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<div>[[File:The Hobbit, the Musical Programme.jpg|thumb|right|The programme from ''The Hobbit'' production]]<br />
'''''The Hobbit''''' was a [[Wikipedia:New College School|New College School]] ([[Oxford]]) musical adaptation of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Hobbit]]''.<ref name="HobbitRadio">''The Hobbit, the Musical'', radio programme (London: [[BBC]], [[2012]])</ref> It was written by [[Humphrey Carpenter]] and [[Paul Drayton]]. <br />
<br />
Through his family connections, Carpenter was able to visit Tolkien in order to seek his permission. Indeed it is this visit and encounter that Carpenter described in his biography of Tolkien.<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, "A Visit"</ref> Tolkien gave his permission and went to see the musical performed along with his wife [[Edith Tolkien|Edith]].<ref name="HobbitRadio"/><br />
<br />
Carpenter wrote: ''"I remember vividly when he came to see the show, held in the tiny school hall. He sat near the front, and since I was playing the double bass in the orchestra, I was able to watch his reactions. These were very simple: he had a broad smile on his face whenever the narration and dialogue stuck to his own words, which was replaced by a frown the moment there was the slightest departure from the book."'' <ref name=> “Our Brief Encounter”, The Sunday Times Magazine, 25 November, 2001, by [[Humphrey Carpenter]]</ref><br />
<br />
It has been purported to be the first adaptation of ''[[The Hobbit]]'';<ref name="HobbitRadio"/> this is not true, however, if one considers [[Gene Deitch]]'s [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|film adaptation]] from [[1966]].<br />
<br />
==Cast and audience==<br />
<br />
Among the cast were George Halliday (as Bilbo Baggins), Martin Pickard (as Gandalf), [[Wikipedia:Simon Halsey|Simon Halsey]], Ashley Goodall and Stephen Lumsden. Alan Butterworth, the headmaster of the school, as Smaug the Dragon, speaking through a megaphone.<br />
<br />
The audience included [[Wikipedia:Howard Goodall|Howard Goodall]] (who watched his older brother Ashley Goodall), and Tolkien himself on the last night ([[17 December]]).<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Letter to Humphrey Carpenter]] <br />
*[[Letter to Ken Jackson (4 January 1968)]] (letter)<br />
*[[Music Drama in Schools]]<br />
===External Link===<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01ld15z BBC The Hobbit the musical]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Stage adaptations]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hobbit_(1977_film)&diff=310192The Hobbit (1977 film)2020-02-11T20:39:38Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Follow-up */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<!--And, too much original research-->{{disambig-more|The Hobbit|[[The Hobbit (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{film infobox<br />
| image=[[File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Cover.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=The Hobbit<br />
| director=[[Arthur Rankin, Jr.]]<br>[[Jules Bass]]<br />
| producer=Arthur Rankin, Jr.<br>Jules Bass<br />
| writer=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] (original novel)<br>Romeo Muller (screenplay)<br />
| narrator=<br />
| starring=[[Orson Bean]]<br>[[Richard Boone]]<br>[[Hans Conried]]<br>[[John Huston]]<br />
| music=Maury Laws (music)<br>Jules Bass (lyrics/lyrical adaptations)<br />
| cinematography= <br />
| editing= <br />
| distributor=NBC (original transmission)<br>[[Warner Bros.]] (home video)<br />
| released=[[27 November|November 27]], [[1977]]<br />
| runtime=77 minutes<br />
| country=USA<br />
| language=English<br />
| budget=$3 million (est.)<br />
| website= <br />
| imdb_id=0077687<br />
}}'''''The Hobbit''''' was a [[1977]] animated television movie by [[Rankin/Bass]] Productions based on [[The Hobbit|the book of the same name]]. It manages to retell most of the story within its 77-minute span. An LP with the soundtrack and dialog from the movie was also released in 1977 by [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] through its Buena Vista Records label, and, by popular demand, an edited version (along with accompanying "storyteller read-alongs") was later reissued for the Mouse Factory's Disneyland Records imprint.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Cast===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role(s)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Orson Bean]] || [[Bilbo Baggins]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Richard Boone]] || [[Smaug]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hans Conried]] || [[Thorin]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[John Huston]] || [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Otto Preminger]] || The [[Thranduil|Elvenking]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyril Ritchard]] || [[Elrond]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brother Theodore]] || [[Gollum]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Paul Frees]] || [[Bombur]], [[Dwalin]], Troll #1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Don Messick]] || [[Balin]], The [[Gwaihir|Lord of the Eagles]], [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]], Troll #3, Goblin guard<br />
|-<br />
| [[John Stephenson]] || [[Dori]], The [[Great Goblin]], [[Bard]]<br />
|-<br />
| Jack DeLeon || [[Nori]], [[Bofur]], various Dwarves & Goblins<br />
|-<br />
| [[Glenn Yarbrough]] || vocalist<br />
|-<br />
| Thurl Ravenscroft (uncredited) || background voices, ensemble vocalist<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The film was produced and directed by [[Arthur Rankin, Jr.]] and [[Jules Bass]] and adapted for the screen by Romeo Muller; with Rankin taking on the additional duties of production designer, and Bass adapting some of Tolkien's original lyrics, as well as contributing, along with Maury Laws, an original theme song, "The Greatest Adventure (The Ballad of the Hobbit)," sung by [[Glenn Yarbrough]].<br />
<br />
The same team, along with Bean, Huston, Theodore, Frees, Messick, Stephenson, and Ravenscroft returned for the 1980 adaption of ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]''.<br />
<br />
===Synopsis===<br />
[[Bilbo Baggins]] the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] is smoking outside when suddenly [[Gandalf]] the [[Wizards|Wizard]] appears and tells him he wants to hire a burglar. With him are thirteen [[Dwarves]]: [[Thorin]] (their leader), [[Balin]], [[Dwalin]], [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]], [[Dori]], [[Nori]], [[Ori]], [[Óin]], [[Glóin]], [[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], and [[Bombur]]. After they eat, they explain to Bilbo that the evil [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] stole their treasure in the [[Lonely Mountain]], and they need Bilbo to help them reclaim it.<br />
<br />
They set out next morning, and eventually seek shelter from a storm in a forest. There they see three [[Trolls]]. Thorin tells Bilbo to steal some meat from them; however, the trolls catch them and try to eat them, until Gandalf returns and the sun rises, turning the three trolls to stone. Bilbo finds their cave and Gandalf and Thorin each take a sword. Bilbo also takes a smaller sword. Gandalf suspects that the trolls might have stolen them. He also gives Thorin the map of the Lonely Mountain (Erebor) and the key to the secret passage into the mountain.<br />
<br />
They then arrive at [[Rivendell]], the city of the [[Elves]], where [[Elrond]] gives them food. He says that Gandalf's sword is called [[Glamdring]] the Foe-Hammer, and Thorin's sword is called [[Orcrist]] the Goblin Cleaver, and that they are elven blades. He holds the map up to the moon, revealing the moon letters on it, that says to stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks in order to see the secret passage. Afterward, they continue their journey, but are caught in another storm and seek shelter in a cave. Once inside, Gandalf disappears again, and the ponies are stolen by [[Orcs|Goblins]]. Bilbo and the dwarves try to save the ponies but are also captured by the Goblins. The [[Great Goblin]] tries to eat Thorin for carrying Orcrist, but is killed by Gandalf. They continue through the cave, but Bilbo falls into a hole.<br />
<br />
Bilbo wakes up in a cave, where a dark creature named [[Gollum]] lives. After finding a [[The One Ring|golden ring]] on the ground, Bilbo is challenged to a riddle contest by Gollum: if Bilbo wins, Gollum shows him the way out, but if Gollum wins, he gets to eat Bilbo. After a few riddles, Bilbo asks what he has in his pocket. Gollum is unable to answer correctly and, thus, loses, but first decides to show Bilbo his ring, only to find it missing. By the time he returns, Bilbo puts the ring on and turns invisible. Gollum thinks Bilbo knows the way out and goes to head him off. Bilbo follows him and runs past him out of the cave.<br />
<br />
After meeting up with Gandalf and the dwarves, Bilbo continues his journey with them only to run into Goblins and [[Wargs]]. They are chased up a tree, and the Goblins set the trees on fire, but [[Eagles]] rescue them. The [[Gwaihir|Lord of the Eagles]] did so because Gandalf healed him from an arrow-wound a long time ago. The Eagles take them to the edge of [[Mirkwood]], and it is here where Gandalf leaves them for good, leaving Bilbo in charge and instructing him to write a log.<br />
<br />
Wandering through Mirkwood, Bilbo and the Dwarves are captured by [[Spiders]], but Bilbo escapes by killing a spider with his sword. He then names his sword "[[Sting]]." He finds the Dwarves and cuts them free, killing a spider with a rock. While the Dwarves flee, Bilbo stays behind to put on his ring and then fight the spiders, who are forced to retreat. When Bilbo finds the Dwarves, they are captured by [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]], but he follows them in secret with the aid of his ring. The [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] orders them locked away because, out of greed for the treasure, they won't tell him why they were in the forest.<br />
<br />
After a while, Bilbo figures a way out: he steals a key from a drunken guard to get them out of their prison cells, and has them hide in empty barrels (with him riding on top of one) along the river, out of Mirkwood and toward [[Lake-town]]. When they arrive at Lake-town, Thorin introduces himself as the grandson of the king under the mountain. [[Bard]] the guardsman and his men give them food, and they continue toward the end of their journey at the Lonely Mountain.<br />
<br />
Bilbo finds the secret door while the thrush knocks, and Thorin unlocks it with the key. Bilbo enters to steal treasure from Smaug, and puts the ring on to avoid being seen. He speaks in riddles to him, and observes that he has a weakness; a scale on his chest is missing. Bilbo takes off the ring before he leaves, taking a cup with him, and Smaug breathes fire at him. He believes Bilbo to be from Lake-town, and goes there to destroy it in revenge. A thrush, at Bilbo's command, tells Bard of Smaug's weakness, and Bard shoots Smaug with his black arrow, killing him, but destroying Lake-town in the process.<br />
<br />
Bard leads an army of men to the Lonely Mountain to inform Bilbo and the dwarves that Smaug is dead and that he has been made king, and requests a share of the treasure to help rebuild Laketown. Bilbo is willing to do this, as there is enough for all of them, but Thorin refuses. The Elvenking and his army arrive, also with the intent of getting treasure, and a three-way war is declared between Dwarves, Elves, and [[Men]]. The dwarves seem outnumbered until Balin informs Thorin that an army of dwarves led by his cousin [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin]] is coming.<br />
<br />
Just when the three armies meet up to battle, Gandalf appears and tells them that an army of Goblins is coming. Thorin, Bard, and the Elvenking join forces to fight the Goblins; however, they are at a disadvantage until the Eagles show up, making it a "[[Battle of Five Armies]]." The Goblins are defeated, but Thorin is mortally wounded, and dies from his injuries. He does, however, part from Bilbo in friendship. With his share of the treasure, Bilbo returns to his quiet life in [[the Shire]], with Gandalf accompanying him on his way back.<br />
<br />
====Scenes====<br />
# "[[Bilbo's Visitors]]" (4:07)<br />
# "[[Outlining the Adventure]]" (3:53)<br />
# "Credits" (2:20)<br />
# "[[Troublesome Trolls]]" (3:35)<br />
# "[[Lonely Mountain Map]]" (3:06)<br />
# "[[Elves of Rivendell (scene)|Elves of Rivendell]]" (3:04)<br />
# "[[Goblin Attack]]" (3:33)<br />
# "[[Gollum's Riddle]]" (6:20)<br />
# "[[Follow the Leader]]" (4:28)<br />
# "[[Funny Little Things]]" (2:12)<br />
# "[[Flown to Mirkwood]]" (2:36)<br />
# "[[Forest Diary]]" (3:04)<br />
# "[[Spider's Web]]" (1:19)<br />
# "[[Sting Strikes]]" (2:00)<br />
# "[[Wood Elves (scene)|Wood Elves]]" (2:50)<br />
# "[[Laketown (scene)|Laketown]]" (2:04)<br />
# "[[Secret Doorway]]" (2:09)<br />
# "[[Smaug's Lair]]" (4:14)<br />
# "[[Weak Spot]]" (4:31)<br />
# "[[Black Arrow's Mark]]" (3:08)<br />
# "[[Treasure Clash]]" (2:59)<br />
# "[[Five Armies Meet]]" (4:42)<br />
# "[[Farewell, Thorin]]" (2:07)<br />
# "[[Only Beginning]]" (1:50)<br />
# "End Credits" (0:56)<br />
<br />
===Critical Reaction===<br />
The movie was first broadcast on NBC in the United States, on [[27 November|November 27]], [[1977]], and was tailored to children: the story was done in a very light-hearted style, and featured a lot of songs (most of which came from the book). Much of the story was simplified and several key parts are omitted.<br />
<br />
The art is both praised and criticized. Some reviewers regard it as a strong point of the movie. Inaccuracies in the depictions draws a lot of criticism from Tolkien fans: Gandalf has a hood instead of a hat, despite clearly being described in the book; Gollum looks like some sort of frog-creature (though the book does describe him having large eyes and webbed feet but little else of his appearance is said); Elrond has a beard despite the book outright saying that Elves do not have beards; the Wood-elves, rather than being the "fair folk," are almost as ugly as the goblins (and the Elvenking has a thick German accent); Smaug is extremely hairy and cat-like for being a Dragon.<br />
<br />
In 1977, NBC, Rankin and Bass won a Peabody Award for ''The Hobbit''. The movie was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation in [[1978]], but lost to ''Star Wars''.<br />
<br />
===Differences from the book===<br />
While the movie is quite faithful to the story, it is at its core still a child-oriented musical adaptation, and therefore not a perfect adaptation of Tolkien's novel. Most of the changes are found as omissions rather than modifications of the plot.<br />
<br />
# All the Dwarves show up with Gandalf all at once in the film rather than coming in groups the day after Gandalf meets Bilbo and puts a mark on his door.<br />
# The company leaves Bilbo's house on ponies, but after that the ponies are not seen until they are lost in crossing the [[Misty Mountains]]. In the book, the company rode ponies from [[Bag End]] to Rivendell.<br />
# Bilbo is noticed by the Trolls as he sneaks up to steal some meat rather than disclosed by the Trolls' [[Talking purse|"talking" purse]].<br />
# The Dwarves flee in terror from the Trolls and are picked up one at a time instead of walking blindly into the camp and being ambushed (except for Thorin, who puts up a fight).<br />
# Gandalf apparently has the power to make the dawn come earlier in dispatching the Trolls rather than tricking them by throwing his voice.<br />
# The Troll cave does not have a locked door as in the book.<br />
# Gandalf gives Thorin the [[Thrór's Map|Map of Thrór]] and the key in the troll cave rather than back at Bag End.<br />
# The wrong runes are identified as the [[moon-letters]] reading ''"Stand by the grey stone [...]"'' on Thrór's Map. Instead of the moon-letters appearing beneath the "Desolation of Smaug" on the map, they are here shown to be the runes that appear beneath the hand pointing to the secret door into the Lonely Mountain, which actually read ''"Five feet high the door and three may walk abreast. -Th. Th."''. However, they are here still read by Elrond as ''"Stand by the grey stone [...]"''.<br />
# Up in the mountains, there are no stone giants playing games amidst the storm.<br />
# Gandalf is missing in the cave when the goblins emerge, rather than sleeping when it happens. The Dwarves run into the tunnel rather than being grabbed.<br />
# The Dwarves do not fight the goblins in the tunnel.<br />
# Bilbo specifically asked Gollum what he has in his pocket rather than muttering it aloud to himself. Gollum does not even try to guess instead of demanding three guesses. Only four riddles are said in the movie (there were ten in the book).<br />
# Bilbo pulls the ring out of his pocket after Gollum says he's looking for his "golden ring, magical ring."<br />
# Bilbo has no trouble getting out the back door; no Goblins to sneak by or tight spots to fit through.<br />
# Rather than meet the Wargs in the forest, the Goblins come with them, riding on them and wielding torches (despite the Wargs' fear of fire in the book).<br />
# The Great Eagles do not take the company to their eyries, but to the edge of Mirkwood, bypassing [[Beorn]] (who does not appear in the movie).<br />
# The incident at the enchanted river, including Bombur's magical sleep, is omitted.<br />
# Bilbo has to fight and kill only four spiders rather than dozens and dozens. Bilbo's sword, Sting, always glows in the movie regardless of whether goblins are nearby or not.<br />
# Thorin is captured with the other Dwarves by the spiders and then the Wood-elves rather than before them.<br />
# The feasts of the Wood-elves are omitted (yet are referred to in Bilbo's log after the Wood-elves capture him and the Dwarves).<br />
# There is no stop over from the journey via barrels from the Wood-elves' castle to Lake-town.<br />
# There is no [[Master of Lake-town|Master]] in Lake-town; Bard the guardsman runs the city.<br />
# The company does not make camp at the base of the mountain.<br />
# Balin does not go with Bilbo into the secret entrance.<br />
# Bilbo has only one audience with Smaug and the thrush is present. Bilbo orders the thrush to seek Bard to tell him of Smaug's weakness.<br />
# The [[Arkenstone]] and all that goes with it is omitted.<br />
# [[Roäc]] the raven is omitted. In the book, the ravens tell the Dwarves that Smaug is slain and is sent to Dáin to call for assistance. In the movie, the Dwarves wait, lost inside the Lonely Mountain for a week and it is never explained why Dáin arrives at such an opportune moment.<br />
# The company discovers the two armies coming when they are on the doorstep rather than being warned in advance.<br />
# Since the Arkenstone is omitted, Thorin instead loses respect for Bilbo through his supposed lack of understanding of honor and war.<br />
# Thorin and the dwarves plan a suicidal last stand against the elves and men in a pitched battle outside the mountain and are pleasantly surprised when Dáin's army arrives.<br />
# [[Ravenhill]] is not mentioned.<br />
# The armies in the Battle of the Five Armies are divided differently (Bilbo counts the Goblins and Wargs as one army; the Eagles are counted as a separate army).<br />
# Beorn is not present in the Battle of the Five Armies. Also, [[Bolg]] is never mentioned or seen.<br />
# In the book, only Thorin, Fíli and Kíli die from the battle, leaving 10 survivors from Thorin's company. In the movie, Thorin, Bombur and five other unnamed dwarves are all killed. (In fact, Bombur was one of the few Dwarves in the quest known to be still alive in the days of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.) Glóin is the only other dwarf whose fate is officially revealed in the movie, as he is seen covering up Thorin with a blanket after he dies. Another dwarf (who does not clearly resemble anyone from the company) then lays Orcrist on top of Thorin's body. It's possible that this could be Dáin.<br />
# Most of the return journey, including winter at Beorn's home, a stop at Rivendell, and digging up gold they buried by the troll camp, is omitted.<br />
# The auction back at Bag End is omitted.<br />
# Gandalf and Balin's visit to Bag End years later is omitted.<br />
<br />
===Follow-up===<br />
At the end of the film, Gandalf reveals to Bilbo that he is not only aware of Bilbo's ring, but knows that it is in fact [[The One Ring]], and foreshadows the events of ''The Lord of the Rings''. In the books, the ring is not discovered to be The One Ring until ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Such an indication would lead one to believe that Rankin/Bass was always intending to do a follow-up using story elements from ''The Lord of the Rings''. Indeed, production had already begun on their adaptation of ''The Return of the King'' before ''The Hobbit'' had even originally aired.<ref name="VVHobbit">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/27/books/tolkien-hobbitani.html?_r=1|articlename=Will the Video Version of Tolkien Be Hobbit Forming?|dated=27-November-1977|website=[http://www.nytimes.com/pages/books/index.html The New York Times]|accessed=27-November-1977}}</ref> However, it remains a mystery as to whether or not their plans for what story elements from ''The Lord of the Rings'' were originally intended for inclusion in this follow-up were at all affected by the 1978 [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|theatrical adaptation by Ralph Bakshi]], which was also in production at that point.<br />
<br />
===External Links===<br />
* {{WP| The Hobbit (1977 film)}}<br />
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077687/ The Hobbit]'' at [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{films}}<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:The Hobbit (1977 film)| ]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hobbit_(1977_film)&diff=310191The Hobbit (1977 film)2020-02-11T20:39:15Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Follow-up */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<!--And, too much original research-->{{disambig-more|The Hobbit|[[The Hobbit (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{film infobox<br />
| image=[[File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Cover.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=The Hobbit<br />
| director=[[Arthur Rankin, Jr.]]<br>[[Jules Bass]]<br />
| producer=Arthur Rankin, Jr.<br>Jules Bass<br />
| writer=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] (original novel)<br>Romeo Muller (screenplay)<br />
| narrator=<br />
| starring=[[Orson Bean]]<br>[[Richard Boone]]<br>[[Hans Conried]]<br>[[John Huston]]<br />
| music=Maury Laws (music)<br>Jules Bass (lyrics/lyrical adaptations)<br />
| cinematography= <br />
| editing= <br />
| distributor=NBC (original transmission)<br>[[Warner Bros.]] (home video)<br />
| released=[[27 November|November 27]], [[1977]]<br />
| runtime=77 minutes<br />
| country=USA<br />
| language=English<br />
| budget=$3 million (est.)<br />
| website= <br />
| imdb_id=0077687<br />
