to kill the woman. Then Éowyn rose and drove her sword through where his invisible head was, and the sword broke as his crown toppled. The Witch-king gave a great and horrible wail, perishing at last.<ref name="Pelennor">{{RK|Battle}}</ref><br />
<br />
So the prophecy of Glorfindel was fulfilled, for the Witch-king did not fall at the hands of a man, but at the hands of [[Éowyn|a woman]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|a hobbit]]. With his defeat, and the coming of Aragorn II in the black ships, the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]] was lost by Sauron.<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
* Witch-king of Angmar - "Witch" most likely coming from his background in sorcery, and "king" after his establishment of the realm of Angmar in 1300.<br />
* Witch-lord of Angmar - A variant of the above title.<br />
* Lord of the Nazgûl<br />
* Lord of the Ringwraiths<br />
* Chieftain of the Ringwraiths<br />
* Lord of the Nine Riders<br />
* King of the Nine Riders<br />
* Wraith-lord<br />
* Wraith-king<br />
* High Nazgûl<br />
* Lord of Morgul<br />
* Morgul-lord<br />
* King of Minas Morgul<br />
* Black Captain<br />
* Captain of Despair<br />
* [[Dwimmerlaik]]<br />
* Lord of Carrion<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
While in modern English ''witch'' has mostly female connotations, referring to a hag or sorceress, in middle-English ''wicche'' had no gender distinction; the preference of ''witch'' for female persons (the males referred more usually as ''wizzards'') evolved later through the centuries. <br />
<br />
Tolkien uses the archaic, gender-unspecific meaning of the term; of course, the word [[Wizards|Wizard]] refers exclusively to the [[Maiar]] [[Istari]].<br />
<br />
==Inspirations==<br />
An undead witch-king named ''Þráinn'' appears in ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrómundar_saga_Gripssonar Hrómundar saga Gripssonar]''. It is possible that this was Tolkien's source of inspiration.<br />
<br />
The prophecy that the Witch-king would fall "not by the hand of man" and the fulfillment of the prophecy occurring as a technicality (being slain by a hobbit and a woman) bears a striking resemblance to the prophecy regarding the title character's death in Shakespeare's Macbeth, where it was foretold that Macbeth will be slain "not by man born of woman" and is then killed by Macduff, born by caesarian section. Tolkien was familiar with the play, having reputedly taken inspiration for the Last March of the Ents from the same source (See article ''[[Ents]]'' for details).<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations == <br />
The Witch-king's true name is never given, and therefore among [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]], the Witch-king is often simply called ''Angmar'', after the name of the realm he founded and led. It is possible that he was one of the three [[Black Númenóreans]] Tolkien stated had become Nazgûl, or possibly [[Isilmo]], a Númenórean prince and father of Tar-Minastir. This possibility was adopted by the now defunct [[Middle-earth Role Playing]] game and [[Mithril Miniatures]] where he is named ''Er-Murazor'', a Númenórean prince and younger son of [[Tar-Ciryatan]]. <br />
<center><gallery><br />
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Witch-King.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]</center><br />
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Witch-king.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''</center><br />
File:Witchking ea rotk.jpg|<center>The Witch-king from [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]</center><br />
File:The Lord of the Rings online Shadows of Angmar - Witch-king 1.jpg|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''</center><br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Witch-king of Angmar.png|<center>The Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''</center><br />
</gallery></center><br />
===Films===<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown with no distinction from the other [[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]; all are robed in brown and black, and none seem to be able to talk clearly.<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is portrayed as a humanoid figure with no head. Red eyes glare under a golden crown. His dialogue is more or less as in the books, albeit in a strange and somewhat unfitting electronic voice. After a stab from behind by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], [[Éowyn]] beheads him. It is worthy of note that the Witch-king is seen with the [[Red Eye]] of [[Barad-dûr]] as his emblem and faction, rather than the grim moon of [[Minas Morgul]]. <br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is called the "Witch-king of [[Angmar]]", the "Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]", and the "Greatest of the Nine" by [[Gandalf]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''; however, no other mention of the kingdom of Angmar itself is made. Also, in that film, there is no mention of [[Glorfindel]]'s prophecy; there is only a claim among the enemy that "no man can kill" the Witch-king. Like the other Nazgûl, he is depicted as a humanoid figure shrouded in a hooded black robe; his only distinguishing feature is a mask-like spiked helmet with a huge mouth. His first mention is when Gandalf tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] while in Minas Tirith that the Dark Lord has not yet revealed his "deadliest" servant: the Witch-king, the one that "stabbed [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] on [[Weathertop]]". <br />