}}'''''The Hobbit''''' was a [[1977]] animated television movie by [[Rankin/Bass]] Productions based on [[The Hobbit|the book of the same name]]. It manages to retell most of the story within its 77-minute span. An LP with the soundtrack and dialog from the movie was also released in 1977 by [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] through its Buena Vista Records label, and, by popular demand, an edited version (along with accompanying "storyteller read-alongs") was later reissued for the Mouse Factory's Disneyland Records imprint.<br />
<br />
<br />
===Cast===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role(s)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Orson Bean]] || [[Bilbo Baggins]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Richard Boone]] || [[Smaug]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hans Conried]] || [[Thorin]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[John Huston]] || [[Gandalf|Gandalf the Grey]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Otto Preminger]] || The [[Thranduil|Elvenking]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyril Ritchard]] || [[Elrond]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brother Theodore]] || [[Gollum]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Paul Frees]] || [[Bombur]], [[Dwalin]], Troll #1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Don Messick]] || [[Balin]], The [[Gwaihir|Lord of the Eagles]], [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]], Troll #3, Goblin guard<br />
|-<br />
| [[John Stephenson]] || [[Dori]], The [[Great Goblin]], [[Bard]]<br />
|-<br />
| Jack DeLeon || [[Nori]], [[Bofur]], various Dwarves & Goblins<br />
|-<br />
| [[Glenn Yarbrough]] || vocalist<br />
|-<br />
| Thurl Ravenscroft (uncredited) || background voices, ensemble vocalist<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The film was produced and directed by [[Arthur Rankin, Jr.]] and [[Jules Bass]] and adapted for the screen by Romeo Muller; with Rankin taking on the additional duties of production designer, and Bass adapting some of Tolkien's original lyrics, as well as contributing, along with Maury Laws, an original theme song, "The Greatest Adventure (The Ballad of the Hobbit)," sung by [[Glenn Yarbrough]].<br />
<br />
The same team, along with Bean, Huston, Theodore, Frees, Messick, Stephenson, and Ravenscroft returned for the 1980 adaption of ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]''.<br />
<br />
===Synopsis===<br />
[[Bilbo Baggins]] the [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] is smoking outside when suddenly [[Gandalf]] the [[Wizards|Wizard]] appears and tells him he wants to hire a burglar. With him are thirteen [[Dwarves]]: [[Thorin]] (their leader), [[Balin]], [[Dwalin]], [[Fíli]], [[Kíli]], [[Dori]], [[Nori]], [[Ori]], [[Óin]], [[Glóin]], [[Bifur]], [[Bofur]], and [[Bombur]]. After they eat, they explain to Bilbo that the evil [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] stole their treasure in the [[Lonely Mountain]], and they need Bilbo to help them reclaim it.<br />
<br />
They set out next morning, and eventually seek shelter from a storm in a forest. There they see three [[Trolls]]. Thorin tells Bilbo to steal some meat from them; however, the trolls catch them and try to eat them, until Gandalf returns and the sun rises, turning the three trolls to stone. Bilbo finds their cave and Gandalf and Thorin each take a sword. Bilbo also takes a smaller sword. Gandalf suspects that the trolls might have stolen them. He also gives Thorin the map of the Lonely Mountain (Erebor) and the key to the secret passage into the mountain.<br />
<br />
They then arrive at [[Rivendell]], the city of the [[Elves]], where [[Elrond]] gives them food. He says that Gandalf's sword is called [[Glamdring]] the Foe-Hammer, and Thorin's sword is called [[Orcrist]] the Goblin Cleaver, and that they are elven blades. He holds the map up to the moon, revealing the moon letters on it, that says to stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks in order to see the secret passage. Afterward, they continue their journey, but are caught in another storm and seek shelter in a cave. Once inside, Gandalf disappears again, and the ponies are stolen by [[Orcs|Goblins]]. Bilbo and the dwarves try to save the ponies but are also captured by the Goblins. The [[Great Goblin]] tries to eat Thorin for carrying Orcrist, but is killed by Gandalf. They continue through the cave, but Bilbo falls into a hole.<br />
<br />
Bilbo wakes up in a cave, where a dark creature named [[Gollum]] lives. After finding a [[The One Ring|golden ring]] on the ground, Bilbo is challenged to a riddle contest by Gollum: if Bilbo wins, Gollum shows him the way out, but if Gollum wins, he gets to eat Bilbo. After a few riddles, Bilbo asks what he has in his pocket. Gollum is unable to answer correctly and, thus, loses, but first decides to show Bilbo his ring, only to find it missing. By the time he returns, Bilbo puts the ring on and turns invisible. Gollum thinks Bilbo knows the way out and goes to head him off. Bilbo follows him and runs past him out of the cave.<br />
<br />
After meeting up with Gandalf and the dwarves, Bilbo continues his journey with them only to run into Goblins and [[Wargs]]. They are chased up a tree, and the Goblins set the trees on fire, but [[Eagles]] rescue them. The [[Gwaihir|Lord of the Eagles]] did so because Gandalf healed him from an arrow-wound a long time ago. The Eagles take them to the edge of [[Mirkwood]], and it is here where Gandalf leaves them for good, leaving Bilbo in charge and instructing him to write a log.<br />
<br />
Wandering through Mirkwood, Bilbo and the Dwarves are captured by [[Spiders]], but Bilbo escapes by killing a spider with his sword. He then names his sword "[[Sting]]." He finds the Dwarves and cuts them free, killing a spider with a rock. While the Dwarves flee, Bilbo stays behind to put on his ring and then fight the spiders, who are forced to retreat. When Bilbo finds the Dwarves, they are captured by [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]], but he follows them in secret with the aid of his ring. The [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] orders them locked away because, out of greed for the treasure, they won't tell him why they were in the forest.<br />
<br />
After a while, Bilbo figures a way out: he steals a key from a drunken guard to get them out of their prison cells, and has them hide in empty barrels (with him riding on top of one) along the river, out of Mirkwood and toward [[Lake-town]]. When they arrive at Lake-town, Thorin introduces himself as the grandson of the king under the mountain. [[Bard]] the guardsman and his men give them food, and they continue toward the end of their journey at the Lonely Mountain.<br />
<br />
Bilbo finds the secret door while the thrush knocks, and Thorin unlocks it with the key. Bilbo enters to steal treasure from Smaug, and puts the ring on to avoid being seen. He speaks in riddles to him, and observes that he has a weakness; a scale on his chest is missing. Bilbo takes off the ring before he leaves, taking a cup with him, and Smaug breathes fire at him. He believes Bilbo to be from Lake-town, and goes there to destroy it in revenge. A thrush, at Bilbo's command, tells Bard of Smaug's weakness, and Bard shoots Smaug with his black arrow, killing him, but destroying Lake-town in the process.<br />
<br />
Bard leads an army of men to the Lonely Mountain to inform Bilbo and the dwarves that Smaug is dead and that he has been made king, and requests a share of the treasure to help rebuild Laketown. Bilbo is willing to do this, as there is enough for all of them, but Thorin refuses. The Elvenking and his army arrive, also with the intent of getting treasure, and a three-way war is declared between Dwarves, Elves, and [[Men]]. The dwarves seem outnumbered until Balin informs Thorin that an army of dwarves led by his cousin [[Dáin Ironfoot|Dáin]] is coming.<br />
<br />
Just when the three armies meet up to battle, Gandalf appears and tells them that an army of Goblins is coming. Thorin, Bard, and the Elvenking join forces to fight the Goblins; however, they are at a disadvantage until the Eagles show up, making it a "[[Battle of Five Armies]]." The Goblins are defeated, but Thorin is mortally wounded, and dies from his injuries. He does, however, part from Bilbo in friendship. With his share of the treasure, Bilbo returns to his quiet life in [[the Shire]], with Gandalf accompanying him on his way back.<br />
<br />
====Scenes====<br />
# "[[Bilbo's Visitors]]" (4:07)<br />
# "[[Outlining the Adventure]]" (3:53)<br />
# "Credits" (2:20)<br />
# "[[Troublesome Trolls]]" (3:35)<br />
# "[[Lonely Mountain Map]]" (3:06)<br />
# "[[Elves of Rivendell (scene)|Elves of Rivendell]]" (3:04)<br />
# "[[Goblin Attack]]" (3:33)<br />
# "[[Gollum's Riddle]]" (6:20)<br />
# "[[Follow the Leader]]" (4:28)<br />
# "[[Funny Little Things]]" (2:12)<br />
# "[[Flown to Mirkwood]]" (2:36)<br />
# "[[Forest Diary]]" (3:04)<br />
# "[[Spider's Web]]" (1:19)<br />
# "[[Sting Strikes]]" (2:00)<br />
# "[[Wood Elves (scene)|Wood Elves]]" (2:50)<br />
# "[[Laketown (scene)|Laketown]]" (2:04)<br />
# "[[Secret Doorway]]" (2:09)<br />
# "[[Smaug's Lair]]" (4:14)<br />
# "[[Weak Spot]]" (4:31)<br />
# "[[Black Arrow's Mark]]" (3:08)<br />
# "[[Treasure Clash]]" (2:59)<br />
# "[[Five Armies Meet]]" (4:42)<br />
# "[[Farewell, Thorin]]" (2:07)<br />
# "[[Only Beginning]]" (1:50)<br />
# "End Credits" (0:56)<br />
<br />
===Critical Reaction===<br />
The movie was first broadcast on NBC in the United States, on [[27 November|November 27]], [[1977]], and was tailored to children: the story was done in a very light-hearted style, and featured a lot of songs (most of which came from the book). Much of the story was simplified and several key parts are omitted.<br />
<br />
The art is both praised and criticized. Some reviewers regard it as a strong point of the movie. Inaccuracies in the depictions draws a lot of criticism from Tolkien fans: Gandalf has a hood instead of a hat, despite clearly being described in the book; Gollum looks like some sort of frog-creature (though the book does describe him having large eyes and webbed feet but little else of his appearance is said); Elrond has a beard despite the book outright saying that Elves do not have beards; the Wood-elves, rather than being the "fair folk," are almost as ugly as the goblins (and the Elvenking has a thick German accent); Smaug is extremely hairy and cat-like for being a Dragon.<br />
<br />
In 1977, NBC, Rankin and Bass won a Peabody Award for ''The Hobbit''. The movie was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation in [[1978]], but lost to ''Star Wars''.<br />
<br />
===Differences from the book===<br />
While the movie is quite faithful to the story, it is at its core still a child-oriented musical adaptation, and therefore not a perfect adaptation of Tolkien's novel. Most of the changes are found as omissions rather than modifications of the plot.<br />
<br />
# All the Dwarves show up with Gandalf all at once in the film rather than coming in groups the day after Gandalf meets Bilbo and puts a mark on his door.<br />
# The company leaves Bilbo's house on ponies, but after that the ponies are not seen until they are lost in crossing the [[Misty Mountains]]. In the book, the company rode ponies from [[Bag End]] to Rivendell.<br />
# Bilbo is noticed by the Trolls as he sneaks up to steal some meat rather than disclosed by the Trolls' [[Talking purse|"talking" purse]].<br />
# The Dwarves flee in terror from the Trolls and are picked up one at a time instead of walking blindly into the camp and being ambushed (except for Thorin, who puts up a fight).<br />
# Gandalf apparently has the power to make the dawn come earlier in dispatching the Trolls rather than tricking them by throwing his voice.<br />
# The Troll cave does not have a locked door as in the book.<br />
# Gandalf gives Thorin the [[Thrór's Map|Map of Thrór]] and the key in the troll cave rather than back at Bag End.<br />
# The wrong runes are identified as the [[moon-letters]] reading ''"Stand by the grey stone [...]"'' on Thrór's Map. Instead of the moon-letters appearing beneath the "Desolation of Smaug" on the map, they are here shown to be the runes that appear beneath the hand pointing to the secret door into the Lonely Mountain, which actually read ''"Five feet high the door and three may walk abreast. -Th. Th."''. However, they are here still read by Elrond as ''"Stand by the grey stone [...]"''.<br />
# Up in the mountains, there are no stone giants playing games amidst the storm.<br />
# Gandalf is missing in the cave when the goblins emerge, rather than sleeping when it happens. The Dwarves run into the tunnel rather than being grabbed.<br />
# The Dwarves do not fight the goblins in the tunnel.<br />
# Bilbo specifically asked Gollum what he has in his pocket rather than muttering it aloud to himself. Gollum does not even try to guess instead of demanding three guesses. Only four riddles are said in the movie (there were ten in the book).<br />
# Bilbo pulls the ring out of his pocket after Gollum says he's looking for his "golden ring, magical ring."<br />
# Bilbo has no trouble getting out the back door; no Goblins to sneak by or tight spots to fit through.<br />
# Rather than meet the Wargs in the forest, the Goblins come with them, riding on them and wielding torches (despite the Wargs' fear of fire in the book).<br />
# The Great Eagles do not take the company to their eyries, but to the edge of Mirkwood, bypassing [[Beorn]] (who does not appear in the movie).<br />
# The incident at the enchanted river, including Bombur's magical sleep, is omitted.<br />
# Bilbo has to fight and kill only four spiders rather than dozens and dozens. Bilbo's sword, Sting, always glows in the movie regardless of whether goblins are nearby or not.<br />
# Thorin is captured with the other Dwarves by the spiders and then the Wood-elves rather than before them.<br />
# The feasts of the Wood-elves are omitted (yet are referred to in Bilbo's log after the Wood-elves capture him and the Dwarves).<br />
# There is no stop over from the journey via barrels from the Wood-elves' castle to Lake-town.<br />
# There is no [[Master of Lake-town|Master]] in Lake-town; Bard the guardsman runs the city.<br />
# The company does not make camp at the base of the mountain.<br />
# Balin does not go with Bilbo into the secret entrance.<br />
# Bilbo has only one audience with Smaug and the thrush is present. Bilbo orders the thrush to seek Bard to tell him of Smaug's weakness.<br />
# The [[Arkenstone]] and all that goes with it is omitted.<br />
# [[Roäc]] the raven is omitted. In the book, the ravens tell the Dwarves that Smaug is slain and is sent to Dáin to call for assistance. In the movie, the Dwarves wait, lost inside the Lonely Mountain for a week and it is never explained why Dáin arrives at such an opportune moment.<br />
# The company discovers the two armies coming when they are on the doorstep rather than being warned in advance.<br />
# Since the Arkenstone is omitted, Thorin instead loses respect for Bilbo through his supposed lack of understanding of honor and war.<br />
# Thorin and the dwarves plan a suicidal last stand against the elves and men in a pitched battle outside the mountain and are pleasantly surprised when Dáin's army arrives.<br />
# [[Ravenhill]] is not mentioned.<br />
# The armies in the Battle of the Five Armies are divided differently (Bilbo counts the Goblins and Wargs as one army; the Eagles are counted as a separate army).<br />
# Beorn is not present in the Battle of the Five Armies. Also, [[Bolg]] is never mentioned or seen.<br />
# In the book, only Thorin, Fíli and Kíli die from the battle, leaving 10 survivors from Thorin's company. In the movie, Thorin, Bombur and five other unnamed dwarves are all killed. (In fact, Bombur was one of the few Dwarves in the quest known to be still alive in the days of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.) Glóin is the only other dwarf whose fate is officially revealed in the movie, as he is seen covering up Thorin with a blanket after he dies. Another dwarf (who does not clearly resemble anyone from the company) then lays Orcrist on top of Thorin's body. It's possible that this could be Dáin.<br />
# Most of the return journey, including winter at Beorn's home, a stop at Rivendell, and digging up gold they buried by the troll camp, is omitted.<br />
# The auction back at Bag End is omitted.<br />
# Gandalf and Balin's visit to Bag End years later is omitted.<br />
<br />
===Follow-up===<br />
At the end of the film, Gandalf reveals to Bilbo that he is not only aware of Bilbo's ring, but knows that it is in fact [[The One Ring]], and foreshadows the events of ''The Lord of the Rings''. In the books, the ring is not discovered to be The One Ring until ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Such an indication would lead one to believe that Rankin/Bass was always intending to do a follow-up using story elements from ''The Lord of the Rings''. Indeed, production had already begun on their adaptation of ''The Return of the King'' before ''The Hobbit'' had even originally aired.<ref name="VVHobbit">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/27/books/tolkien-hobbitani.html?_r=1|articlename=Will the Video Version of Tolkien Be Hobbit Forming?|dated=27-November-1977|website=[http://www.nytimes.com/pages/books/index.html The New York Times]|accessed=27-November-1977}}</ref>However, it remains a mystery as to whether or not their plans for what story elements from ''The Lord of the Rings'' were originally intended for inclusion in this follow-up were at all affected by the 1978 [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|theatrical adaptation by Ralph Bakshi]], which was also in production at that point.<br />
<br />
===External Links===<br />
* {{WP| The Hobbit (1977 film)}}<br />
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077687/ The Hobbit]'' at [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{films}}<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:The Hobbit (1977 film)| ]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Est%C3%AB&diff=309843Estë2020-01-27T21:44:10Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Other versions of the legendarium */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{valar infobox<br />
| name=Estë<br />
| image=[[File:Olga Kukhtenkova - Este.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Este" by [[:Category:Images by Olga Kukhtenkova|Olga Kukhtenkova]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Îdh, Eord<br />
| titles=the Gentle<br />
| position=Healer of hurts and weariness<br />
| location=[[Lórellin]]-[[Lórien]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Melian]]<ref name=vala/><br />
| language=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=[[Irmo]]<br />
| gender=Female<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Grey raiment<ref name=vala/><br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Grey is her raiment; and rest is her gift|''[[Valaquenta]]''<ref name=vala/>}}<br />
'''Estë''' was one of the [[Valier]] and the wife of [[Irmo]]. <br />
<br />
==Attributes==<br />
Estë had the power to heal all hurts and weariness.<ref name=vala/> Her favourite place was an island on the tree-shadowed lake of [[Lórellin]] in the [[Gardens of Lórien]] where she slept during the day. She was always clad in grey.<ref name=vala/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Estë dwelt with her husband Irmo in the misty halls and extensive, silver-lit gardens of [[Lórien (Valinor)|Lórien]]. There were many [[Maiar]] who served Estë and Irmo. In Lórien, Estë and her husband tended to the [[Elves of Valinor]], who drew refreshment from the fountains, and even the [[Valar]] would come there to find repose and ease from the burdens of [[Arda]].<ref name=vala>{{S|IIb}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Varda]] originally intended to place the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] in the sky, one travelling from the east and one from the west, to allow for a mingling of their lights. However, Estë and her husband spoke against this as the excessive heat and light had withered their gardens, the stars were hidden, and restful sleep had been banished from the Earth. Varda listened to their counsel and, to allow for a time of night, changed the course of the Moon and the Sun. Each would then take turns travelling through the sky as the other lay in [[Ekkaia]].<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In earlier drafts of this character, Estë did not attend the Councils of the Valar and was not reckoned among the Valier. Instead, she was counted as a Chief of the Maiar.<ref>{{MR|P2}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
'''Estë''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈeste]}}) means "rest".<ref>{{HM|S}}, "Index"</ref> The same [[Sundocarmë|Root]], ''[[EZDE]]'', also yielded her [[Sindarin]] name, '''Îdh''' (pron. {{IPA|[iːð]}})<ref>{{HM|LR}}, "[[The Etymologies]]", entry EZDE</ref> and the [[Nandorin]] '''Eord'''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Carl F. Hostetter]], [[Patrick H. Wynne]] (eds.), "Addenda and Corrigenda to the ''Etymologies''", published in ''[[Vinyar Tengwar 45]]'' ([[November]] [[2003]]), pages 3-38, especially 13</ref><br />
<br />
She was also referred to as Estë 'the Pale' several times in the [[Annals of Aman]].<ref>{{MR|Index}}</ref>{{rp|446}}<br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| VAI |~| MAN | | NIE | | IRM |~| EST | |VAI=[[Vairë]]|MAN=[[Mandos]]|NIE=[[Nienna]]|IRM=[[Irmo]]|EST='''ESTË'''}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Estë|Images of Estë]]<br />
<br />
{{Ainur}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Este}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya names]]<br />
[[Category:Valar]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Este]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/este]]<br />
[[fi:Estë]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Possible_inconsistencies_in_the_legendarium&diff=309842Possible inconsistencies in the legendarium2020-01-27T19:41:10Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Possession of the Nine Rings */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] paid a great deal of attention to detail in his [[Secondary world]] to preserve a realistic consistency.<br />
<br />
However his work has been admired, studied and analyzed by "[[Tolkienist]]s" over the years in various aspects and levels; unavoidably, some more or less obvious '''inconsistencies seem to have slipped the author's attention'''. Most are revealed after more than one reading of the book and possibly thorough study.<br />
<br />
Fans of Tolkien usually accept that in any work there are usually plot holes. In a larger, far more detailed and realistic book we expect fewer (if any) plot holes, when in reality there is a far greater chance because of its complexity.<br />
<br />
Any inconsistency can be blamed on the fictitious Tolkien who adapted ancient sources such as the Red Book or on the characters who wrote and compiled those sources. Tolkien himself mentioned in Appendix D that he might have made many errors on the calendar while "translating" the "ancient sources", a comment written as a fail-safe for any narrative mistakes the author might have made, and mentioned in Appendix F ("Of the Elves") that Frodo had erred in thinking the dialect of Sindarin spoken by the elves of Lórien was Silvan Elvish.<ref>{{FR|II6}}. A footnote directs the reader to the correction in the appendix.</ref><br />
<br />
Such explanations attributing the mistakes to the "translator Tolkien" or the "original sources" are easy and unenlightening. Therefore many fans prefer to explain those inconsistencies with some internal explanation. The explanations below are of this type. For example, at least some of the logical mistakes can be attributed to the characters themselves who said a contradicting phrase, since none of them is supposed to have the "omniscience" of the author. Contradictions of this type are grouped as "character mistakes". Others are grouped as "factual mistakes", of which mistakes in chronology are a subgroup.<br />
<br />
=Character mistakes=<br />
==The Eldest==<br />
Possibly the most noticeable inconsistency in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is that both [[Tom Bombadil]] and [[Treebeard]] are referred to as the [[eldest]] being in [[Middle-earth]]. Tom says that about himself,<ref>{{FR|I7}}, "Eldest, that's what I am.... Tom was here before the river and the trees; Tom remembers the first raindrop and the first acorn." </ref> and [[Elrond]] mentions that the Elves knew Tom as "oldest and fatherless".<ref name="CofE">{{FR|II2}}</ref> However, [[Gandalf]] tells [[Théoden]] that Treebeard is "the oldest of all living things",<ref name="Isengard">{{TT|III8}}</ref> and Celeborn addresses Treebeard as "Eldest".<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[Many Partings]]"</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Maybe Tom is not "alive" as Treebeard is<ref>Tom Shippey, ''The Road to Middle-earth: Revised and Expanded Edition'', p. 107</ref> (though he seems to be). On this subject, Gandalf, [[Saruman]], and [[Sauron]] have existed far longer than Treebeard, as they are [[Maiar]], but they haven't been alive (in a physical body) as long.<br />
<br />
==Giving up a Ring of Power==<br />
Gandalf says, "'A Ring of Power looks after itself, Frodo. ''It'' may slip off treacherously, but its keeper never abandons it. At most he plays with the idea of handing it on to some one else's care&mdash;and that only at an early stage, when it first begins to grip. But as far as I know Bilbo alone in history has gone beyond playing, and really done it.'"<ref name="Shadow">{{FR|I2}}</ref> However, [[Narya|Gandalf's own ring]] was given to him freely by [[Círdan]].<ref name="AppThird">{{App|TA}}</ref> Also, the dwarves of [[Durin's Folk]] who held their Ring typically "surrendered" it when near death, and in particular [[Thrór]] gave it to his son [[Thráin II]],<ref name="AppADurin"/> as Gandalf says at the Council of Elrond.<ref name="CofE"/><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Perhaps Gandalf meant only the rings that [[Sauron]] had had a hand in making, which might be the only ones that "grip". Gandalf's ring is one of the [[Three Rings|Three]], which Sauron didn't touch. Durin's Folk believed that they had received their Ring directly from the [[Elven-Smiths]], though Sauron did help to make it.<br />
<br />
==Sam's spying==<br />
[[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] tells [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] that as a result of [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]'s eavesdropping, he and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] "know most of what Gandalf has told you about the [[The One Ring|Ring]]".<ref name=ACU>{{FR|I5}}</ref> Most of what Gandalf told Frodo was in one long conversation, at the end of which Gandalf caught Sam.<ref name="Shadow"/> This contradicts Merry's statement that after Sam was caught, he "seemed to regard himself as on parole, and dried up".<ref name=ACU/><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Maybe Sam's information was what he learned before he was caught, though that's not what Merry says.<br />
<br />
==A choice of dangers==<br />
[[Aragorn]] tells the hobbits, as they prepare to leave [[Bree]], "After [[Weathertop]] our journey will become more difficult, and we shall have to choose between various dangers."<ref name=Strider/> The ridges they have to climb after Weathertop may be more difficult than the [[Midgewater Marshes]], but they encounter no dangers on the route Aragorn chooses, and Aragorn doesn't warn the hobbits of any dangers, except the chance that the Nazgûl will find them as they cross the [[Last Bridge]].<ref name="Flight">{{FR|I12}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Aragorn does cite two other possible courses. One is going north through the [[Ettenmoors|Ettendales]] instead of crossing the [[Ford of Bruinen]], but in addition to the danger of [[trolls]], that route would take too long and the Company would run out of food. The other is finding the Ford without following the Road, but that's impossible.<ref>{{FR|I12}}, "'We cannot hope to find a path through these hills. Whatever danger may beset it, the Road is our only way to the Ford.'"</ref> Maybe although he describes these alternatives as impossible when he faces them, in Bree they only seemed to present the danger of taking too long or getting lost.<br />
<br />
==Aragorn's knowledge==<br />
Aragorn tells the hobbits in Bree, "I know all the lands between [[the Shire]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], for I have wandered over them for many years."<ref name="Strider"/> But later, speaking of the Ettendales, he says, "That is troll-country, and little known to me," and "I do not know the way" to Rivendell by detouring through them.<ref name="Flight"/> The Ettendales or Ettenmoors are on a line between the Shire and the northern part of the Misty Mountains.<br />
;Explanation:If we take Aragorn's line "wandered over them" literally, we can accept that Aragorn has also wandered over the Ettendales. Of course that doesn't necessarily means that Aragorn should know ''everything'' about those lands, or even know ''all'' ways (e.g., to Rivendell) through them. He does say that he knows those lands a "little".<br />
<br />
==Building Barad-dûr==<br />
Elrond says at his council that the foundations of [[Barad-dûr]] were made with the One Ring,<ref>{{FR|II2}, "The Dark Tower was broken, but its foundations were not removed; for they were made with the power of the Ring, and while it remains they will endure.</ref> which is consistent with its destruction when the Ring is destroyed. However, according to the Tale of Years, Sauron began building Barad-dûr in about S.A. 1000 and forged the Ring in about S.A. 1600.<ref>https://www.quora.com/What-inconsistencies-if-any-appear-in-the-Hobbit-Lord-of-the-Rings-and-the-Silmarillion</ref><br />
;Explanation: Maybe Sauron ordered his Orcs to begin mining for stone needed to build the tower in S.A. 1000, and then began building it once he forged the Ring in S.A. 1600. After all, a huge tower like Barad-dûr would take a lot of stone to build.<br />
<br />
==Possession of the [[Nine Rings]]==<br />
In ''[[The Council of Elrond]]'' [[Gandalf]] says that the [[Nazgûl]] kept their Rings by saying "The Nine the Nazgûl keep"<ref name="CofE"/>. However in most other references, it is mentioned that Sauron had taken them.<ref>{{FR|I2}}, "the Nine [Sauron] has gathered to himself; the Seven also, or else they are destroyed."</ref><ref>{{FR|II7}}, "You saw the Eye of him that holds the Seven and the Nine."</ref> Furthermore, Frodo doesn't see any Rings on them on [[Weathertop]], and it is believed that if they did wear the Rings, they would have been fully [[Unseen|invisible]] (including their cloaks).<ref>http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q0-InvRiders</ref><br />
<br />
The line in the Council of Elrond represents Tolkien's earlier intention that the Nazgûl should still be wearing their Rings, but he later changed his mind and simply missed revising that sentence.<br />
<br />
;Explanation: The phrase can be also interpreted as "The Nine keep the Nazgûl [in Sauron’s thralldom]"; or as the Nazgûl are Sauron's slaves, his owning the Rings may be equivalent to the Nazgûl's keeping them. <br />
:Or perhaps, Gandalf was mistaken. The Nazgûl were not well known by the Council nor were all of Sauron's personal actions, and it is possible that they assumed they kept the Rings when in reality they did not.<br />
<br />
==Feeling the [[Mithril#The_Mithril_Coat|''mithril'' coat]]==<br />
The ''mithril'' coat that Bilbo gives Frodo is "almost as supple as linen",<ref name="Ring">{{FR|II3}}</ref> and Aragorn carries Frodo in Moria (after the orc chieftain spears Frodo) without noticing the coat.<ref>{{FR|II5}}</ref> However, when Bilbo slaps Frodo on the back after giving him the coat, he says, "Ow!... You are too hard now to slap!"<ref name="Ring"/><br />
;Explanation: Perhaps Bilbo is joking.<br />
<br />
Aragorn would not likely notice the texture of Frodo's clothing while running from orcs, trolls, and a balrog; he would be focused on other things.<br />
<br />
==Galadriel's mind-reading==<br />
Galadriel tells Frodo and Sam that she knows Sauron's thoughts that concern the Elves.<ref name="Mirror">{{FR|II7}}</ref> It seems strange that they don't ask her whether she has any information they might find useful and she doesn't offer them any. Also, she doesn't seem to have known about [[Saruman]]'s betrayal some nineteen years earlier, though the defection of a member of the [[White Council]] might be thought to concern the Elves. At least, she didn't warn Gandalf in the messages he got from Lórien after reading the [[Scroll of Isildur]], the year before he trustingly entered [[Orthanc]].<ref name="CofE"/> (Also, when Aragorn was serving in Gondor under the name [[Thorongil]], he "often warned [[Ecthelion II|Ecthelion]] not to put trust in Saruman".<ref>{{HM|AA}}</ref> It's strange that he knew not to trust Saruman but Gandalf didn't.)<br />
;Explanation: Conceivably Galadriel gained the ability to read Sauron's mind sometime after the messages went to Gandalf.<br />
<br />
==[[Galadriel]]'s role==<br />
Galadriel tells the Fellowship, "I will not give you counsel, saying do this, or do that. For not in doing or contriving, or in choosing between this course and another, can I avail; but only in knowing what was and is, and in part also what shall be."<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref> Later she tells Frodo, "I do not counsel you one way or the other. I am not a counsellor."<ref name="Mirror"/> However, the rhyme she sends Aragorn advises a specific course: the [[Grey Company]] should come out of [[Rivendell]], and Aragorn should take the [[Paths of the Dead]].<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref> Likewise [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] conclude that Galadriel sent the message to the Grey Company telling them to join Aragorn in [[Rohan]]; this seems to be "contriving" and "choosing between one course and another". Incidentally, it is odd that the Grey Company got this message without knowing who it was from.<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: One could imagine that someone else (Celeborn?) made the decisions and Galadriel only sent the messages; Legolas and Gimli may have erred in thinking she was the source. Alternatively, it is conceivable that Galadriel's words to the Fellowship were calculated to have a desired impact, even though at face value they seemed to be of no use. <br />
<br />
==Tales of hobbits==<br />
Pippin tells [[Théoden]], "I have wandered in many lands, since I left my home, and never till now have I found people that knew any story concerning hobbits."<ref name="Isengard"/> But hobbits live in [[Bree]], [[Tom Bombadil]] knows many stories about hobbits, one would think the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] (who guard [[the Shire]] and Bree) and the Elves of Rivendell (where Bilbo has been living) would know some, and the Elves of Lórien have at least heard of hobbits.<ref>{{FR|II6}}, "We had not heard of&mdash;hobbits, of halflings, for many a long year...."</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Pippin has just woken up from a nap, after a lunch that included wine, and is talking to a king for the first time in his life; he may not be thinking clearly.<br />
<br />
==Crossing Rohan inconspicuously==<br />
As they ride away from Isengard, Gandalf tells Merry that the Lidless Eye will be looking toward Rohan, so "He [Théoden] will ride from there [Helm's Deep] to Dunharrow by paths among the hills. From now on no more than two or three together are to go openly over the land, by day or night, when it can be avoided."<ref>{{TT|III11}}</ref> However, later that night, after Pippin looks into the ''palantír'' and Gandalf says they must move from the spot, Théoden says he will go in a group of twelve, and Gandalf agrees.<ref>{{TT|III11}}, "'I will keep Éomer and ten Riders,' said the king. 'They shall ride with me at early day. The rest may go with Aragorn and ride as soon as they have a mind.' 'As you will,' said Gandalf."</ref> Then when the trip to Helm's Deep starts, the number has increased to twenty-six, and Aragorn goes with Théoden.<ref>{{RK|V2}}, "Soon all were ready to depart: twenty-four horses, with Gimli behind Legolas, and Merry in front of Aragorn."</ref> The trip from Helm's Deep to Dunharrow has a group of five hundred.<ref>{{RK|V2}}, "A thousand spears had indeed already ridden away at night, but still there would be some five hundred more to go with the king."</ref> They do ride through the hills, as Gandalf had said. "Most of the time" they're in a group bigger than three.<ref>{{RK|V3}}, "Sometimes where the way was broader he [Merry] had ridden at the king's side, not noticing that many of the Riders smiled to see the two together: the hobbit on his little shaggy grey pony, and the Lord of Rohan on his great white horse. [...] But most of the time, especially on the last day, Merry had ridden by himself just behind the king, saying nothing, and trying to understand the slow sonorous speech of Rohan that he heard the men behind him using."</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Maybe there was some reason, not narrated, that Gandalf changed his mind about the need for small groups (and Théoden changed his about his companions). Or maybe for most of the journey, riding in big groups couldn't be avoided, though that would make the order pointless.<br />
<br />
==The peril of deep arts==<br />
In connection with the ''palantír'' of Orthanc, Gandalf observes to Pippin, "Perilous to us all are the devices of an art deeper than we possess ourselves."<ref name="Palantir">{{TT|III11}}</ref> However, never in ''The Hobbit'' or ''The Lord of the Rings'' does he warn [[Thorin|Thorin]] or the hobbits against using elvish swords, which glow in the presence of orcs, or [[Daggers of Westernesse|daggers from the barrow]], which are especially effective against Ringwraiths. He returns the [[Phial of Galadriel]] to Frodo and [[Gifts of Galadriel|Galadriel's box of earth]] to Sam without any warnings. Also, there is no apparent danger in characters' using other products of elven arts (cloaks, ''[[hithlain]]'' ropes, ''[[lembas]]'').<br />
<br />
;Explanation: Maybe the ''palantíri'' are "devices" in a sense in which the other things named are not. <br />
:Furthermore, it's possible that Gandalf was only attempting to discourage Pippin's curiosity, worrying that it could lead to another dangerous situation like that with the ''palantír''.<br />
==The eyes in Orthanc==<br />
<br />
When Aragorn tells Gimli and Legolas that he's confronted Sauron in the ''palantír'', he says, "To know that I lived and walked the earth was a blow to his heart, I deem; for he knew it not till now. The eyes in Orthanc did not see through the armour of Théoden".<ref>{{RK|V2}}</ref> But Wormtongue knew that Aragorn claimed to be Isildur's heir, as Gandalf points out to Pippin.<ref name=Palantir/> Thus whether Wormtongue recognized Aragorn from Orthanc doesn't matter to Sauron's knowledge of Aragorn's existence. What Aragorn should have deduced was that either Wormtongue never told Saruman about him, or Saruman didn't reveal the knowledge, whether to Sauron through the ''palantír'' or to the Nazgûl who came to demand Saruman's supposed captive hobbit. (The latter is what Gandalf tells Pippin he fears.)<br />
<br />
==[[Mouth of Sauron]] and "Sauron the Great"==<br />
[[Aragorn]] mentions that the name "[[Sauron]]" (meaning "Abominable") is the name used by his enemies, and Sauron himself does not permit it to be pronounced.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref> Therefore it would be problematic, if not logically impossible, for the messenger to Dáin to refer to his master as "the Lord Sauron the Great", as Aragorn had heard at the [[Council of Elrond]],<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref> and for a servant of Sauron to say, "I am the Mouth of Sauron".<ref>{{RK|V10}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: It could be that Aragorn was mistaken, perhaps thinking of the time before Sauron had declared himself. Another possibility is that the "Mouth" used a different name or title, perhaps in the Black Speech, and Frodo or the translator Tolkien "translated" it as Sauron to clarify it for readers. A similar possibility is that despite Aragorn's blanket statement, Sauron sometimes allowed his servants to use the name for such purposes as communicating with others who used it. As many of his enemies only knew his "true" name as Sauron, it would also allow him to keep his true names and aliases hidden from them, as well as allow them to immediately recognize whom his servants were referring to.<br />
<br />
=Factual mistakes=<br />
==[[Doors of Durin]]==<br />
The name ''[[Moria]]'' means "Black Chasm" and was a derogatory description of the place which the [[Dwarves]] did not like much; it was given after [[Durin's Bane]] took over the city and it was overrun by [[Orcs]]. It is therefore a paradox why that name appears on the [[Doors of Durin]] (''Ennyn Durin Aran Moria''), made in the [[Second Age]], and with the consent of the Dwarves.<br />
<br />
;Explanation: An "external" explanation is that since the translated [[Norse]] names [[Durin (disambiguation)|Durin]] and [[Narvi]] are seen in the inscription, ''Moria'' may also be a "translated" name.<br />
<br />
==[[Eagles]]==<br />
One of the best-known alleged plot holes is why the Eagles came to carry Frodo and Sam back from [[Mount Doom]] but did not help them to fly [[the One Ring]] there, or at least help them at other points in their journey such as the crossing of the Misty Mountains. It is particularly hard to understand why this idea was not proposed in the [[Council of Elrond]].<br />
;Explanation: This question is discussed in detail in [[Eagles#Flying_the_Ring_to_Mount_Doom|the article on the Eagles]], which gives several explanations.<br />
<br />
In general the explanations for not flying the Ring to Mount Doom are better than those for the Fellowship's not at least trying to have the Eagles fly them across the Misty Mountains.<br />
<br />
==Distances==<br />
The distances of the Dwarves' travel to [[Rivendell]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' seem to have different proportions than those in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Tolkien tried to reconcile the ''Hobbit'' description with the scale of the ''LotR'' map but couldn't find an appropriate solution.<ref>{{HM|RS}} p. 204</ref><br />
<br />
While Frodo and his companions needed 28 days from [[Hobbiton]] to [[Rivendell]] (10.7 miles/day)<ref name="atlas">[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''</ref>, [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] calculated that Bilbo and [[Thorin and Company]] needed 38 days (17.5 miles/day)<ref name="atlas"/>. [[Andreas Möhn|Andreas Moehn]] goes further and supposes that Thorin and Co. wanted two weeks from the [[Trollshaws]] till Rivendell (a distance which [[Glorfindel]] covered in two days), resulting in c. 48 days total.<ref name="lalaith">http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Durin%27s_Day.html</ref>.<br />
;Explanation: The distances and days are not described in the narrative and can be measured only by references such as the moon phases and other fan calculations; therefore there can be a margin of miscalculation. <br />
:In general, perhaps the Dwarves are by nature slower travelers than Men and/or Hobbits. In ''[[The Departure of Boromir]]'' it is seen that [[Gimli]] had a problem keeping pace with Aragorn and Legolas.<br />
<br />
==Beater and Biter==<br />
The swords [[Glamdring]] and its "mate" [[Orcrist]] are said to have belonged to King [[Turgon]] of the [[First Age]]. They never appeared much in battle (Turgon fought only in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]) and they were witnessed only by the Orcs of Beleriand. However, in the [[Third Age]] the swords are found in a [[Troll]] hoard in [[Eriador]], and the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] recognize them by their names.<br />
<br />
The Orcs don't seem to react similarly in the sight of Glamdring in ''LotR'', nor do they seem to recognize [[Narsil]]/[[Andúril]], which is much more "recent".<br />
<br />
;Explanation: There can be several theories and explanations of how the swords and even their reputations reach Eriador. However, the narrative of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' doesn't justify their significance to the extent of being remembered and recognized by the Goblins of the Third Age, even by tradition.<br />
<br />
==The elf-king's favorite gems==<br />
The narration of ''The Hobbit'' says the [[Thranduil|elf-king]]'s favorite gems are "white."<ref>{{H|8}}, "If the elf-king had a weakness it was for treasure, especially for silver and white gems...."</ref> However, after the [[Battle of Five Armies]], the narration says, "To the Elven-king he <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Bard]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> sent the emeralds of [[Girion]], such gems as he most loved...."<ref>{{H|18}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: The sentence is somewhat ambiguous: "he" could refer to Bard or Girion instead of the elf-king. However, the elf-king's preference in gems, not the others', would be relevant to Bard's choice of what to give him.<br />
<br />
==Thráin and Thorin's settling in the [[Blue Mountains]]==<br />
[[File:Stephen Raw - Middle-earth map (1 of 4).png|250px|thumb|A map of north-west Middle-earth]]<br />
After [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and his followers returned to [[Dunland]] following the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799}},<br />
{{Blockquote|they removed and wandered in [[Eriador]], until at last they made a home in exile in the east of the [[Ered Luin]] beyond the [[Lune]].<ref name="AppADurin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
From the point of view of Eriador and the Shire, "beyond the Lune" is north of it.<br />
<br />
However, the "Tale of Years" ([[Appendix B]]) states,<br />
{{Blockquote|Thráin and his son Thorin wander westwards. They settle in the South of [[Ered Luin]] beyond [[the Shire]] ({{TA|2802|n}})<ref name="AppThird"/>}}<br />
<br />
It is difficult to reconcile the descriptions "beyond the Lune" and "in the south of the Ered Luin."<br />
<br />