<br />
:During the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], the Witch-king's army uses the ram [[Grond (battering ram)|Grond]] to break through the city gates early in the battle (after the failure of a lesser ram), and the Witch-king is not present to confront Gandalf as he is in the book. The confrontation takes place later, as Pippin and Gandalf race to the tombs to save [[Faramir]], and the Witch-king intercepts them. Unlike in the book, this meeting decisively favors the Witch-king, who breaks Gandalf's staff and throws the wizard to the ground before leaving to deal with the arrival of the [[Rohirrim]]. Gandalf's face shows obvious fear in this scene, in comparison to the resolution (for "victory or death") in the books.<br />
<br />
:The Witch-king's final stand on the battlefield occurs with less dialogue than in the book, and the weapons used to defeat him are both mundane: Merry's sword is not a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] from the [[Barrow-downs]], but rather the Rohirric sword that [[Théoden]] had as a child. This does makes it somewhat confusing in the film wether or not the Witch-King was truly destroyed in this fight like in the book, or wether we was temporarily incompacitated (like at the ford of Bruinen) and later perished along with his other fellow Nazgul due to the One Ring's destruction.<br />
<br />
:Eight actors are known to have played some part of the Witch-king. <br />
# An unidentified extra portrayed the "King of Men" in the prologue. He was chosen to be the Witch-king simply because he was the smallest of the nine.<br />
# [[Shane Rangi]] did the horse chase. <br />
# [[Fran Walsh]] provided the "Ringwraith scream".<br />
# Effects technician Ben Price played the Witch-king in "many scenes"<ref>http://www.decipher.com/content/2004/07/072904lotrwetaprops.html</ref><br />
# [[Brent McIntyre]] is officially credited as the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. He stabbed Frodo.<br />
# [[Lawrence Makoare]] filled the robe of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''.<br />
# [[Mark Ferguson]] filled the heavy armoured costume when Makoare felt claustrophobic.<ref>http://www.markferguson.net/articles/interview_Nautilus20.html</ref><br />
# [[Andy Serkis]] provided the voice of the Witch-king in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''.<br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series) ]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is mentioned to have been defeated years ago, and his body sealed by the "Men of the North" in a very deep and dark tomb in the "[[High Fells of Rhudaur]]". His [[wraith]], apparently summoned by the [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]], is encountered by [[Radagast]] in the ruins of [[Dol Guldur]], but the [[Wizards|Wizard]] fends him off and salvages the Witch-king's [[Morgul-knife|Morgul blade]] in the struggle.<br />
<br />
:In the [[Attack on Dol Guldur]], The Witch-King, along with the other Nazgûl, participates by fighting [[Saruman]] and [[Elrond]], members of the [[White Council]]. In the end, he and the other Nine are driven [[Mordor]] by [[Galadriel]] and her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], [[Sauron|his master]] also eventually following suit.<br />
<br />
===Radio series===<br />
'''1956: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The Black Captain is played by [[Felix Felton]].<ref name="RT1727">Radio Times, Volume 133, No. 1727, [[14 December|December 14]], [[1956]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The role of The Lord of the Nazgul, as he is always credited in this production, is expanded with material from ''[[The Hunt for the Ring]]''. He is the second speaking character in the series: he is the one who captures [[Gollum]], though he is not identified as such until the credits. [[Philip Voss]] provided the voice for The Lord of the Nazgul.<br />
<br />