Other mentions of the Dwarves' homes in the Ered Luin are consistent with both possibilities. "Dwarves dwelt in the east side of the Blue Mountains, especially in those parts south of the [[Gulf of Lune]], where they have mines that are still in use."<ref name="AppEriador"/> "Especially in those parts south of the Gulf of Lune" implies that a smaller number of Dwarves lived north of the Gulf, as shown in two other quotations. In a parenthetical comment made in "Of Dwarves and Men" in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien indicated that beyond the inflow of the [[Little Lune]] was 'Dwarf territory'.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 313</ref> Likewise in Appendix A: [[Arvedui]], the last king of [[Arthedain]], "hid in the tunnels of the old dwarf-mines near the far end of the Mountains".<ref name="AppEriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Westron and English==<br />
In a few places, Tolkien might be thought to have forgotten that the English, including Old English, in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is supposed to be translated from [[Westron]] and related languages. Some of these are easily explained. The most difficult is the comment, "This was ''Orthanc'', the citadel of Saruman, the name of which had (by design or chance) a twofold meaning; for in the Elvish speech ''orthanc'' signifies Mount Fang, but in the language of the Mark of old ''the Cunning Mind''."<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref> However, ''orthanc'' means "cunning" not in [[Rohirric]] but in Old English, which Tolkien used to translate Rohirric.<br />
;Explanation: The unattested name for ''Orthanc'' in Rohirric could also mean "cunning mind".<br />
<br />
==Chronology==<br />
<br />
===When Bilbo departed===<br />
In the chapter ''[[Roast Mutton]]'', [[Thorin and Company]] depart from the ''[[Green Dragon]]'' "one fine morning just before May." In the later written and published "[[The Quest of Erebor]]", part of "[[Unfinished Tales]]", the author established that the day of departure was [[27 April]].<ref>{{UT|Quest}}</ref> However, the chapter ''[[Flies and Spiders]]'' refers to what has happened "since they started their journey that May morning long ago."<br />
<br />
;Explanation: The fifth month of the [[Shire Calendar]], Thrimidge, falls between 22 April to 21 May. By the human calendar, the journey would have started just before May; but by the hobbit calendar, the journey started during Thrimidge. The second reference to May could have been a "translation error", where "Thrimidge" was translated as "May" regardless of the actual date.<br />
<br />
===[[White Council]] during the [[Watchful Peace]]===<br />
According to [[Appendix A]], "The Stewards", during the [[Watchful Peace]] "''Sauron withdrew before the power of the White Council and the Ringwraiths remained hidden in Morgul Vale''". However the Watchful Peace ended in {{TA|2460}}, three years before the White Council was formed. Thus according to [[Robert Foster]], the reference to the Council is "incorrect".<ref>[[Robert Foster]] (2001) ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Complete Guide to Middle-Earth: From The Hobbit through The Lord of the Rings and Beyond]]''. Random House Digital, [http://books.google.com/books?id=GNGJvGi849UC&pg=PA538 p. 538].</ref><br />
;Explanation: Foster suggests that the reference to the "White Council" is rather to "the [[Wise]]" in general.<br />
<br />
===Moon phases===<br />
Tolkien was particularly careful about the phases of the [[Moon]] in the ''LotR''. Yet some mistakes did elude him. See for example [[13 January|January 13]], [[16 January|January 16]], [[22 February|February 22]], [[22 September|September 22]]. <br />
<br />
In general, it is possible that Tolkien consulted a modern almanac to model the moon phases, and also possible that he confused the meanings of "New Moon": the astronomical (the moment when the moon is darkest) and the colloquial (appearance of the new crescent moon).<ref>http://shire-reckoning.com/moon.html</ref><br />
<br />
Another mistake appears in ''The Hobbit'': [[Bard|Bard I]] killed [[Smaug]] "at the rising of the moon"<ref>{{H|15}}</ref> when "the moon rose above the eastern shore and silvered his [Smaug's] great wings... the waxing moon rose higher and higher". Also the [[thrush]] tells Bard, "Wait! Wait!... The Moon is rising." <ref>{{H|14}}</ref> However, according to astronomy a waxing moon rises only in the morning, after the sun. We can be certain the moon was waxing because this occurs the day after [[Durin's Day]], which is the first day in the last month of autumn that the new moon is visible together with the sun.<ref name="lalaith"/><br />
<br />
;Explanation: One might imagine that Bard needed to wait for the moon to fall below a cloudbank and that the tradition is corrupt.<ref name="lalaith"/><br />
<br />
===[[Shadow over Hollin]]===<br />
While the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] traverses [[Hollin]], they see and feel a flying shadow over them.<ref name="Ring"/> Since no other such phenomena occur, when the [[Fell Beast]]s are introduced, the reader makes such a connection. However later we learn that Sauron did not permit the Nazgûl to traverse west of the [[Anduin]] after their accident at [[Bruinen]].<br />
<br />
;Explanation: Possibly it was a "lost" or "disobeying" Nazgûl who despite orders found himself prematurely west of the Anduin, or simply something wholly unexplained and unrelated to the Fell Beasts. Perhaps it was some feeling of foreboding as they would eventually have to go to Moria. It could also be a sort of literal metaphor of Sauron observing them, as often throughout the books Sauron's gaze is compared to a "heavy shadow" bearing down on what it sees.<br />
<br />
===Nights in Lórien===<br />
The surviving members of the Company spend their first night in Lórien in a "flet" in a tree. On their second night, "they rested and slept without fear on the ground".<ref >{{FR|II6}}</ref> On their third night, they sleep on the ground again, in a pavilion in [[Caras Galadon]]. "For a little while the travellers talked of their night before in the tree-tops, and of their day's journey...." And Aragorn says, "But tonight I shall sleep without fear for the first time since I left Rivendell."<ref name="Mirror"/> The night in the tree-tops was not the night before, and Aragorn did sleep without fear on the previous night, so the second night appears to be forgotten.<br />
<br />
;Explanation: In Lórien at least some members of the fellowship lose track of the flow of time. Shortly after Aragorn's remark, the narration says, "They remained some days in Lothlórien, so far as they could tell or remember." Also, after leaving Lórien, Sam feels sure they had not spent a whole month there, despite the evidence of the phase of the moon, and Frodo thinks while in Lórien they were in the past and mentions that he doesn't remember seeing the moon while there. However, Legolas assures him that only their perception of time was changed, and Aragorn points out that the time had indeed been a month.<ref>{{FR|II9}}</ref> Aragorn's forgetting his night without fear could be an effect of this changed sense of time. The phrase in the narration "the night before in the tree-tops" is harder to explain within the story, as the narration does include the intervening night, but the inconspicuous contradiction might be deliberate foreshadowing of what the Company will experience.<br />
<br />
===Éomer and Éowyn after Aragorn's coronation===<br />
In the chapter ''[[The Steward and the King]]'', it is stated: "So the glad days passed; and on the eighth day of May the Riders of Rohan made ready, and rode off by the North-way, and with them went the sons of Elrond. All the road was lined with people to do them honour and praise them, from the Gate of the City to the walls of the Pelennor."<ref name="SaK">{{RK|VI5}}</ref> However, in ''[[Appendix B]]'' of some editions of the novel<ref>http://www.sf-fandom.com/vbulletin/archive/index.php/t-1958.html</ref> there is the entry: "May 8 (of {{TA|3019|n}}) Éomer and Éowyn depart '''from''' Rohan with the sons of Elrond".<ref name="AppB4">{{App|Chief}}</ref> (Emphasis added.)<br />
<br />
===The sapling's discovery===<br />
In the text of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' it is stated: "And Aragorn planted the new tree in the court by the fountain, and swiftly and gladly it began to grow; and when the month of June entered in it was laden with blossom".<ref name="SaK"/> The wording of this sentence suggests that Aragorn planted the sapling ''before'' June began. However, in ''Appendix B'' there is the entry: "June 25 (of {{TA|3019|n}}) King Elessar finds the sapling of the White Tree",<ref name="AppB4"/> in which case it could not have blossomed until late in the month.<br />
<br />
===Walda's death===<br />
King [[Walda]]'s death date is recorded in [[Appendix A]] as [[Third Age 2851]] but in [[Appendix B]] as [[Third Age 2861]].<br />
<br />
=Corrected mistakes=<br />
Several mistakes were simply remnants of earlier concepts of Tolkien, which later escaped his attention when revising the book. Some of them were corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]].<br />
<br />
===Bridle and headstall===<br />
The first edition referred to the "bridle and bit" of [[Glorfindel]]'s horse, [[Asfaloth]].<ref name="Flight"/> [[Rhona Beare]] wrote to Tolkien asking how that was possible when elves don't use bridles. Tolkien replied in [[Letter 211]] that he'd written "bridle and bit" before thinking about how elves ride, and he changed it to "headstall" in the second edition. However, a later mention of Asfaloth's bridle remained in the chapter.<ref>"His hand left the bridle and gripped the hilt of his sword, and with a red flash he drew it."</ref><br />
<br />
===Durin's Day===<br />
The original text of ''The Hobbit'' described [[Durin's Day]] as occurring on "the first day of the last moon of autumn",<ref>{{H|3}}</ref> the "first moon of autumn",<ref>{{H|4}}</ref> and "the last week of autumn".<ref>{{H|11}}</ref> In the 1995 edition the mention in Chapter 4 was revised to place the day at the end of autumn, in line with the other two mentions.<ref>Chester N. Scoville, "''The Hobbit''" in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'' (2007), Michael D.C. Drout, ed., Taylor and Francis, p. 279</ref><br />
<br />
===Bandobras' parentage===<br />
The ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' mentions that [[Bandobras Took]] was the son (not grandson) of [[Isengrim Took II]]. This has been corrected in the 50th Anniversary edition.<br />
<br />
===Sam's birth===<br />
In the second edition of ''LotR'', [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]'' as [[Third Age 2963]]. This contradicts both a later entry in ''The Tale of Years'' and the [[Appendix C]] given as [[Third Age 2980]].<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 716</ref><br />
<br />
===Gandalf's letter===<br />
The letter Gandalf leaves for Frodo at the ''[[Prancing Pony]]'' is dated "[[Midyear's Day]], Shire Year, 1418."<ref name="Strider">{{FR|I10}}</ref> However, in editions published during Tolkien's lifetime, Appendix B says that on June 29, "Gandalf meets [[Radagast]]." Then Gandalf says he left [[Bree]] at dawn of the following day,<ref name="CofE"/> which would be June 30, two days before Midyear's Day (as 1 [[Lithe]] comes between).<br />
;Explanation: Perhaps Gandalf, who was in a hurry and had been traveling for days, made the mistake. However, the entry in Appendix B for June 29, 3018, has been deleted from the 50th Anniversary Edition.<br />
<br />
===[[Gimli]]'s axe===<br />
Upon arrival in [[Edoras]], Gimli mentions his axe has touched nothing but firewood since they left Moria. Yet he also claims he and [[Legolas]] killed several Orcs at [[Amon Hen]]. <br />
;Explanation: This discrepancy was noted by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', where they explained why they left it unchanged in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. Amon Hen was a week before the Battle of the Hornburg; even for a stout Dwarven warrior, lamenting not killing an Orc for that short period would make him look too bloodthirsty.<br />
<br />
===Knowledge of the ''Palantíri''===<br />
After Gandalf learns that the crystal ball he has recovered is the ''[[palantír]]'' of [[Orthanc]], he tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] the [[White Council]] didn't know any of the ''palantíri'' (presumably those of [[Gondor]]) survived disaster in Gondor (presumably the [[Kin-strife]]).<ref>{{TT|III11}}, "It was not known to us that any of the ''palantíri'' had escaped the ruin of Gondor."</ref> However, after [[Denethor]] reveals his ''palantír'', Gandalf says in earlier editions, "Though the Stewards deemed that it was a secret kept only by themselves, long have I known that here in the White Tower, as at Orthanc, one of the Seven Stones was preserved."<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Pyre of Denethor]]"</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: Gandalf could have learned about the two ''palantíri'' by himself, after the last time the White Council met (66 years earlier), or he was concealing his knowledge so as to keep secret his source for this information.<br />
<br />
:However, in the Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, the sentence was revised to read, "Though the Stewards deemed that it was a secret kept only by themselves, '''long ago I guessed''' that here in the White Tower, one at least of the Seven Seeing Stones was preserved." (Emphasis added.)<br />
<br />
===Addition of the Westmarch (and Buckland) to the Shire===<br />
In early editions, the "Prologue" to ''The Lord of the Rings'' contained the sentence "Outside the [[Farthing]]s were the East and West Marches: the [[Buckland]] and the [[Westmarch]] added to the Shire in {{SR|1462}}."<ref name="OldPrologue">{{FR|Prologue}}</ref> That had two inconsistencies with other parts of the text. First, the "Tale of Years" dates the event to {{SR|1452}}.<ref name="AppLater">{{App|Later}}</ref> Second, various points indicate that Buckland was part of the Shire. The clearest may be Merry's comment to the other hobbits, when they have gone through the tunnel under the [[High Hay]] from Buckland into the [[Old Forest]], that they have left the Shire.<ref>{{FR|I6}}, "'There!' said Merry. 'You have left the Shire, and are now outside, and on the edge of the Old Forest.'"</ref><br />
<br />
;Explanation: In the 50th Anniversary Edition, the sentence was changed to "Outside the Farthings were the East and West Marches: the Buckland; and the Westmarch added to the Shire in S.R. 1452." In addition to the correction of the date, the semicolon after "Buckland" indicates that Buckland was not added to the Shire after the War of the Ring, making the sentence consistent with the idea that it was already part of the Shire.<ref name="NewPrologue">{{FR|Prologue|50}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Mirror of Galadriel===<br />
In editions prior to the 50th Anniversary Edition, the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]] mentions that Frodo and Sam looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] on [[14 February]]. However it is clear from the narrative that this occurred ''one day'' before departure on [[16 February]], not ''two''. [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]] decided to fix the Tale of Years so that the Mirror of Galadriel sequence happened on 15 February.<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Debates]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&diff=309728Kalevala2020-01-20T19:08:03Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Túrin Turambar and Kullervo */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{expansion}}<br />
[[Image:Kalevala1.jpg|''Kalevala'', First edition, 1835.jpg|frame]]<br />
The '''''Kalevala''''' is a book and epic poem which [[Elias Lönnrot]] compiled from [[Finnish]] and Karelian folklore in the 19th century. It is held to be the national epic of Finland and is traditionally thought of as one of the most significant works of Finnish literature.<br />
<br />
"Kalevala" is the name of the homeland of the heroes in the book ''Kalevala''. <br />
<br />
==Tolkien and the ''Kalevala''==<br />
<br />
The Finnish mythology, as presented in the ''Kalevala'', had a profound impact on the young [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], and became an inspiration for the creation of his [[legendarium]]. In early letter to [[Edith Bratt]], Tolkien mentions that he is doing a reworking of one of the stories from the ''Kalevala'' (resulting in the manuscript "[[The Story of Kullervo]]").<ref>{{L|1}}</ref> In [[1955]], writing to his friend [[W.H. Auden]], he says that ''"the beginning of the legendarium [...] was in an attempt to reorganize some of the Kalevala, especially the tale of Kullervo the hapless, into a form of my own"''.<ref>{{L|163}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Túrin Turambar and Kullervo===<br />
[[Image:Gallen Kallela Kullervos Curse.jpg|thumb|"Kullervo's Curse" by Akseli Gallen-Kallela]]<br />
{{quote|The germ of my attempt to write legends of my own to fit my private languages was the tragic tale of the hapless Kullervo in the Finnish ''Kalevala''. It remains a major matter in the legends of the First Age (which I hope to publish as ''The Silmarillion'')|J.R.R. Tolkien, [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
A considerable part of the tale of [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]] is derived from the ''Kalevala'', where the counterpart of Túrin is [[Kullervo]], son of Kalervo.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]; [[Verlyn Flieger]] (ed.), "'The Story of Kullervo' and Essays on Kalevala", in ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7]]''</ref> Kalervo comes into conflict with the kin of Untamo, and soon a gang of men attacks Kalervo killing his family and men, and only one maid is spared her life to serve as a slave for Kalervo. But soon the maid gives birth to Kullervo. Later Kullervo is sold to Ilmarinen, from who he soon escapes. Kullervo finds out that her parents are alive as well, and hears from them that his sister has disappeared. Kalervo has to go to pay the families taxes, and on his way back Kullervo meets a fair maiden and seduces her. Afterwards she realizes that Kullervo is her brother, and out of shame she jumps into rapids and drowns. Desperate and self destructive Kullervo returns home and attacks Untamo and slays him. After the killing he talks to his sword, and says that it has bled a lot of innocent blood, and tells it that now the sword can bleed some guilty blood as well. The sword replies: <br />
<br />
:Thus his trusty sword makes answer,<br />
:Well divining his intentions:<br />
:Why should I not drink thy life-blood,<br />
:Blood of guilty Kullerwoinen,<br />
:Since I feast upon the worthy,<br />
:Drink the life-blood of the righteous?" <br />
<br />
After the sword replies, Kullervo thrusts himself to the blade and dies.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*''[[The Story of Kullervo]]''<br />
*''[[The Children of Húrin]]''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{WP|Kalevala}}<br />
*[http://www.finlit.fi/kalevala/index.php?m=163&l=2 The Finnish Literary Society: information in English]<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Finnish publications]]<br />
[[Category:Poems]]<br />
[[Category:Poetry books]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[de:Kalevala]]<br />
[[fi:Kalevala]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_Kullervo&diff=309722The Story of Kullervo2020-01-20T17:01:25Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* From the publisher */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
| title=The Story of Kullervo<br />
| image=[[File:The Story of Kullervo.jpg|225px]]<br />
| author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
| editor=[[Verlyn Flieger]] <br />
| illustrator=<br />
| publisherUK=[[HarperCollins]]<br />
| publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]<br />
| dateUK=[[27 August]] [[2015]]<br />
| dateUS=[[5 April]] [[2016]]<br />
| format=Hardcover<br />
| pages=192<br />
| isbn=9780008131364<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Story of Kullervo''''' is a book edited by [[Verlyn Flieger]]. The work reproduces [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]’s complete draft of ‘The Story of Kullervo’ with commentaries and articles by [[Verlyn Flieger]].<br />
<br />
==Pre-publication history==<br />
<br />
In a [[1914]] letter to [[Edith Bratt]], Tolkien mentions that he is "trying to turn one of the stories [from the Kalevala] — which is really a very great story and most tragic – into a short story".<ref>{{L|1}}</ref> [[Humphrey Carpenter]] notes that ''"'The Story of Kullervo', was never finished, but proved to be the germ of the story of Túrin Turambar in The Silmarillion"''.<ref>{{L|1|6}}</ref><br />
<br />
The manuscript remained unpublished for many years, but was published in [[2010]] in ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7]]'', edited and with a commentary by [[Verlyn Flieger]].<br />
<br />
In [[2013]], Eduardo Oliveira Ferreira presented an academic project to The [[Tolkien Estate]], entitled "The Story of Kullervo", with contributions from [[Verlyn Flieger]], [[John Garth]], [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]] and [[Shaun Gunner]]. The English and Portuguese bilingual book was approved by The Tolkien Estate on the condition that it be limited to 100 copies with the final text being subject to the Estate's scrutiny. However, when ''The Story of Kullervo'' was confirmed by [[HarperCollins]] publishers, Oliveira Ferreira's project was cancelled.<ref>{{webcite|website=TS|articleurl=http://www.tolkiensociety.org/blog/2015/07/the-story-of-kullervo-and-the-brazilian-contribution-to-its-publication/|articlename=The Story of Kullervo and the Brazilian contribution to its publication|dated=28 July 2015|author=Eduardo Oliveira Ferreira|accessed=22 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Quotes==<br />
<br />
''"The germ of my attempt to write legends of my own to fit my private languages was the tragic tale of the hapless Kullervo in the Finnish Kalevala. It remains a major matter in the legends of the First Age (which I hope to publish as The Silmarillion)"''― J.R.R. Tolkien, [[Letter 257]]<br />
<br />
==From the publisher==<br />
{{blockquote|The world first publication of a previously unknown work of fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien, which tells the powerful story of a doomed young man who is sold into slavery and who swears revenge on the magician who killed his father. Kullervo son of Kalervo is perhaps the darkest and most tragic of all J.R.R. Tolkien’s characters. ‘Hapless Kullervo’, as Tolkien called him, is a luckless orphan boy with supernatural powers and a tragic destiny. Brought up in the homestead of the dark magician Untamo, who killed his father, kidnapped his mother, and who tries three times to kill him when still a boy, Kullervo is alone save for the love of his twin sister, Wanona, and guarded by the magical powers of the black dog, Musti. When Kullervo is sold into slavery he swears revenge on the magician, but he will learn that even at the point of vengeance there is no escape from the cruellest of fates. Tolkien himself said that The Story of Kullervo was ‘the germ of my attempt to write legends of my own’, and was ‘a major matter in the legends of the First Age’. Tolkien’s Kullervo is the clear ancestor of Túrin Turambar, tragic incestuous hero of The Silmarillion. In addition to it being a powerful story in its own right, The Story of Kullervo, published here for the first time with the author’s drafts, notes and lecture-essays on its source-work, the Kalevala, is a foundation stone in the structure of Tolkien’s invented world.}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Kalevala#Túrin Turambar and Kullervo|Túrin Turambar and Kullervo]]<br />
*[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 7]]<br />
*[[Green Suns and Faërie]]<br />
*[[The Children of Húrin]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://johngarth.wordpress.com/2016/03/30/a-turbulent-darkness-tolkiens-first-story/ "A turbulent darkness: Tolkien’s first story"], review by [[John Garth]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Story of Kullervo (book)}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Books by Verlyn Flieger]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[Category:Scholarly books]]<br />
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]<br />
[[CATEGORY:Manuscripts by J.R.R. Tolkien|Story of Kullervo]]<br />
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/kullervo]]<br />
[[fi:Kullervon tarina]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Light_as_Leaf_on_Lindentree&diff=309581Light as Leaf on Lindentree2020-01-14T21:50:59Z<p>4.59.139.245: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Light as Leaf on Lindentree''' is a poem written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and published in June [[1925]] in ''The Gryphon'' magazine, Vol. 6 No. 6 on page 217. It was first written as part of ''[[The Lay of the Children of Húrin]]''.<ref>{{LB|1b}}, pp. 108-110</ref> The [[Lay of Leithian Canto III|third Canto]] of ''[[The Lay of Leithian]]'' was written after the poem's publication and was inspired by it.<ref>{{LB|C3}}, pp. 181-182</ref><br />
<br />
After many emendations it became the [[Song of Beren and Lúthien]] that [[Strider]] chanted to the hobbits on [[Weathertop]].<ref>{{RS|Attack}}</ref><br />
<br />
==The Poem==<br />
<poem style="font-style:italic; margin-left:20px;"><br />
‘Tis of Beren Ermabwed brokenhearted,<br />
How Luthien the lissom he loved of yore<br />
In the enchanted forest chained with wonder.<br />
Tinúviel he named her, than nightingale<br />
More sweet her voice, as veiled in soft<br />
And wavering wisps of woven dusk<br />
Shot with starlight, with shining eyes,<br />
She danced like dreams of drifting sheen,<br />
Pale twinkling pearls in pools of darkness.<br />
<br />
The grass was very long and thin,<br />
The leaves of many years lay thick,<br />
The old tree-roots wound out and in,<br />
And the early moon was glimmering.<br />
There went her white feet lilting quick,<br />
And Dairon’s flute did bubble thin,<br />
As neath the hemlock umbels thick<br />
Tinúviel danced a-shimmering.<br />
<br />
The pale moths lumbered noiselessly,<br />
And daylight, died among the leaves,<br />
As Beren from the wild country<br />
Came thither wayworn sorrowing.<br />
He peered between the hemlock sheaves,<br />
And watched in wonder noiselessly<br />
Her dancing through the moonlit leaves<br />
And the ghostly moths a-following.<br />
<br />
There magic took his weary feet,<br />
And he forgot his loneliness,<br />
And out he danced, unheeding, fleet,<br />
Where the moonbeams were a-glistening.<br />
Through the tangled woods of Elfinesse<br />
They fled on nimble fairy feet,<br />
And left him to his loneliness<br />
In the silent forest listening,<br />
Still hearkening for the imagined sound<br />
Of lissom feet upon the leaves,<br />
For music welling underground<br />
In the dim-lit caves of Doriath.<br />
<br />
But withered are the hemlock sheaves,<br />
And one by one with mournful sound<br />
Whispering fall the beechen leaves<br />
In the dying woods of Doriath.<br />
He sought her wandering near and far<br />
Where the leaves of one more year werestrewn,<br />
By winter moon and frosty star<br />
With shaken light a-shivering.<br />
<br />
He found her neath a misty moon,<br />
A silver wraith that danced afar,<br />
And the mists beneath her feet were strewn<br />
In moonlight palely quivering.<br />
She danced upon a hillock green<br />
Whose grass unfading kissed her feet,<br />
While Dairon’s fingers played unseen<br />
O’er his magic flute a-flickering;<br />
And out he danced, unheeding, fleet,<br />
In the moonlight to the hillock green:<br />
No impress found he of her feet<br />
That fled him swiftly flickering.<br />
<br />
And longing filled his voice that called “Tinúviel Tinúviel”<br />
And longing sped his feet enthralled<br />
Behind her wayward shimmering.<br />
She heard as echo of a spell<br />
His lonely voice that longing called “Tinúviel Tinúviel”<br />
One moment paused she glimmering.<br />
And Beren caught that elfin maid<br />
And kissed her trembling starlit eyes,<br />
Tinúviel whom love delayed<br />
In the woods of evening morrowless.<br />
<br />
Till moonlight and till music dies<br />
Shall Beren by the elfin maid<br />
Dance in the starlight of her eyes<br />
In the forest singing sorrowless.<br />
Wherever grass is long and thin,<br />
And the leaves of countless years lie thick,<br />
And ancient roots wind out and in,<br />
As once they did in Doriath,<br />
Shall go their white feet lilting quick,<br />
But never Dairon’s music thin<br />
Be heard beneath the hemlocks thick,<br />
Since Beren came to Doriath.<br />
</poem><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
* [[Lay of Leithian Canto III]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor&diff=309405Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor2020-01-09T19:29:52Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Plot synopsis With Spoilers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{incomplete}}<br />
{{video game infobox<br />
| image = [[File:Shadow of Mordor - Cover art.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name = Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor<br />
| developer = [[Monolith Productions]]<br />
| publisher = [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]]<br />
| platform = PC, Playstation 3, Playstation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One<br />
| releasedate = [[30 September]] [[\2014]]<br />
| genre = [[wikipedia:Action role-playing|Action role-playing]]<br />
| modes =<br />
| rating =<br />
| distribution =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor''''' is an open world action-adventure video game developed by [[Monolith Productions]]. Released in 2014, the story takes place between ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', acting as a bridge between the two eras. The protagonist's name is Talion, a [[Gondorian]] [[Ranger]] stationed at the [[Black Gate]]. Talion's family is slain the night the Dark Lord [[Sauron]] and his [[Uruk-Hai]] forces return to reclaim [[Mordor]], setting the Ranger on a quest for revenge after he is possessed and sustained from death by a mysterious [[Wraith]].<br />
<br />
==Plot synopsis==<br />
The family of [[Talion]], a ranger who guards the black gates into [[Mordor]], is brutally killed by the [[Black Hand of Sauron]]. Talion is also killed but is brought back to life merged with a wraith that gives him inhuman powers. He ventures into Mordor to exact revenge and to help the [[Celebrimbor|wraith]] find his past identity and what brings the two together.<br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
''Shadow of Mordor'' is an open-world action/adventure game that is set entirely within Mordor.<ref>{{webcite|author=Chris Plante|articleurl=http://www.theverge.com/2014/10/1/6881161/middle-earth-shadow-of-mordor-torture-terrorism|articlename='Shadow of Mordor' is morally repulsive and I can't stop playing it|dated=31-May-2011|website=[http://www.theverge.com The Verge]|accessed=July 29, 2015}}</ref> The overworld is mainly populated by [[Uruk-hai|Uruks]], as well as never-before-seen creatures, such as the cat-like Caragors and troll-like Graugs.<br />
<br />
One defining feature of the game is the Nemesis System, which allows the game to remember Uruks of a certain notability and track their progress as they rise from lowly soldiers to high-ranking captains and even war-chiefs. Most of these Uruks are randomly-generated and can vary in appearance, name, personality, and strengths/weaknesses. the Captains can randomly be found among the anonymous masses, though the war-chiefs can only be encountered by completing certain objectives to draw them out of hiding.<br />
<br />
There are a number of tactics and strategies that can be exploited to kill Uruks: In addition to killing them in normal combat, one can also poison a nearby barrel of grog and let Uruk-hai drink from it, grapple them and throw them over the edge of a cliff or platform, set Caragors loose on them by breaking open their cages, launch sneak attacks from above or behind, or "brand" Uruks with the Wraith's powers to brainwash them and pit them against other Orcs.<br />
<br />
==Differences between versions==<br />
The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game are severely lacking in comparison to their counterparts for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One: The PS3/360 versions features a simplified Nemesis system, poor framerate, longer loading times, and Graugs are very rarely encountered outside of missions. As such, the hunting challenges involving the Graugs and their variants are omitted from these versions of the game.<br />
<br />
==Plot synopsis With Spoilers==<br />
The family of Talion, a ranger who guards the black gates into Mordor, is brutally killed by the Black Hand of Sauron. Talion is also killed but is brought back to life merged with a wraith that gives him inhuman powers. He ventures into Mordor to exact revenge and to help the wraith find his past identity and what brings the two together. Through a series of quests with [[Gollum]], Talion and the wraith find relics that give the wraith his memories back in the form of visions. After completing all three Gollum Quests, the wraith is revealed to be Celebrimbor, the elven blacksmith who was tricked into forging the rings of power by Sauron during the [[Second Age]]. Talion also reunites with a fellow ranger, [[Hirgon]] and in a series of missions saves Hirgon's wife, poisons orc grog, and helps the rangers destroy a statue of Sauron in Mordor. Talion and Celebrimbor also meet an orc named [[Ratbag the Coward]]. Talion frees Ratbag from his binds and makes a deal; Ratbag will rank up in Sauron's army as long as he helps Talion kill the warchiefs. After three quests, Ratbag becomes a warchief and the deal is ended. After all of the previous missions, Talion attracts the attention of The [[Hammer of Sauron]]. The Hammer kills Ratbag, the only remaining warchief, for his insolence, and Talion kills the Hammer.<br />
<br />
==Voice cast==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Role !! Actor<br />
|-<br />
| [[Talion]] || [[Troy Baker]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Celebrimbor|The Wraith]] || [[Alister Duncan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Hirgon of Tarnost || Travis Willingham<br />
|-<br />
| The [[Black Hand]] || [[Nolan North]]<br />
|-<br />
| The Hammer of Sauron || John DiMaggio<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sauron]] || [[Steve Blum]] <br />
|-<br />
| Torvin || Adam Croasdell<br />
|-<br />
| Ioreth || Laura Bailey<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gollum]] || Liam O'Brien<br />
|-<br />
| [[Galadriel]] || [[Jennifer Hale]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ratbag the Coward || Phil Lamarr<br />
|-<br />
| Queen Marwen || Claudia Black<br />
|-<br />
| Dirhael || Jack Quaid<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saruman]] || [[Roger Jackson]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ship Captain || [[Jason Connery ]] <br />
|-<br />
|Additional voices ||[[Yuri Lowenthal]] <br />
|-<br />
|Additional voices || JB Blanc<br />
|-<br />
|Additional voices || Chris Cox<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images from Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor|Images from Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* '''[http://www.shadowofmordor.com/agegate/ Official website]'''<br />
<br />
{{Videogames}}<br />
<br />
{{title|italic}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Action games]]<br />
[[Category:Adventure games]]<br />
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Open world games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]<br />
[[Category:Role playing games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox One games]]<br />
[[Category:Warner Bros. Interactive games]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Orcs&diff=309304Orcs2020-01-03T20:40:25Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Origin */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{rewrite}}{{sources}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Orcs<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="In Mordor" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Goblins, [[Glamhoth]], [[Yrch]]<br />
| origin=Obscure, but apparently bred from [[Elves]] or [[Men]]<br />
| location=[[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Mordor]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]], [[Mount Gundabad]], [[High Pass]], [[Dol Guldur]] [[Isengard]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]], [[Saruman]]<br />
| rivalry=[[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]]<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]]; numerous [[Orkish]] languages; [[Westron]]<br />
| people=[[Uruk-hai]], [[Goblin-men]], [[Half-orcs]], [[Hobgoblins]], [[Orcs of Mordor|Mordor Orcs]], [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Misty Mountain Orcs]]<br />
| members=[[Othrod]], [[Azog]], [[Bolg]], [[Gorbag]], [[Great Goblin]], [[Grishnákh]]<br />
| lifespan=Early Orcs - Probably immortal or long-lived<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br/>Later Orcs - diminished<ref name=Myths>{{MR|Myths}}</ref>{{rp|411}}<br/>[[Boldog|Boldogs]] - far longer than [[Men]]<ref name=Myths/>{{rp|418}}<br />
| distinctions=Evil footsoldiers of the [[Dark Lord|Evil]]; preferred darkness<br />
| height=Short<ref>{{FR|II5}} The "huge" orc-chieftain is described as "almost man high"</ref><br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=Sallow, green, brown, grey, black, swarthy<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
'''Orcs''' (also called '''[[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]]''') were the footsoldiers of evil overlords - [[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]] and [[Saruman]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origins and early years===<br />
<br />
The Orcs were bred by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] in mockery of the [[Elves]], sometime during the [[The Darkness#The Great Darkness|Great Darkness]].<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><ref>{{TT|III4}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John Howe - Orc Swordsman.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[John Howe]] - ''Orc Swordsman'']]<br />
<br />
It is unclear exactly when Orcs were created, but it certainly happened before the [[War for Sake of the Elves]] in his stronghold of Utumno. Whether the Orcs were at this time a capable fighting force against the host of Valinor is not known. But at least some of them survived this war, probably hidden in the deep vaults of [[Angband]], and multiplied, waiting for their master.<br />
<br />
When Melkor (now known as [[Morgoth]]) returned to Middle-earth, he created new hordes of Orcs and invaded [[Beleriand]], where the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] took place. Orcs also fought in [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]].<br />
<br />
===First Age===<br />
Orcs appear in the [[First Age]] as the core force of [[Morgoth]]. Hundreds of thousands of Orcs were bred in [[Angband]] to participate in the [[Battles of Beleriand]], which lasted 587 years.<br />
<br />
Orcs first appear in the [[First Age]] in the [[Battle of the Lammoth]], where they were defeated by [[Fingolfin]] and his [[Noldor]]. Orcs participated in battles such as the [[Dagor Aglareb]], [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fall of the Falas]], and finally in the [[War of Wrath]], where they were almost extinguished. Those that survived the defeat fled eastwards and hid probably in the Mountains of [[Angmar]] and the [[Ered Mithrin]].<br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
Around the year {{SA|1000}} Sauron reappeared, took the land of [[Mordor]] as his realm and started the construction of [[Barad-dûr]]. It is likely that most of his servants were Orcs at this time that he had gathered under his command. Still for a long time Sauron's foul servants did not play an important role, for the Dark Lord had chosen a more subtle way to overthrow the free people by creating the [[Rings of Power]].<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], in {{SA|1700}}, Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, Sauron was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and [[Númenóreans]]. Still Sauron was powerful east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains and the eastern lands multiplied.<br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] started a war against the [[Dwarves]], resulting in the [[First Sack of Gundabad]] and its occupation by the Orcs. Finally, Orcs were the core force of [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], and fought in great battles such as the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]].<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
[[File:Richard Sullivan - Orc.jpg|thumb|left|Richard Sullivan - ''Orc'']]<br />
During the [[Third Age]], Orcs were the standard troops of the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] and [[Sauron]] (both in [[Mordor]] and in [[Dol Guldur]]). <br />
<br />
In [[Angmar]], Orcs fought in the [[Angmar War]]. Years later, they invaded [[Eriador]] under the leadership of the [[Necromancer]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]], one of the few (more or less) independent Orcish societies, and their leader [[Azog]] started out the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and after their defeat they retreated in their caves. They appeared again in {{TA|2941}}, when the [[Battle of Five Armies]] took place.<br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of Mordor]] fought in major battles during the [[War of the Ring]], such as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], but the majority of [[Mordor]]'s forces were destroyed or scattered at the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. Sporadic fighting in the following weeks led to the Orcs finally being driven out of the western end of Mordor, though it is unclear how many Orcs Sauron had in his armies, and it is also unclear how many survived after his defeat. <br />
<br />
The Orcs in [[Dol Guldur]] remained in [[Mirkwood]] until the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], one of the last battles of the War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Fourth Age and beyond===<br />
The fate of the Orcs after the Third Age is unknown. Though many of Sauron's Orcs fought on and were slain in the weeks following the Battle of the Morannon, the true number of Sauron's hosts is unclear, as are the numbers of Orcs not within Mordor that may still inhabit the rest of Middle-earth. It is at least known that the Orcs of Moria either fled or were slain by the Fourth Age, as it is mentioned that the Dwarves managed to retake Moria and the mines within it.<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
<br />
===Culture===<br />
<br />
It is certain all Orcs were dependent on the Dark Lords in various ways: after the War of Wrath, the Orcs were confused and dismayed without Morgoth, and were easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after his defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader and degenerated into small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in wild places, such as the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Mountains of Angmar]]. Orcs remained a threat to travelers and isolated settlements, and when united could pose a great regional threat, but they could never amount to the force they were under Morgoth. Only when Sauron returned to power did they begin to reclaim their old power. The same happened after Sauron's defeat by the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]: only under the Witch-King's command, and when Sauron returned as the Necromancer of [[Mirkwood]], did the Orcs become a real danger for all of Middle-earth again. Orcs were warlike and often cruel, fighting with reckless ferocity and delighting in the slaughter and torture of their foes; many had a cowardly nature however, and were often regarded as inferior, though far more expendable, than the soldiers of Men, Elves, and Dwarves.<br />
<br />
===Lifespan===<br />
<br />
It is unknown if the Orcs were immortal like the Elves. There is, in any case, a hint for a long lifespan in the story of two of the most famous Orc-chieftains: [[Azog]] and [[Bolg]]. Bolg, being the son of Azog, was the chieftain of the Orcs who attacked Erebor in the Battle of Five Armies in {{TA|2941}}. Azog himself was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar in {{TA|2799}}, so Bolg was at least 150 years old.<br />
<br />
===Appearance===<br />
<br />
Orcs were described as smaller in stature than Men on average, strong but crooked in frame and bow-legged. One "huge orc-chieftain" was described as "almost Man-high", but some must have been of a similar size to Hobbits (Frodo and Sam succeeded in disguising themselves as Orcs in Mordor). Their overall appearance varied: they had long arms and fanged mouths; Tolkien describes them as "swart" or "sallow", although one in Moria is "black-skinned" and others are described generally as "black" (possibly not a reference to skin colour).<br />
<br />
===Kinds of orcs===<br />
The Fellowship usually encountered the large soldier-Orcs bred for war, and sometimes the "snaga" variety which were more geared towards being labourers. Another type is referred to as "snufflers", smaller, black-skinned Orcs with wide nostrils, who excelled in tracking. Despite the smaller size, one snuffler was able to skillfully kill a soldier-orc when they got into a disagreement.<ref name="Cirith">{{RK|VI1}}</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Snaga]]<br />
*[[Snufflers]]<br />
*[[Orcs of Mordor]]<br />
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]<br />
*[[Half-orcs]] (and [[Goblin-men]])<br />
*[[Uruk-hai]]<br />
*[[Hobgoblins]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Goblins.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Goblins''' by Darek Zabrocki.]]<br />
<br />
===Orcs and goblins===<br />
<br />
The term ''goblin'' was used primarily in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but also in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' where it is used synonymously with "Orc".<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 24</ref><br />
<br />
"Goblin" is an English word, whereas "Orc" is Old English, the language used by Tolkien to represent Rohirric.<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref> Thus, there is no difference between Orcs and Goblins.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{quote|The word as far as I am concerned actually derived from [[Old English]] ''orc'', demon, but only because of its phonetic suitability.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name=L144/>}}<br />