===Games===<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:The Witch-king is shown without distinction of the other Nazgûl.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king's role and voice are similar to that of the film, but his appearance is different. An early helmet design, that had been removed from the film because it resembled [[Sauron]]'s helm too much, was used here, presumably because there was no time to make a new character model.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Witch-King is one the main "Hero" units for the Servants of Sauron, his signature ability is being able to turn Wights into Nazgûl. The evil campaign storyline shows him reclaiming Dol Guldur for Sauron.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Witch-King is a "Hero" unit for Mordor faction. He is an airborne unit riding on a Fell Beast and one of the strongest units in the game.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:In addition to his appearance from the first game, the Witch-King can now also dismount and become a landscape unit armed with a mace. <br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king is a non-playable character present in several scenes. His most memorable appearance takes place in the Great Barrow within the Barrow-Downs. There are also multiple references to him in quest dialogue, the most notable is that the Witch-King for whatever reason cannot return to rule [[Carn Dum]] and instead has erected a Steward named [[Mordirith]] to rule in his place, in mockery of the Stewards of Gondor.<br />
<br />
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''<br />
:In the campaign for the "Evil" side, the Witch-King is revived by other Nazgûl after Sauron reclaims The One Ring.<br />
<br />
''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:The Witch-king appears in a flashback of the playable characters during the prologue of the game. He and the other [[Nazgûl]] attack and destroy the [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]] camp at [[Sarn Ford]]. Shortly after he speaks with [[Agandaûr]], who explains that he has assembled an army in [[Fornost]]. The Witch-king commands him to return and attack immediately, to aid in the [[Hunt of the Ring]].<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], ''Prologue''</reF><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*'''[[:Category:Images of the Witch-king|Images of the Witch-king]]'''<br />
*[[Nazgûl|Ringwraiths]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Featured Articles]]<br />
[[Category:Nazgûl]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Der Hexenkönig von Angmar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/nazgul/roi-sorcier]]<br />
[[fi:Noitakuningas]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Lossoth&diff=301710Lossoth2018-11-28T13:21:18Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{people infobox<br />
| name=Lossoth<br />
| image=[[File:Liz Danforth - Lossoth.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:Liz Danforth - Lossoth.jpg|Lossoth]]" by [[Liz Danforth]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Snowmen<br />
| origin=Descendants of the [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]]<br />
| location=[[Cape of Forochel]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=language of the [[Lossoth]], [[Westron]]<br />
| members=<br />
| lifespan=shorter than Númenórean<br />
| distinctions=great adaptability to the cold climate of the north; very primitive culture<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Lossoth''', also called the '''Snowmen of Forochel''',<ref name=SApp>{{S|Appendix}} (entry ''hoth'')</ref> were [[Men]], survivors of the [[Forodwaith (people)|Forodwaith]], the ancient people from the northern lands of [[Middle-earth]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Lossoth are a remnant of the ancient people of Forodwaith, about whom not much can be known. It can be assumed that the Lossoth flourished well outside the Númenórean sphere of influence, and they suffered from [[Angmar]], causing their remnants to retreat.<ref name=lalaith>{{webcite|website=Lalaith|author=[[Andreas Moehn]]|articlename=The Lossoth and the Forodwaith|articleurl=http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Lossoth.html}}</ref> They were afraid of the [[Witch-king]], and they believed he could control elements like frost and thaw. At some point, the Lossoth had retreated to the [[Forochel|Cape of Forochel]], inaccessible to hostile peoples who harassed them.<ref name="Eriador"/> <br />
<br />
They entered history near the end of the second millennium of the Third Age, when [[Arvedui]], last [[King of Arthedain]], fled into the north to escape his kingdom's destruction and the Lossoth gave him their aid. In {{TA|1975}}<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref>, when an elven-ship came to rescue him, the exiled King rewarded the Lossoth for their friendship with the [[Ring of Barahir]]. His hosts sensed approaching disaster, and warned Arvedui not to board the ship. Against their advice he did so, and indeed a great storm overwhelmed the vessel and the last King of Arthedain was lost in the cold waters of the far north.<ref name="Eriador"/><br />
<br />
In the later Third Age, the [[Rangers of the North]] learned from the Lossoth the fate of the ship, and also paid to buy back the Ring of Barahir.<ref name="Eriador"/><br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