===Orc===<br />
The word '''''Orc''''' is said to be the "''form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the [[Rohirric|language of Rohan]]''".<ref name=App|F1iv/><br />
<br />
In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings, Tolkien preferred the spelling '''''Ork'''''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref> It is also possible that the word is a Common Tongue Version of 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
Tolkien derived the word ''orc'' from [[Old English]] believing it refers to a kind of evil spirits,<ref name=L144/> which in turn is thought to derive from Latin ''Orcus'' "Hades", although Tolkien doubted this etymology.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Gene Wolfe]]" (letter)</ref> He also thought it survives in the modern language for sea-beasts,<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 762</ref> such as the [[Wikipedia:Orca Whale|Orca Whale]].<br />
<br />
''Orc'' is an [[Old English]] word that refers mainly to a kind of metal cup (from Latin ''Urceus'').<ref group="note">The word ''Orc'' occurs twice in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''.</ref> However, in a 11th century glossary, this entry was conflated with another entry which refers to evil giants such as ''[[Wikipedia:Jötunn|þyrs]]'' and other monsters, also glossed in Latin as ''Orcus''. This merge of the two entries made many philologists of the previous centuries, like Tolkien, to believe that ''Orc'' was an actual Old English word that refers to any kind of evil creature from the underworld.<ref>Bosworth and Toller's ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), corrected in later editions</ref><br />
<br />
The word ''Orcnéas'' is once found only in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' (lines 112-113) and is cited as an example of the word "Orc" in Old English text. Actually its meaning is not clear, and it is thought to refer to corpses (''néas'') from the Underworld. <br />
<br />
==="Orcs" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
Tolkien said that one of the reason of choosing "Orc" over "Goblin" was the similarity with his fictional languages.<ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref> Indeed most [[Elvish]], [[Mannish]] and other words for Orc, are similar to the English word. <br />
<br />
The basic [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]], from which the words for Orc derive, is [[RUKU]] (said to refer to any "bogey" that scared the Elves)<ref name=WJAC/>:<br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]] '''''orco'''''<ref name=PE17_47/> (pl. '''''Orkor'''''<ref>{{GA|27}}, p. 12</ref><ref>{{HM|MR}}, pp. 74, 194</ref>); [[Exilic Quenya]] '''''urko''''' (pl. '''''orkor''''' and '''''orqui''''')<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Sindarin]]: '''''orch'''''/'''''Orch''''' (pl. '''''yrch'''''/'''''Yrch''''', class pl. '''''Orchoth'''''/'''''orchoth'''''<ref group="note">''Orchoth'' is likely a compound of ''orch'' + ''[[hoth]]''.</ref>)<ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144/><ref name=PE17_52-4/><ref name=PE17_47/><ref name=App|F1iv/>; '''''[[glamhoth]]'''''<br />
*[[Nandorin]]: '''''ūriʃ'''''<ref name=PE17_52-4>{{PE|17}}, pp. 52-4</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Adûnaic]]: '''''urku''''', '''''urkhu'''''<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Westron]]: '''''orka'''''<ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref><br />
*[[Black Speech]]: '''''[[Uruk-hai#Etymology|uruk]]'''''<ref name=App|F1iv>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47/><br />
*[[Khuzdul]]: '''''Rukhs''''' (pl. '''''Rakhās'''''), possibly derived from an unknown [[Avarin]] word of the same meaning<ref name=WJAC/><ref group="note">''Rukhs'' appears to contain the radical R-Kh-S.<!-- this note needs to be clarified: what is a radical? add internal link to something? --></ref><br />
*[[Drúadan language]]: '''''gorgûn''''' ("orc-folk"; the form ''gorgûn'' is perhaps plural of an unknown singular form)<ref name=PE17_99>{{PE|17}}, p. 99</ref><ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><br />
<br />
In the earliest versions of [[Qenya]], Tolkien had words such as "'''Ork (orq-)''' pl. '''Orqi''' and fem. "'''orqindi'''".{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In [[Noldorin]], the earlier version of Sindarin, the word for Orc is the same: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'').<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 195</ref><ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref> The [[Gnomish]] word for "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin" is said to be '''''Gong'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
*''See also: [[Entish]] ''[[burárum]]''<br />
===Goblin===<br />
''[[Wiktionary:goblin|Goblin]]'' is a folk word which according to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' is probably derived from the Anglo-French ''[[Wiktionary:gobelin|gobelin]]'' a diminutive of ''gobel'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:kobold|kobold]]''). William D.B. Loos notes that ''goblin'' is a Romance-derived word, unlike other Germanic words preferred by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>William D.B. Loos, [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/EnemyMisc.html#Orcs Enemies and Miscellaneous: What was the relationship between Orcs and Goblins?] at [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/ The Tolkien Frequently Asked Questions List] (accessed 3 July 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
==="Goblin" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
<br />
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root [[RUKU#Other versions|ÓROK]] and are:<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]]: '''''orko''''' (pl. '''''orqi''''')<br />
*[[Noldorin]]: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'', archaic ''yrchy''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref>)<br />
*[[Nandorin|Danian]]: '''''urc''''' (pl. '''''yrc''''')<br />
*[[Doriathrin]]: '''''urch''''' (pl. '''''urchin''''')<br />
<br />
In an early linguistic writing, Tolkien translated the [[Gnomish]] word ''Gong'' as "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin."<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
According to the oldest "theory" proposed by Tolkien, Orcs were made of "subterranean heat and slime", and their hearts were stones like granite, through the sorcery of Morgoth.<ref>{{LT2 | III}}, p.159</ref> But, Tolkien later changed the legendarium so that Morgoth could no longer produce life on his own.<br />
<br />
While Tolkien originally saw all Orcs as descended from tortured Elves, later comments of his indicate, according to [[Christopher Tolkien]] in ''Morgoth's Ring'' ("Myths Transformed, text X"), that he began to feel uncomfortable with the theory that orcs were descended from Elves. However, Tolkien died before he could complete his upheaval of the cosmology, and in the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', the Elvish origin of Orcs was adopted. It does not appear that the elder Tolkien ever decided on a definitive answer. Different origins proposed were: animals that Morgoth infused with reason (Myths Transformed, text VIII), Elves and (later) Men (M.T., text IX) and "probably" Men (text X).<br />
<br />
The origin of Orcs is an open question. In Tolkien's writings, evil is not capable of independent creation, making it unlikely that the [[Valar|Vala]] [[Morgoth|Melkor]], who was obviously the first to produce them, could do that ''ex nihilo''. In ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' is mentioned that the Orcs were transformed from Elves &mdash; the purest form of life on [[Arda]] (the Earth) &mdash; by means of torture and mutilation; and this "theory" would then become the most popular. There are hints in the ''[[The History of Middle-earth|History of Middle-earth]]'' series of books, (especially in ''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' in the section "Myths Transformed"), that some Orc leaders, such as the First Age's [[Boldog]], or the [[Great Goblin]] encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and the Dwarves, may in fact have been fallen [[Maiar]] which had taken Orc form.<br />
<br />
Yet other Orcs may have begun as animals of vaguely humanoid shapes, empowered by the will of the Dark Lord (first [[Morgoth]], later Sauron).<br />
<br />
: ''The Orcs were beasts of humanized shape (&#8230;).'' ('Morgoth's Ring', "Myths transformed", text VIII')<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
Tolkien's Orcs have been a subject of criticism of [[racism]]. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types".<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other writings==<br />
In ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'', goblins appear as the enemies of [[Father Christmas]] and the [[Red Elves]].<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Orcs===<br />
{{stub}}<gallery>File: The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Ork.jpg|Concept art of an orc in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Orc3.jpg|An Orc in [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''.</gallery><br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Orc-kind is a genus that include the species of Orc, Goblins, [[Half-orcs]], [[Boggarts]], [[Bugans]] and [[Uruk-hai]].<br />
<br />
:Orcs are very common in Middle-earth. They are about the size of a man with a hunchback.<br />
<br />
''''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Orcs are first seen in [[Fornost]], where they immediately attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] on their aproach.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> ''Orc warriors'' are stronger then normal Orcs. Some Orcs have been taught [[Magic|sorcery]] by [[Agandaûr]], these are known as ''Orc Sorcerers''.<br />
<br />
===Goblins===<br />
<gallery>File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Goblins1.jpg|Goblins in the pits of [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''<br />
File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]''</gallery><br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are a separate race and can be found in [[Evendim]], [[the Shire]], [[Ered Luin]], [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[North Downs]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]] and [[Moria]]. They are small in stature; a little shorter than [[Hobbits]]. In contrast, Orcs are about the size of [[Men]]. Goblins are also weaker than the orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins first appear in [[Fornost Erain]], where they attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] immediately when they reach the city.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> Goblins are weaker than Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are again made clearly distinct from Orcs in the film series. They are possibly lesser relatives of Orcs; they are smaller (the very large Great Goblin notwithstanding), less powerful, and generally have pale, diseased skin.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
:A band of "Goblin mercenaries" appear on [[Ravenhill]] during the [[Battle of Five Armies]], but are taken care of by the Dwarves without much trouble.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gongs]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Orcs|Images of Orcs]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Goblins|Images of Goblins]]<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Orcs| ]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]<br />
[[de:Orks]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/orques]]<br />
[[fi:Örkit]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Malbeth&diff=308373Malbeth2019-11-15T21:14:29Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Legacy */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{arnorian infobox<br />
| name=Malbeth the Seer<br />
| image=[[File:SBG - Malbeth.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Malbeth from [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=[[Seer]]<br />
| location=[[Arthedain]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=Around [[Third Age]] 19th cent. <br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=Around [[Third Age]] 20th cent.<ref name=guide/><br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender= Unknown<ref group=note>Although many published sources such as Robert Foster's [[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]] refer to Malbeth as male, no source published by Tolkien himself states whether Malbeth was male or female.</ref><br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
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| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Malbeth''' was a [[seer]] and royal counsellor gifted with [[foresight]] who is remembered in lore for two prophecies concerning the fate of the descendants of [[Isildur]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Malbeth was probably a [[Dúnedain of the North|Dúnadan of Arthedain]] who appears to have been a royal counsellor.<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Malbeth"</ref><ref group=note>Malbeth's Númenorean ancestry is also evidenced in the length of time between the dates of the seer's known prophecies (1864 and 1975); at the time of the second prophecy, Malbeth must had been well over 100 years old.</ref> <br />
===Last King of Arthedain===<br />
In {{TA|1864}} when the son of [[Araphant]] (fourteenth [[Kings of Arnor|King]] of [[Arthedain]]) was born, Malbeth advised Araphant to name his son [[Arvedui]] meaning "''last king''",{{quote|Arvedui you shall call him, for he will be the last in Arthedain. Though a choice will come to the Dúnedain, and if they take the one that seems less hopeful, then your son will change his name and become king of a great realm. If not, then much sorrow and many lives of men shall pass, until the Dúnedain arise and are united again.|[[Appendix A]]}}<br />
In {{TA|1975}} Arvedui was forced north by the forces of [[Angmar]] to the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]] to seek the help of the [[Lossoth]]. [[Círdan]], hearing of Arvedui's plight from Arvedui's son [[Aranarth]] sent a ship to rescue him in the spring of that year. The Snowmen advised the king not to board the ship as they could smell danger in the air, they suggested that the king should wait until the summer when the [[Witch-king]]'s power was weakened. Arvedui did not heed the advice and he perished when the ship broke upon some ice in a severe storm; thus, Malbeth's prophecy was fulfilled.<ref>{{App|A}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Paths of the Dead===<br />
Malbeth's second prophecy was made in the days of Arvedui (ruled {{TA|1964}} - {{TA|1974|n}}), the last king of Arthedain, in which the seer foretold [[Aragorn]]'s passage through the [[Paths of the Dead]] even though the event was over a thousand years in the future:{{quote|Over the land there lies a long shadow,<br>westward reaching wings of darkness.<br>The Tower trembles; to the tombs of kings<br>doom approaches. The Dead awaken;<br>for the hour is come for the oathbreakers:<br>at the [[Stone of Erech]] they shall stand again<br>and hear there a horn in the hills ringing.<br>Whose shall the horn be? Who shall call them<br>from the grey twilight, the forgotten people?<br>The heir of him to whom the oath they swore.<br>From the North shall he come, need shall drive him:<br>he shall pass the Door to the Paths of the Dead.|[[The Return of the King]], "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"}}<ref name=company>{{RK|Company}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Malbeth's second prophecy was also fulfilled in {{TA|3019}} during the [[War of the Ring]] when Aragorn (sixteenth [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]) learned from the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' that [[Gondor]] was being threatened from the south by a fleet of [[Corsairs]] from [[Umbar]]. He needed a route to get to them in haste, and Elrond's message ("''Bid Aragorn remember the words of the seer, and the Paths of the Dead''") told him how.<br />
<br />
Aragorn (with [[Legolas]], [[Gimli]] and the [[Grey Company]]) travelled through the Paths of the Dead to the Stone of Erech where Aragorn blew a horn to summon the [[Oathbreakers]]. He told them he was [[Isildur]]'s heir and so they fulfilled their oath and defeated the Corsairs which helped Gondor win the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]].<ref name=company /><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Malbeth's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Golden Word" from ''[[mal]]'' meaning "gold", and ''[[peth]]'' (becoming lenited to ''beth'') meaning "word, voice".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.realelvish.net/book_names.php|articlename=What do all those Names in the Books Mean?|website=[http://www.realelvish.net/ Merin Essi ar Quenteli!]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Malbeth]]<br />
[[fi:Malbeth]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/malbeth]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Malbeth&diff=308372Malbeth2019-11-15T21:13:13Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Paths of the Dead */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{arnorian infobox<br />
| name=Malbeth the Seer<br />
| image=[[File:SBG - Malbeth.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Malbeth from [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=[[Seer]]<br />
| location=[[Arthedain]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=Around [[Third Age]] 19th cent. <br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=Around [[Third Age]] 20th cent.<ref name=guide/><br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender= Unknown<ref group=note>Although many published sources such as Robert Foster's [[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]] refer to Malbeth as male, no source published by Tolkien himself states whether Malbeth was male or female.</ref><br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Malbeth''' was a [[seer]] and royal counsellor gifted with [[foresight]] who is remembered in lore for two prophecies concerning the fate of the descendants of [[Isildur]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Malbeth was probably a [[Dúnedain of the North|Dúnadan of Arthedain]] who appears to have been a royal counsellor.<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Malbeth"</ref><ref group=note>Malbeth's Númenorean ancestry is also evidenced in the length of time between the dates of the seer's known prophecies (1864 and 1975); at the time of the second prophecy, Malbeth must had been well over 100 years old.</ref> <br />
===Last King of Arthedain===<br />
In {{TA|1864}} when the son of [[Araphant]] (fourteenth [[Kings of Arnor|King]] of [[Arthedain]]) was born, Malbeth advised Araphant to name his son [[Arvedui]] meaning "''last king''",{{quote|Arvedui you shall call him, for he will be the last in Arthedain. Though a choice will come to the Dúnedain, and if they take the one that seems less hopeful, then your son will change his name and become king of a great realm. If not, then much sorrow and many lives of men shall pass, until the Dúnedain arise and are united again.|[[Appendix A]]}}<br />
In {{TA|1975}} Arvedui was forced north by the forces of [[Angmar]] to the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]] to seek the help of the [[Lossoth]]. [[Círdan]], hearing of Arvedui's plight from Arvedui's son [[Aranarth]] sent a ship to rescue him in the spring of that year. The Snowmen advised the king not to board the ship as they could smell danger in the air, they suggested that the king should wait until the summer when the [[Witch-king]]'s power was weakened. Arvedui did not heed the advice and he perished when the ship broke upon some ice in a severe storm; thus, Malbeth's prophecy was fulfilled.<ref>{{App|A}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Paths of the Dead===<br />
Malbeth's second prophecy was made in the days of Arvedui (ruled {{TA|1964}} - {{TA|1974|n}}), the last king of Arthedain, in which the seer foretold [[Aragorn]]'s passage through the [[Paths of the Dead]] even though the event was over a thousand years in the future:{{quote|Over the land there lies a long shadow,<br>westward reaching wings of darkness.<br>The Tower trembles; to the tombs of kings<br>doom approaches. The Dead awaken;<br>for the hour is come for the oathbreakers:<br>at the [[Stone of Erech]] they shall stand again<br>and hear there a horn in the hills ringing.<br>Whose shall the horn be? Who shall call them<br>from the grey twilight, the forgotten people?<br>The heir of him to whom the oath they swore.<br>From the North shall he come, need shall drive him:<br>he shall pass the Door to the Paths of the Dead.|[[The Return of the King]], "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"}}<ref name=company>{{RK|Company}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Malbeth's second prophecy was also fulfilled in {{TA|3019}} during the [[War of the Ring]] when Aragorn (sixteenth [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]) learned from the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' that [[Gondor]] was being threatened from the south by a fleet of [[Corsairs]] from [[Umbar]]. He needed a route to get to them in haste, and Elrond's message ("''Bid Aragorn remember the words of the seer, and the Paths of the Dead''") told him how.<br />
<br />
Aragorn (with [[Legolas]], [[Gimli]] and the [[Grey Company]]) travelled through the Paths of the Dead to the Stone of Erech where Aragorn blew a horm to summon the [[Oathbreakers]]. He told them he was [[Isildur]]'s heir and so they fulfilled their oath and defeated the Corsairs which helped Gondor win the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]].<ref name=company /><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Malbeth's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Golden Word" from ''[[mal]]'' meaning "gold", and ''[[peth]]'' (becoming lenited to ''beth'') meaning "word, voice".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.realelvish.net/book_names.php|articlename=What do all those Names in the Books Mean?|website=[http://www.realelvish.net/ Merin Essi ar Quenteli!]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Malbeth]]<br />
[[fi:Malbeth]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/malbeth]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Malbeth&diff=308371Malbeth2019-11-15T21:12:25Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Last King of Arthedain */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{arnorian infobox<br />
| name=Malbeth the Seer<br />
| image=[[File:SBG - Malbeth.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Malbeth from [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=[[Seer]]<br />