The Lossoth lived mainly on the Cape of Forochel that enclosed the [[Icebay of Forochel]], but in winter the Bay was frozen over, and they could camp around its southern rim at the feet of the [[Blue Mountains]]. They had a culture well adapted to their icy existence, constructing houses in the snow (possibly similar to igloos), and travelling on sleds and bone skates. Despite this comfortable existence, the Lossoth had a very primitive culture. They were afraid of the weapons that Arvedui and his men had, did not value jewels and could not understand sailing boats.<ref name="Eriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><br />
<br />
An isolated and unfriendly people, they must have had some limited contact with other peoples of the [[Westlands]], as they apparently knew some [[Westron]].<ref name=lalaith/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Loss(h)oth'' is [[Sindarin]] and consists of ''[[loss]]'' ("snow") + ''[[hoth]]''.<ref name=SApp/><br />
<br />
[[Andreas Moehn]] suggests that the word is a collective name, from an outsider's point of view, without knowledge of any tribes or variance of cultures. It seems to be derogatory, as highlighted by the (usually pejorative) ending ''hoth''.<ref name=lalaith/><ref name=SApp/><ref>{{UT|Cirion}} (Note 24)</ref> <br />
==Portrayals in Adaptations==<br />
'''2008: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]'''''<br />
:The Lossoth appear in the zone of the Ice-Bay of Forochel introduced in April [[2008]]. The Lossoth skate on ice and push sledges, and have the ability to tame and ride to war on mammoths. Many aspects of their language, culture, and appearance seem to be derived from or inspired by that of the Finnish, Sami, and Inuit peoples. They call themselves the ''Lumi-väki''. Their chieftain is Yrjänä, who rules from the Great Lodge of Sûri-kylä.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Men]]<br />
[[de:Lossoth]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/hommes/lossoth]]<br />
[[fi:Lossoth]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Belfalas&diff=301709Belfalas2018-11-28T13:17:27Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Belfalas<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=Southern [[Gondor]], west of [[Lebennin]] and north of [[Tolfalas]]<br />
| type=Region<br />
| description=<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=[[Edhellond]], [[Dol Amroth]], [[Linhir]]<br />
| inhabitants=[[Númenóreans]]<ref name="Minas Tirith">{{RK|V1}}</ref><br>[[Gondorians]]<br>[[Sindar]]<br>[[Nandor]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
}}<br />
'''Belfalas''' was a region of southern [[Gondor]], encompassing the coast from the mouth of the [[Anduin]] to [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=VT/> South of the Belfalas lay a great Bay, which was named after it the [[Bay of Belfalas]].<br />
==History==<br />
Belfalas was home to an old [[Elves|Elf]] haven named [[Edhellond]] and [[Dol Amroth]]. Belfalas formed a part of [[Dor-en-Ernil]], or the "Prince's land" referring to the [[Faithful]] Lords who colonized there.<br />
<br />
At the start of the second millennium of the [[Third Age]], a certain [[Imrazôr]] the [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] lived in and ruled over the Belfalas. He married [[Mithrellas]], a [[Silvan Elves|Silvan Elf]] of [[Lothlórien|Lórien]], and their son [[Galador]] became the first [[Prince of Dol Amroth]].<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], the Belfalas was raided by the [[Corsairs of Umbar]], and therefore did not send any men to help defend [[Minas Tirith]], until [[Aragorn]] liberated the coast with the [[Grey Company]], freeing [[Gondor]]'s southern armies to follow him north to relieve [[Minas Tirith]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Belfalas'' consists of ''[[bel]]'' (a [[Pre-Númenórean]] element of unknown meaning) + [[Sindarin]] ''[[falas]]'' ("shore").<ref name=VT>{{VT|42a}}, p. 15</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The Havens of Belfalas were an area in the region of Western [[Gondor]]. They were located south of the [[Blackroot Vale]] via "Tarlang's Crown" and south-west of [[Lamedon]]. The "Emyn Ernil" lay to the east, dividing Belfalas from [[Dor-en-Ernil]]. During March of {{TA|3019}}, the two bridges to the Emyn Ernil were destroyed, preventing direct travel between the two areas through the hills. The capital was [[Dol Amroth]] and other settlements included "Tadrent" and "Ost Lontir". There were two [[Warning beacons of Gondor|beacons]] in Belfalas, on the north edges of the Emyn Ernil: "Amon Lontir" and "Nendath". The small island "Tol Aduial" was in the bay north of Dol Amroth and the larger island "Tol Fennas" was west of Dol Amroth. A reclusive group of [[Elves]], the "Avorrim", kept watch upon the abandoned haven of [[Edhellond]] in secret.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[de:Belfalas]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:geographie:regions:gondor:belfalas]]<br />
[[fi:Belfalas]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Strider_(Aragorn)&diff=301356Strider (Aragorn)2018-10-10T07:31:24Z<p>BalrogTrainer: </p>