| location=[[Arthedain]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=Around [[Third Age]] 19th cent. <br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=Around [[Third Age]] 20th cent.<ref name=guide/><br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender= Unknown<ref group=note>Although many published sources such as Robert Foster's [[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]] refer to Malbeth as male, no source published by Tolkien himself states whether Malbeth was male or female.</ref><br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Malbeth''' was a [[seer]] and royal counsellor gifted with [[foresight]] who is remembered in lore for two prophecies concerning the fate of the descendants of [[Isildur]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Malbeth was probably a [[Dúnedain of the North|Dúnadan of Arthedain]] who appears to have been a royal counsellor.<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Malbeth"</ref><ref group=note>Malbeth's Númenorean ancestry is also evidenced in the length of time between the dates of the seer's known prophecies (1864 and 1975); at the time of the second prophecy, Malbeth must had been well over 100 years old.</ref> <br />
===Last King of Arthedain===<br />
In {{TA|1864}} when the son of [[Araphant]] (fourteenth [[Kings of Arnor|King]] of [[Arthedain]]) was born, Malbeth advised Araphant to name his son [[Arvedui]] meaning "''last king''",{{quote|Arvedui you shall call him, for he will be the last in Arthedain. Though a choice will come to the Dúnedain, and if they take the one that seems less hopeful, then your son will change his name and become king of a great realm. If not, then much sorrow and many lives of men shall pass, until the Dúnedain arise and are united again.|[[Appendix A]]}}<br />
In {{TA|1975}} Arvedui was forced north by the forces of [[Angmar]] to the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]] to seek the help of the [[Lossoth]]. [[Círdan]], hearing of Arvedui's plight from Arvedui's son [[Aranarth]] sent a ship to rescue him in the spring of that year. The Snowmen advised the king not to board the ship as they could smell danger in the air, they suggested that the king should wait until the summer when the [[Witch-king]]'s power was weakened. Arvedui did not heed the advice and he perished when the ship broke upon some ice in a severe storm; thus, Malbeth's prophecy was fulfilled.<ref>{{App|A}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Paths of the Dead===<br />
Malbeth's second prophecy was in the days of the Arvedui (ruled {{TA|1964}} - {{TA|1974|n}}), the last king of Arthedain, in which the seer foretold [[Aragorn]]'s passage through the [[Paths of the Dead]] even though the event was over a thousand years in the future:{{quote|Over the land there lies a long shadow,<br>westward reaching wings of darkness.<br>The Tower trembles; to the tombs of kings<br>doom approaches. The Dead awaken;<br>for the hour is come for the oathbreakers:<br>at the [[Stone of Erech]] they shall stand again<br>and hear there a horn in the hills ringing.<br>Whose shall the horn be? Who shall call them<br>from the grey twilight, the forgotten people?<br>The heir of him to whom the oath they swore.<br>From the North shall he come, need shall drive him:<br>he shall pass the Door to the Paths of the Dead.|[[The Return of the King]], "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"}}<ref name=company>{{RK|Company}}</ref><br />
==Legacy==<br />
Malbeth's second prophecy was also fulfilled in {{TA|3019}} during the [[War of the Ring]] when Aragorn (sixteenth [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]) learned from the ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' that [[Gondor]] was being threatened from the south by a fleet of [[Corsairs]] from [[Umbar]]. He needed a route to get to them in haste, and Elrond's message ("''Bid Aragorn remember the words of the seer, and the Paths of the Dead''") told him how.<br />
<br />
Aragorn (with [[Legolas]], [[Gimli]] and the [[Grey Company]]) travelled through the Paths of the Dead to the Stone of Erech where Aragorn blew a horm to summon the [[Oathbreakers]]. He told them he was [[Isildur]]'s heir and so they fulfilled their oath and defeated the Corsairs which helped Gondor win the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Battle of Pelennor Fields]].<ref name=company /><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Malbeth's name is [[Sindarin]] for "Golden Word" from ''[[mal]]'' meaning "gold", and ''[[peth]]'' (becoming lenited to ''beth'') meaning "word, voice".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.realelvish.net/book_names.php|articlename=What do all those Names in the Books Mean?|website=[http://www.realelvish.net/ Merin Essi ar Quenteli!]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Malbeth]]<br />
[[fi:Malbeth]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/dunedain/dunedain_du_nord/malbeth]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Farmer_Giles_of_Ham&diff=308357Farmer Giles of Ham2019-11-14T15:09:00Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
|title=Farmer Giles of Ham<br />
|image=[[Image:Farmer Giles of Ham 1949.jpg|225 px]]<br />
|author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
|publisher=[[George Allen and Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]<br />
|date=[[20 October|October 20]], [[1949]]<br />
|format=<br />
|pages=<br />
|isbn=<br />
|amazon=<br />
|amazonprice=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Farmer Giles of Ham''''' (written in [[1947]], published in [[1949]]) is a short story written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]. The story describes a series of encounters between [[Farmer Giles]] and a wily dragon named [[Chrysophylax]]. It is set in a fantasy Britain of long ago, which has mythical creatures, medieval knights, and primitive firearms.<br />
<br />
The book was originally illustrated by [[Pauline Baynes]].<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Farmer Giles was not a hero. He was fat and red-bearded and enjoyed a slow, comfortable life. One day a rather deaf and short-sighted [[The Giant|giant]] blundered on to his land. Farmer Giles managed to scare him away with a [[blunderbuss]] shot in its general direction. The people of the village cheered: Farmer Giles was a hero.<br />
His reputation spread far and wide across the kingdom. Giles was rewarded by the King of the [[Middle Kingdom]], with a sword named [[Caudimordax]] or "Tailbiter", a powerful weapon against dragons. <br />
<br />
The giant reported to its monstrous friends that there were no more knights, just stinging flies (actually scrap metal from Giles' blunderbuss), in the Middle Kingdom. This prompted a dragon, Chrysophylax Dives, to investigate the area &mdash; and everyone turns to the accidental hero Farmer Giles to deal with it.<br />
<br />
The story makes light of the great dragon-slaying traditions. The knights who are supposed to do the job are useless fops more intent on "precedence and etiquette" than on noticing huge dragon footprints littering the landscape. "Giles" is also an interesting commentary on how people react to danger. Heroes aren't simply called for, they are demanded and hapless farmers can be forced to be heroes. <br />
<br />
The Latin names and references imply that Giles is a Briton, a late generation remnant of the old empire after the decline of the western authority of the Romans. All the place-names are supposed to occur relatively close to Oxford, along the Thames or on the route from London to Oxford.<br />
<br />
Among the jokes is a question put to "the four wise clerks of Oxenford"; Tolkien then quotes from the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', on which he had worked. The phrase 'wise clerk of Oxenford' is also a reference to Chaucer's Clerk.<br />
<br />
==Editions==<br />
===''Tales from the Perilous Realm''===<br />
This 2008 reprint:<br />
*Includes a new Introduction by [[Tom Shippey]]<br />
*Omits Tolkien's Latin Title Page<br />
*Has new illustrations by [[Alan Lee]], who draws Garm (talking dog) as a Mastiff instead of a Greyhound (as Pauline Baynes had)<br />
===50th Anniversary Edition===<br />
[[Image:Farmer Giles of Ham 50th.jpg|Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 50th Anniv. edition|left|thumb]]<br />
This special edition was published in 1999. The edition includes:<br />
*Tolkien's original Latin title<br />
*The original illustrations by Pauline Baynes<br />
*A map of the Little Kingdom, including Ham, Aula Draconaria, Quercetum, Oxenford, Islip and Farthingho (but not Wootton Major or Wootton Minor)<br />
*Tolkien's original version, previously unpublished<br />
*Tolkien's unpublished sketch for a sequel which he never completed<br />
*A new Introduction and scholarly notes by editors [[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]]<br />
<br />
In December 2008, a 60th Anniversary Editon limited to 500 copies was published, having the same content as the 50th Anniversary Editon.<ref>[http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=1050&forum=9&post_id=5040#forumpost5040 Farmer Giles of Ham '60th Anniversary' Edition] at [http://www.tolkienguide.com Tolkien Collector's Guide], as of 18 August 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/871-Farmer_Giles_of_Ham_60th.php Farmer Giles of Ham 60th Anniversary Edition] at [http://www.tolkienlibrary.com The Tolkien Library], as of 18 August 2010</ref><br />
===Chronological list===<br />
[[Image:Farmer Giles of Ham 60th.jpg|HarperCollins 60th Anniv. edition|right|thumb]]<br />
*[[1949]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham: Aegidii Ahenobarbi Julii Agricole de Hammo, Domini de Domito, Aule Draconarie Comitis, Regni Minimi Regis et Basilei mira facinora et mirablis exortus, or in the vulgar tongue, The Rise and Wonderful Adventures of Farmer Giles, Lord of Tame, Count of Worminghall and King of the Little Kingdom.'' Embellished by Pauline Baynes. London: George Allen & Unwin, [October] 1949. 78, [1] pp., [2] plates.<br />
*[[1966]]: Reprinted in ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]''.<br />
*[[1969]]: ''Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham.'' Illustrations by Pauline Diana Baynes. New York: Ballantine Books, March 1969. 156 pp.<br />
*[[1975]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham, The Adventures of Tom Bombadil.'' London: Unwin Books, [30 October] 1975. 144 pp. ISBN 0-04-823125-8<br />
*[[1980]]: Reprinted in ''[[Poems and Stories]]''<br />
*[[1983]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham''. First paperback edition. London: Unwin Books, ISBN 0048232335.<br />
*[[1997]]: Reprinted in ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''<br />
*[[1999]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham (50th Anniversary edition)''. Edited by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. Illustrated by Pauline Baynes. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd (4 Oct 1999). ISBN-13: 978-0261103771. 144 pages, hardcover.<br />
*[[1999]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham (50th Anniversary edition)''. Edited by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. Illustrated by Pauline Baynes. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (November 15, 1999). ISBN-13: 978-0618009367. 127 pages, hardcover.<br />
*[[2002]]: Reprinted in ''A Tolkien Miscellany''. Garden City, N.Y.: Science Fiction Book Club, [July] 2002. 369 pp. (SFBC; #51697)<br />
*[[2008]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham (60th Anniversary edition)''. Edited by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. Illustrated by Pauline Baynes. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. 1 December 2008.<br />
*[[2014]]: ''Farmer Giles of Ham''. Edited by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond. Illustrated by Pauline Baynes. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. 27 February 2014.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[:Category:Farmer Giles of Ham|Category: Farmer Giles of Ham]]<br />
*[[:Tales from the Perilous Realm]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://mysite.verizon.net/wghammond/addenda/farmer.html Addenda and Corrigenda to the 50th anniversary edition of ''Farmer Giles of Ham'']<br />
*[http://www.crisismagazine.com/2013/tolkiens-farmer-giles-of-ham-hero-for-our-time Tolkien's Farmer Giles of Ham: Hero for Our Time?] by Peter Freeman<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{perilousrealm}}<br />
<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Farmer Giles of Ham| ]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Bauer Giles von Ham]]<br />
[[fi:Maamies ja lohikäärme]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Celeborn&diff=308326Celeborn2019-11-08T15:24:26Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Other Versions of the Legendarium */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}{{sources}}<br />
{{disambig-two|the Lord of Lórien|the Tree|[[Celeborn (White Tree)]]}}<br />
{{sindar infobox<br />
| image=[[File:Ebe Kastein - Celeborn.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Celeborn<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=[[Telerin|T.]] ''[[Teleporno]]''<br />
| titles=[[Lord of Lórien]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Doriath]]; [[Lindon]]; [[Eregion]]; [[Edhellond]]; [[Imladris]]; [[Lothlórien]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]<br />
| language=[[Sindarin]], [[Westron]]<br />
| birth=Uncertain, see [[#Controversy|below]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule={{TA|1981}} - early Fourth Age<br />
| sailedwest=Early [[Fourth Age]]<ref>{{FR|Prologue}}</ref><ref name=AppTale>{{App|Tale}}</ref><br />
| sailedfrom=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=A member of the royal house of [[Doriath]]<br />
| parentage=[[Galadhon]] <br />
| siblings=[[Galathil]] <br />
| spouse=[[Galadriel]]<br />
| children=[[Celebrían]], ([[Amroth]]<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref>, earlier version)<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=c. 6 feet 4 inches (193cm)<ref group="note">In the chapter "[[The Mirror of Galadriel]]", the heights of Galadriel and Celeborn are described: "Very tall they were, and the Lady no less tall than the Lord". Galadriel's height of 6'4'' comes from "Appendix: Númenórean Linear Measures" to "[[The Disaster of the Gladden Fields]]" in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''.</ref><br />
| hair=Silver, long<ref name="Mirror">{{FR|Mirror}}</ref><br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Celeborn''' ([[Sindarin|S]]: "silver-tall", pron. {{IPA|[ˈkeleborn]}}) was a noble [[Elves|Elf]] - a member of the [[Sindar]]<ref name=appb/><ref name=rgeo/> - who wedded [[Galadriel]] of the [[Noldor]]. After crossing the Blue Mountains at the beginning of the Second Age and living in the realm of [[Eregion]] for a while, he and Galadriel moved to [[Lothlórien]] to become the [[Lord of Lórien|Lord and Lady of Lórien]]. Their daughter [[Celebrían]] married [[Elrond]] Half-elven whose daughter [[Arwen]] chose a mortal life to wed [[Aragorn]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Celeborn was a [[Sindar|Sindarin]] prince from [[Doriath]],<ref name="Sil-13">{{S|13}}</ref> being the grandson of [[Elmo]] the brother of [[Thingol|Elwe/Thingol]], and thus he was the grand-nephew of the [[King of Doriath]].<ref name="GC"/> <br />
<br />
{{seealso|#Telerin descent}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Līga Kļaviņa - Love at First Sight.jpg|left|thumb|Līga Kļaviņa - ''Love at First Sight'']]<br />
In the early [[Years of the Sun]], [[Finrod]] and [[Galadriel]] came to Doriath as guests of Elu Thingol. There Celeborn and Galadriel met, fell in love and were wedded. Galadriel remained in Doriath with Celeborn after [[Finrod]] went to the [[Caverns of Narog]] to establish the stronghold of [[Nargothrond]]. <ref name="Sil-13"/><br />
<br />
For the rest of the [[First Age]], Celeborn and Galadriel are not mentioned to have played any significant role in the general course of events of the Age, while their relatives, both Sindarin and Noldorin did. As Galadriel told to [[Frodo Baggins]], it was even before the [[Fall of Nargothrond]] ({{FA|495}}) when she crossed [[Blue Mountains|the mountains]]<ref>{{FR|Mirror}}</ref> and presumably Celeborn was with her in [[Eriador]] during the last century of the Age.<br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
After the [[War of wrath|fall of Beleriand]], Celeborn and Galadriel came to [[Lindon]] the coastal region west of the Blue Mountains. Celeborn ruled the fief of [[Harlindon]], which was composed mostly of Sindar, under the [[High King of the Noldor]] [[Gil-galad]].<ref>{{PM|X}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Galadriel]] and Celeborn crossed into [[Eriador]] with many Noldor in their following, together with [[Sindar]] and [[Green-elves]]; and for a while they dwelt in the country about [[Lake Nenuial]].<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref> They departed for [[Eregion]] in {{SA|700}} and arrived there by {{SA|750}}.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>They dwelt for a time with [[Celebrimbor]] and the jewelsmiths of [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]. After Celebrimbor had largely taken over, they made contact with the [[Nandor]] of Lindórinand, across the [[Hithaeglir]]. Not long after they went through [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]] to live there, becoming great among its people. <br />
<br />
It is said that Celeborn fought in the [[Sack of Eregion]], and he and [[Elrond]] narrowly escaped to a dell, where the latter founded [[Rivendell]].<ref name="GC"/> <br />
<br />
But at some later time, [[Galadriel]] and Celeborn departed from Imladris and went to the little-inhabited lands between the mouth of the [[Gwathló]] and [[Ethir Anduin]].<ref name=Galadriel>{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref> There they dwelt in Belfalas, at [[Edhellond]],<ref name=Galadriel/> near the place that was afterwards called [[Dol Amroth]]; and their company was swelled by [[Silvan Elves]] from Lórinand.<ref name=Galadriel/><br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
In early Third Age Amroth was weary of Middle-earth and wished to sail to the [[Valinor|West]]. He departed to [[Edhellond]] and by the year {{TA|1981}}, King Amroth drowned in the Bay of Belfalas. Celeborn and Galadriel took the title [[Lord and Lady of Galadhrim|Lord and Lady]] of Lothlórien, the new name for Lindórinand and together they built [[Caras Galadhon]].<br />
<br />
Celeborn and Galadriel had a daughter named [[Celebrían]],<ref group=note>Celebrían's exact date and place of birth are not specified.</ref> who later married [[Elrond]] Half-elven of [[Rivendell]], thus making Celeborn and his wife Galadriel the grandparents of the twins [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]] and their younger sister [[Arwen|Arwen Undómiel]]. <br />
[[File:Rowena Morrill - The Swan-Boat of Galadriel.jpg|thumb|left|Rowena Morrill - ''The Swan-Boat of Galadriel'']]<br />
In response to the growing threat of [[Dol Guldur]], the [[White Council]] was formed in {{TA|2463}}. Galadriel was on it; it is likely that Celeborn was also a member. <br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]] in {{TA|3019}}, Lórien received the [[Fellowship of the Ring]], composed of various travelers on the [[Quest of the Ring|quest]] to destroy [[the One Ring]]. He offered advice, and boats for the [[Anduin]], speeding them on their way. <br />
<br />
Celeborn's most significant recorded actions came in the same year (in March 3019), when he repulsed three attacks by [[orcs]] of [[Dol Guldur]]. Celeborn then marshalled his forces to cross the Anduin and [[Fall of Dol Guldur|lay siege to Dol Guldur]]. He captured the fortress, and Galadriel threw down its walls and purified it.<br />
<br />
===After the War of the Ring===<br />
Celeborn attended the wedding of [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] and his granddaughter [[Arwen]], and on the journey to return bade a fond farewell to [[Treebeard]] as well.<br />
<br />
{{quote|I do not think we shall meet again."<br>"I do not know, Eldest.|[[Treebeard]] and Celeborn, ''[[Many Partings]]''}}.<br />
<br />
Celeborn returned to Lothlórien, but the power of [[Nenya]] was broken. It no longer was filled with the light and life it had before. It is believed that [[Celeborn]] also relocated to Rivendell to reside with [[Elladan]] and [[Elrohir]] after the departure of [[Galadriel]] and having also grown weary of [[East Lórien]].<ref>{{FR|Prologue}}</ref><ref>{{App|Great}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Early in the [[Fourth Age]], he sought the [[Grey Havens]] and sailed west aboard [[Last Ship]] with [[Cirdan the Shipwright]], but when he did so, he took with him the last memory of the Elder Days in Middle-earth.<ref>{{FR|Prologue}}</ref><ref>{{App|Tale}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Character==<br />
What can be gleaned of his personality is that he was quick-thinking and swift to act, one of the wisest elves of Middle-earth in the Third Age. He was a warrior too, leading his followers into battle against [[Dol Guldur]] and other menaces. <br />
<br />
==Other Versions of the Legendarium==<br />
Up to the time when ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' was published, there had been no mention of Celeborn in the previously written legendarium. [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] later attempted multiple times to fix upon the story behind such an important elf. He remains a fairly unsubstantial character in the legendarium, for despite his profound effect upon the doings of the Elder Days, there is very little direct information on him as a person.<br />
<br />
In his first writings (which make up the bulk of the matter of Celeborn) and the works published during Tolkien's lifetime, the elf-lord is portrayed as a kinsman of Thingol and one of the Sindar,<ref name=appb>{{App|B1}}</ref><ref name=rgeo>{{RGEO|Notes}}</ref> and met Galadriel when she came with the Noldor into exile. In a brief, speculative paper written by Tolkien included in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', Celeborn is made Thingol’s grandnephew, by the King’s brother [[Elmo]], who is also linked to Círdan. Elmo appears nowhere else in the legendarium.<br />
<br />
===Telerin descent===<br />
According to an alternate history of Celeborn and Galadriel in [[Unfinished Tales]], Celeborn was a [[Teler]] of noble rank in [[Alqualondë]], born '''[[Teleporno]]'''<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, pp. 347, 364 (note 46)</ref>, grandson of [[Olwë]], King of the [[Falmari]] (so that he still was a kinsman of the king Thingol back in Beleriand).<ref name="GC">{{UT|6}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Galadriel|Artanis]], Olwë's granddaughter and a [[Noldor]]in princess of great beauty, often spent long visits to Alqualondë and her mother’s kin. During this time the two fell in love, and Teleporno gave her the romantic epithet ''[[Alatáriel]]'', meaning "Maiden Crowned with Radiant Garland".<ref name="Shib">{{PM|Shibboleth}}</ref> Teleporno's name gained an additional [[Quenya]] form, '''[[Telporno]]''' (pron. {{IPA|[telˈporno]}}).<br />
<br />
Later, Teleporno and Artanis helped to defend Alqualondë from the Noldor during the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë|First Kinslaying]]. Nevertheless, Artanis’s heart was fired by the stories of [[Fëanor]] of the open lands across the [[Belegaer|sea]]. She urged Teleporno to take a ship eastward to [[Endor]], and he gave in. In doing so the two fell under the [[Ban of the Valar]].<br />