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<div>{{disambig-more|Strider|[[Strider (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
[[File:John Howe - Strider.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Strider'']]<br />
'''Strider''', or '''Stick-at-naught Strider''', was a nickname given to [[Aragorn]] by the people of [[Eriador]] (as for example at [[Bree]]) during his time as a [[Rangers of the North|Ranger]]. <br />
<br />
The name seems to refer to the long legs of the Rangers, who were of [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] blood, compared to the shorter-legged [[Bree-landers|Bree-men]]. <br />
<br />
Though Aragorn considered the name scornful, he took it as the name of his royal house: translated into [[Quenya]] as [[Telcontar]].<br />
<br />
Leaving [[Minas Tirith]], [[Frodo Baggins]] jokingly named his [[pony]] "[[Strider (pony)|Strider]]" in order to honor his former companion.<br />
{{title}}<br />
[[Category:Aliases]]<br />
[[Category:Rangers]]<br />
[[fi:Konkari]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Forannest&diff=301355Forannest2018-10-10T07:23:52Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* Etymology */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Forannest''' was the northern gate of the [[Rammas Echor]], the great encircling wall of the [[Pelennor Fields]]. <br />
==History==<br />
It was located in the north-west part of the Rammas and the northern road from [[Minas Tirith]] ran through Forannest joining the [[Great West Road]].<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], [[Gandalf]] and [[Peregrin Took]] passed through the gate which was under the command of [[Ingold]]. Several days later the forces of [[Sauron]] coming from the [[Morannon]], took [[Cair Andros]] and breached the Rammas Echor, destroying Forannest, and Ingold and his men were the last to retreat from the wall to Minas Tirith.<br />
<br />
Two days later the [[Rohirrim]] passed through Forannest and the breaches around it, therefore leading to the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. <br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name is apparently [[Noldorin]] (which was later re-envisioned as [[Sindarin]]) and is glossed by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] as "North Entrance ..." with an obscure final word looking as "in".<ref name=wr354>{{HM|WR}}, p. 354</ref><br />
<br />
The name seems to be composed of the Noldorin/Sindarin elements ''forn'' "north", ''[[annon]]'' "gate" and ''nest'' which probably means "heart, core".<ref>{{HM|WR}}, p. 357, note 18</ref><ref group=note>In the same note Tolkien provided the related words ''nesta'' and ''nethra'' , but with inexplicable meaning.</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions==<br />
Earlier names of the gate that Tolkien rejected were ''Fornest'' and ''Anfornest''.<ref name=wr354/><br />
<br />
The name appears only in drafts from the 1940s and didn't make it to the final ''[[Return of the King]]''.<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Doors and gates]]<br />
<br />
[[fi:Forannest]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Houses_of_Healing&diff=301354Houses of Healing2018-10-10T06:42:26Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the building in [[Minas Tirith]]|chapter of ''[[The Return of the King]]''|[[The Houses of Healing]]}}<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Éowyn and Faramir.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Éowyn and Faramir'' (at the Houses of Healing)]]<br />
The '''Houses of Healing''' was an infirmary in [[Minas Tirith]].<br />
<br />
The Houses were surrounded by lawns and trees, set near to the Citadel-gate and the southward wall in the sixth circle of [[Minas Tirith]].<br />
<br />
The chief healer was the [[Warden of the Houses of Healing]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
When [[Faramir]] had been saved from the pyre of [[Denethor]], [[Gandalf]] and [[Beregond]] carried him in a bier to the Houses of Healing, with [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] following. Soon Gandalf and Pippin departed but [[Beregond]], after reporting to the chief of the Guard, went to the houses to serve and guard his captain.<ref>{{RK|V7}}</ref><br />
<br />
Later, Faramir was joined by [[Éowyn]], [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], and others suffering from the [[Black Shadow]]. [[Ioreth]], one of the few women permitted to stay in the city during the siege due to her healing skills, wished aloud for a king since "''The hand of the king are the hands of a healer.''" Gandalf heard her and brought [[Aragorn]] into the Houses to tend the wounded. Using ''[[athelas]]'' Aragorn was able to revive Faramir, who called him his king, Éowyn, and Merry. When Aragorn left the houses he found many waiting for him at the door and after eating he spent most of the night tending the wounded.<ref>{{RK|V8}}</ref><br />
<br />
While the [[Army of the West]] marched to the [[Black Gate]], the Lady Éowyn arose in the Houses of Healing and begged the Warden to be discharged. The Warden brought her to Faramir, now able to walk in the gardens of the houses, where he dissuaded her from leaving. As the days passed their love bloomed and after the fall of [[Sauron]] it was in the Houses of Healing that they plighted their troth.<ref>{{RK|VI5}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:BfME_II_Houses_of_Healing.png|thumb|right|200px|The Houses of Healing addition.]]<br />
'''[[2003]]: {{rotkee}}:'''<br />
:Two scenes in the Houses of Healing were included in the extended edition: "[[The Houses of Healing (scene)|The Houses of Healing]]" and "[[The Captain and the White Lady]]". The former depicts [[Aragorn]] healing [[Éowyn]], and features [[Houses of Healing (song)|a song]] sung by [[Liv Tyler]].<ref>{{rotkee}}, "The Music of Middle-earth"</ref> [[Éomer]] was originally not included in the scene, but [[Karl Urban]] thought it would be fitting if he were there.<ref>[[J.W. Braun]], ''[[The Lord of the Films]]'', p. 162</ref><br />
<br />
'''[[2006]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:The Houses of Healing is an addition to the fortress of the Men faction. At 1000, it is the second cheapest. It reduces hero revival time and cost by 20%. In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|expansion pack]], it also heals nearby allies.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Minas Tirith]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Häuser der Heilung]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/gondor/minas_tirith/maisons_de_guerison]]<br />
[[fi:Parannuksen tarha]]</div>BalrogTrainerhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Vales_of_Anduin&diff=301353Vales of Anduin2018-10-10T06:34:09Z<p>BalrogTrainer: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{expansion}}<br />
The '''Vales of Anduin''' was the collective name for the large valley of the [[Anduin]], specifically the part east of the [[Misty Mountains]]. It is where the [[Gladden River]] meets the Anduin and form the [[Gladden Fields]]. Throughout history, it had been occupied by [[Elves]], [[Men]] and [[Hobbits]].<br />
==History==<br />
In the [[First Age]], the [[Teleri]] who were too afraid to cross the [[Misty Mountains]] stopped there. They became the [[Nandor]] and their leader was [[Lenwe]].<ref>{{S|Captivity}}</ref> Later they were joined by the [[Avari]], specifically the [[Penni]], who came west. But eventually they left the Vales for the west or became the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] or the [[Galadhrim]].<br />
<br />
Near the end of the First Age, the Vales were occupied by [[Edain]], the ancestors of the [[Northmen]]. Those were in confederation with the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]] and provided food in return for Dwarven weapons and precious items. This cooperation continued until the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]]<br />
<br />
After the disastrous [[Battle of the Plains]], some [[Northmen]] were gathereed under the leadership of [[Marhwini]] son of [[Marhari]], who led them north between Anduin and Mirkwood, eventually settling in the [[Vales of Anduin]] between the [[Carrock]] and the [[Gladden Fields]].<ref>{{UT|Cirion}}, (i) ''The Northmen and the Wainriders'', note 8</ref> They were joined by many fugitives who came through [[Mirkwood]]. This was the birth of the [[Éothéod]].<br />
<br />
Sometime during the [[Third Age]] the [[Hobbits]] migrated to the Vales of Anduin from an unknown earlier location; the Vales are their first known location before eventually the [[Shadow]] of [[Dol Guldur]] fell on [[Mirkwood|Greenwood]]. The [[Harfoots]] left for the west in {{TA|1050}} and begin their [[Wandering Days]]. When [[Angmar]] threatened [[Eriador]], some of the [[Stoors]] would return to the east and around {{TA|1356}} settled in the Gladden Fields.<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref><br />
<br />
Once a fair and fertile land, it became a dangerous area, beleaguered by the creatures of the [[Necromancer#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]] at [[Dol Guldur]]. However, when the evil [[Angmar|Kingdom of Angmar]] was destroyed in {{TA|1975}}, freeing up land to the north, [[Frumgar]] led the Éothéod to the vale between the rivers [[Greylin]] and [[Langwell]],<ref>{{App|Eorl}}</ref> where they built [[Framsburg|a city]].<br />
<br />
In the later years before the [[War of the Ring]], the Vales were inhabited by the [[Beornings]].<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref> During [[Grimbeorn]]'s time, the [[High Pass]] and the [[Ford of Carrock]] were kept open and no [[Orcs|Orc]] or [[Wargs|Wolf]] dared to enter his land.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Climate==<br />
[[Firs]], [[strawberries]] and [[wild berries]]{{fact}} (cf.) grew in the Vales.<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Valleys]]<br />
[[Category:Rhovanion]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/regions/val_d_anduin]]<br />
[[fi:Anduinin Laaksot]]</div>BalrogTrainer