<br />
In Beleriand, Teleporno and Artanis were greeted by [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]], High King of the [[Sindar]] and Lord of [[Doriath]]. Teleporno eventually "[[Sindarization|Sindarized]]" his name to Celeborn; Artanis Sindarinized the epithet Celeborn had given her, and Alatáriel became Galadriel.<br />
===Controversy===<br />
Celeborn as a Telerin prince seems a late development. This altered origin was not adopted into the published ''[[Silmarillion]]'', primarily because it contradicted published [[canon]], and was not incorporated in Tolkien's drafts of the earlier parts, and therefore would have necessitated a major rewrite by [[Christopher Tolkien]] and [[Guy Gavriel Kay]] to account for a separate departure of Galadriel. <br />
<br />
{{quote|On the other hand, the making of Celeborn into a Telerin Elf of Aman contradicts not only statements in The Silmarillion, but also those cited already from The Road Goes Ever On and Appendix B to The Lord of the Rings”|[[Christopher Tolkien]], [[Unfinished Tales]]}}<br />
<br />
It's unknown whether Tolkien would have revised the story or would have felt bound by published writings.<br />
<br />
His Telerin ancestry would have made the couple first or second cousin. In the [[Morgoth's Ring]] it is stated that the first cousins might marry, but seldom did so, or desired to do so.<ref>{{MR|Laws}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Celeborn.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Celeborn'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, consisting of ''[[celeb]]'' ("silver") + a derivative of ''[[ornā]]'' ("tall"). ''Teleporno'', his original [[Telerin]] name, has an identical meaning. The name Teleporno was "Sindarized" as ''Celeborn'': [[Telerin]] ''[[telepi|telpe]]'' ("silver") (Quenya ''[[telpe|tyelpe]]'') was transformed to Sindarin ''celeb''.<ref>{{UT|6e}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was given the epithet "the Wise" by Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Celeborn in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:Angus McBride - Celeborn.jpg|Celeborn in ''[[Middle-earth: The Wizards]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Celeborn.jpg|Celeborn in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Celeborn 2.jpg|Celeborn in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Celeborn.jpg|Celeborn in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Celeborn.jpg|Celeborn in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''<br />
:Celeborn only has a brief, role and speaks only one line. He appeared beside [[Galadriel]] for a brief shot.<br />
<br />
'''1981: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'''''<br />
:Celeborn was voiced by [[Simon Cadell]]. Unusually, virtually the whole dialogue Celeborn speaks in the book is utilised in the radio adaptation. <br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Celeborn is played by [[Marton Csokas]]. The role was extremely small in the theatrical version, but expanded slightly in the Extended Edition of ''The Fellowship of the Ring''. In that version, he participates in giving gifts to the Fellowship as they are leaving Lórien. Notably, he gives [[Aragorn]] a dagger and warns him of the dangers the Fellowship will face while sailing down the [[Anduin]]. <br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Celeborn makes a brief appearance in Lothlorien.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:Celeborn leaves for Valinor with Galadriel and the other Ringbearers, rather than remaining behind as in the book.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Celeborn only appears during the "Evil" campaign, when is he is slain by the Forces of Sauron.<br />
<br />
'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Celeborn can be found alongside Galadriel on a main talan in [[Caras Galadhon]]. He is involved in various storylines, including negotiations with the Dwarves of the Iron Hill Garrison and organization of a military assault against [[Dol Guldur]] in [[Mirkwood]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Celeborn|Images of Celeborn]]<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:Falmari]]<br />
[[Category:Sindar]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Celeborn (Elb)]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:teleri:sindar:celeborn]]<br />
[[fi:Celeborn]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Balin&diff=308147Balin2019-10-22T16:40:42Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Expedition to Moria and his death */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{dwarves infobox<br />
| name=Balin<br />
| image=[[File:Daniel Govar - The Hobbit - Balin.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Hobbit - Balin" by [[Daniel Govar]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=[[Lord of Moria]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Thorin's Halls]]<br/>[[Lonely Mountain]]<br/>[[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]<br/>[[Balin's Colony]]<br />
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]<br />
| birth={{TA|2763}}<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule={{TA|2989}} - {{TA|2994}}<br />
| death=[[10 November]], {{TA|2994}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Dimrill Dale]]<br />
| age=231<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Durin]]<br />
| parentage=[[Fundin]]<br />
| siblings=[[Dwalin]]<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=White beard<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Scarlet hood, jewelled belt<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Balin.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
'''Balin''' was a [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] leader, the son of [[Fundin]] and elder brother of [[Dwalin]]. He was [[Thorin and Company|one of the Dwarves]] that travelled with [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Gandalf]] to reclaim [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. When Bilbo first met Balin, the Dwarf was very old looking with a white beard and a red hood.<ref>{{H|Party}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Balin was born in {{TA|2763}}, the son of [[Fundin]]. When he was seven years old, [[Smaug]] invaded [[Lonely Mountain|the Lonely Mountain]]. After the Dwarves were driven out at great loss in {{TA|2770|n}}, Balin and his father [[Fundin]] lived with their king [[Thrór]] in [[Dunland]]. His brother [[Dwalin]] was born [[Third Age 2772|two years later]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|A3}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fundin fought in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and fell in the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799|n}}. Balin was present at this battle but in what role was remains unknown.<ref group="note">In a note considered for inclusion in [[Appendix A]] published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien stated that Dwarves reached fighting age around thirty. Balin was 30 at the start and 36 at the end of the war, so conceivably he did participate as a warrior.</ref> The [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]] under [[Thráin|Thráin II]], including Balin, at first returned to their forges in Dunland, but they moved into [[Eriador]] shortly after, and colonized the [[Blue Mountains]] .<ref name="Durin"/><br />
<br />
Thráin longed to return to Erebor, and with Balin and Dwalin and a few others in {{TA|2841}} he went on an expedition to their ancient hall.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Sauron had them in his sights, eager to take the [[Ring of Thrór]] from the exiled king. [[Wolves]], [[orcs]] and evil birds harassed the small company as they came east. One night, as they had crossed the [[Anduin]], an evil rain forced them into the eaves of [[Mirkwood]], and the company was split. Thráin was never seen again, and Balin and Dwalin returned to the Blue Mountains to report the news to [[Thorin]], the new king of Durin's line.<ref name="Durin"/><br />
<br />
===Quest of Erebor===<br />
In {{TA|2941|n}},<ref name="TA"/> during [[Gandalf]]'s efforts to persuade Thorin to take Bilbo to Erebor (before the party at [[Bag End]]), Balin played an important if unintentional role. When Gandalf said that "professional stealth" was needed Balin misunderstood him as recommending a trained treasure-hunter. As Gandalf defended hobbits in general and the particular hobbit he had in mind, stating that his hobbit had some gold, silver, and crystal, Balin again jumped to the conclusion that Bilbo was an outright thief. In his anger at this remark Gandalf proclaimed that Bilbo ''had'' to come or else the enterprise would be a failure, and Thorin then agreed to meet the hobbit. Thus Balin accidentally insured that Bilbo would be part of [[Quest of Erebor|the quest]].<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Sneaking into Camp.jpg|thumb|250px|Darek Zabrocki - ''Sneaking into Camp'']] <br />
On the day of the unexpected party Balin was the second Dwarf to appear at Bag End; his comment, "''they have begun to arrive''" flustered the hobbit considerably. Later, when the Dwarves made music, Balin and his brother Dwalin brought in and play viols.<ref>{{H|Party}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the day after the party Balin stood at the door of the [[Green Dragon]] Inn, awaiting Bilbo's arrival.<ref>{{H|Mutton}}</ref> This was the first of many instances where Balin served as the chief look-out for Thorin's company. In fact, it was when Bilbo (wearing the [[The One Ring|One Ring]] and thus invisible) sneaked past Balin on look-out duty after their adventures with the [[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]] in the mountains that Balin began to develop great respect for the hobbit.<ref name="Pan">{{H|Pan}}</ref><br />
<br />
Balin and his brother Dwalin tended to act together as a pair. In the clearing of the [[Wargs]] Balin and Dwalin were the two who swarmed up a tall slender fir.<ref name="Pan"/> When the Dwarves arrived at [[Beorn]]'s [[Beorn's Hall|hall]], the two brothers were the third pair to appear.<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref> Thorin did split the two when the crossed the [[Enchanted River]] – Balin went in the first boatload with Thorin, Bilbo, and [[Fíli]] while Dwalin came last with [[Bombur]].<ref name="Flies">{{H|Flies}}</ref><br />
<br />
Balin's growing fondness for Bilbo became apparent after the hobbit had rescued the Dwarves from the spiders in [[Mirkwood]]. Having seen Bilbo vanish they, especially Balin, wanted the true story of [[Gollum]] and the Ring explained. Finally satisfied as to how Bilbo had sneaked past him after the mountains, Balin called the hobbit "Good old Bilbo".<ref name="Flies"/><br />
<br />
When the Dwarves were hauled before the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] they did not know that Thorin had been taken before them and put into a cell deep in the king's dungeon. Balin, being the second oldest of the party, became the spokes-dwarf. His angry, surly answers to Thranduil led to their confinement too.<ref name="Barrels">{{H|Barrels}}</ref><br />
<br />
Balin and Dwalin were two of the most unhappy Dwarves when unpacked from their barrels before [[Lake-town]] and were not asked to help release the others.<ref name="Barrels"/> After leaving the town and as their ponies trudged towards the Mountain, Balin and Bilbo rode together in the rear, leading ponies laden with supplies.<ref name="Door">{{H|Doorstep}}</ref><br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Visit to Bilbo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alan Lee]] - "Visit to Bilbo"]]<br />
That Balin had become the fondest of Bilbo of all the Dwarves was demonstrated when the hobbit made his first descent into the Lonely Mountain. None of the other Dwarves volunteered to accompany Bilbo except for Balin, who did go partway down the passageway. Balin waited there and when Bilbo returned he delightedly carried the tired hobbit back to the door.<ref>{{H|Inside}}</ref> Later, when Bilbo dropped his torch in [[Smaug]]'s lair, Balin pointed out that it was the Dwarves turn to help and declared that he was quite willing to go.<ref name="Home">{{H|Home}}</ref><br />
<br />
Upon escaping from Erebor, Balin led the company to [[Ravenhill]].<ref name="Home"/> Balin later fought valiantly and survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>{{H|Return}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the autumn of {{TA|2949|n}}, Balin accompanied Gandalf to visit Bilbo in [[the Shire]].<ref name="TA"/> Bilbo noted that Balin's beard was many inches longer and that he wore a magnificent jeweled belt. The three friends talked for hours and Bilbo learned of the new prosperity of the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] and the restored town of [[Dale]].<ref>{{H|Stage}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Expedition to Moria and his death===<br />
[[File:Joona Kujanen - Balin, Lord of Moria.jpg|300px|thumb|Joona Kujanen - ''Balin, Lord of Moria'']]Though the riches of Erebor made the Dwarves prosperous again, there were many who longed to return to [[Moria]]. [[Dáin Ironfoot]] counseled against it, but Balin mounted an expedition in {{TA|2989}}.<ref name="Many Meetings">{{FR|Meetings}}</ref> They hoped to regain the treasures, and Balin had also hoped to find the [[Ring of Thrór]], which was assumed to be lost when [[Thrór]] entered the Gates years before.<ref name="Council">{{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together with [[Flói]], [[Óin]], [[Ori]], [[Frár]], [[Lóni]], [[Náli]] and many other Dwarves, Balin entered [[Dimrill Dale]]. After a short battle the group entered the [[Great Gates]]. They stayed in the [[Twenty-first Hall]], and Balin set up his throne in the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]]. He proclaimed himself [[Lord of Moria]].<ref name="Bridge">{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
For five years the colony thrived. They managed to find many old treasures, mithril, and armouries. But on [[10 November]] {{TA|2994}}, as Balin went to look in [[Mirrormere]], an orc archer fatally shot him. Balin's body was placed in [[Balin's Tomb|a tomb]] in the Chamber of Mazarbul.<ref name="Bridge"/><br />
<br />
But the archer was just the van of the orcs who came up the [[Celebrant|Silverlode]]. The Dwarves were trapped. After a [[Battle of the Second Hall|fierce battle in the halls]] and a [[Last Stand of Balin's Colony|final stand in the Chamber of Mazarbul]] the colony was completely wiped out.<ref name="Bridge"/> Not knowing what really happened, [[Glóin]] and his son [[Gimli]] were sent to [[Rivendell]] to seek news about the colony.<br />
<br />
Gimli eventually learned of their fate when he crossed the dwarven realm with the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Company of the Ring]] and found [[Balin's Tomb]].<ref name="Bridge"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Though most names from the Dwarves in ''The Hobbit'' come from the [[Völuspá]], ''Balin'' is not one of them. The name rhymes with [[Dwalin]], but has no apparent meaning.<ref>{{HM|AH}}, "Roast Mutton", note 20</ref><br />
<br />
[[Jim Allan]] has suggested that ''Balin'' may be derived from [[Old Norse]] ''bál'' ("fire"), thus meaning "Burning-one". Allan also links the name to ''[[Wikipedia:Le Morte d'Arthur|Le Morte d'Arthur]]'', which includes a character named ''Balyn'' (spelled ''Balin'' in some editions) and to a ''Beli'' of ''[[Wikipedia:Mabinogion|The Mabinogion]]''.<ref>[[Jim Allan]], "Giving of Names", in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', p. 223</ref><ref group=note>It is known that Tolkien worked on editions of both ''Le Morte d'Arthur'' and ''The Mabinogion''; cf. ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'' and ''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]'', respectively.</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
There are a number of differences regarding Balin as presented in early texts as opposed to the published version of ''The Hobbit''. Below is a list of noticeable differences:<br />
* Earlier, Balin's beard was yellow instead of white, and his hood was described first as scarlet and then as yellow before red became the final choice.<ref>{{HH|Bladorthin}}, p. 32</ref><br />
* Originally it was Dwalin who spotted the Trolls' fire on the hillside; later this was changed to Balin.<ref>{{HH|Trolls}}, p. 91</ref><br />
* When Balin and others scouted the [[Front Gate]] at Erebor, in the pre-publication version referred to ravens nearby as "spies of evil".<ref>{{HH|Lonely}}</ref> In the published story the suspicious birds were changed to crows.<ref name="Door"/><br />
<br />
In the earliest drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Balin had a son named [[Burin]] (or [[Frár]]). Burin accompanied [[Glóin]] to the [[Council of Elrond]], and became part of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. The character was changed to [[Gimli]], son of Glóin in the final version.<ref>{{RS|Elrond}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | NAI | | | | | | | | | | | |NAI=[[Náin II]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2338|n}} - {{TA|2585|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| DAI | | | | | | | | BOR | | | | | | |DAI=[[Dáin I]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2440|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†</small>|BOR=[[Borin]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2450|n}} - {{TA|2711|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| THR | | | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | |THR=[[Thrór]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2542|n}} - {{TA|2790|n}}''†</small>|FAR=[[Farin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2560|n}} - {{TA|2803|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| THR | | | | FUN | | | | | | GRO | | |THR=[[Thráin|Thráin II]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2644|n}} - {{TA|2850|n}}''†</small>|FUN=[[Fundin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2662|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†</small>|GRO=[[Gróin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2671|n}} - {{TA|2923|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| THO | | BAL | | DWA | | OIN | | GLO |THO=[[Thorin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†</small>|BAL='''BALIN'''<br/><small>''{{TA|2763|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†</small>|DWA=[[Dwalin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2772|n}} - {{FoA|91}}''</small>|OIN=[[Óin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2774|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†</small>|GLO=[[Glóin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2783|n}} - {{FoA|15}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIM |GIM=[[Gimli]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2879|n}} - {{FoA|120}}+''}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Balin in adaptations<br />
|width=165<br />
|height=140<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Balin.png|Balin in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:David T. Wenzel - Balin.png|Balin in [[The Hobbit (comic book)|''The Hobbit'' (comic book)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Balin's Tomb.jpg|Balin's tomb in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Balin's tomb.png|Balin's tomb in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:Balin The Hobbit 2003.png|Balin in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]<br />
|File:Balin's Tomb Battle for Middle-earth.png|Balin's tomb in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]''<br />
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Balin.jpg|Balin in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]<br />
}}<br />
===Films===<br />
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is omitted. [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] only travels with an unnamed guard and the princess of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''<br />
:Balin's voice is provided by [[Don Messick]]. Apart from Thorin, he is one of only three of the other Dwarves who speaks with any regularity ([[Dori]] and [[Bombur]] being the others). It is unknown if he survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]], as only six of the thirteen survive (with Thorin and Bombur among the casualties and [[Glóin]] amongst the survivors) in this film.<ref>[[The Hobbit (1977 film)]], "Farewell, Thorin"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Balin is mentioned by [[Gimli]] as the King of Moria, and his tomb is seen in Moria.<ref>{{fotree}}, "[[Balin's Tomb (scene)|Balin's Tomb]]"</ref> No mention is made about the past of Moria and his expedition, and Gimli seems confident he is still alive.<ref>{{fotree}}, "[[Moria (scene)|Moria]]"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is played by [[Ken Stott]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> A description of Balin in ''The Hobbit'' films was released by the studio: <br />
<br />
:{{Blockquote|A descendant of nobility and a Dwarf Lord in his own right, Balin is one of the oldest members of The Company of the Dwarves. Wise and gentle by nature, he has been forced to live a life fraught with war and the ongoing struggle for survival. Related to Thorin Oakenshield, Balin is one of his closest, most trusted advisors – but deep in his heart, this wisest and most loyal of Dwarves harbors troubling doubts about the wisdom of the Quest for the Lonely Mountain.|[[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="HobbitApp">{{webcite|author=[[Warner Bros.]]|articleurl=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hobbit-movies/id545808528|articlename=Hobbit Movies|dated=7-September-2012|website=[http://itunes.apple.com/ Apple iPhone/iPad App]|accessed=19-September-2012}}</ref>}}<br />
:Balin is presumably the oldest of the 13 Dwarves in the films (in the book he was the second oldest -- younger than Thorin by at least ten years).<br />
<br />
===Radio series===<br />
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is played by [[Peter Pratt]].<ref name="RT1968">Radio Times, Volume 180, No. 1968, [[26 September|September 26]], [[1968]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is played an Gail Chugg.<br />
<br />
===Games===<br />
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is omitted; Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76 (accessed 24 March 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Balin's Tomb is visited between the levels "2nd Hall" and "Abyss Fight". It is a block of stone, raised from the ground by four ornamental legs.<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:No actor is credited for the role of Balin. He is one of the older dwarves, and has a long white beard. He is the team's lookout.<ref>[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)]], "Roast Mutton"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Balin's Tomb is one of the objectives of the first act in the Good Campaign. Several groups of orcs, as well as three trolls, have to be fought off before a break in the wall allows access to the next hall and the Bridge.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]], "Moria"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Balin's Tomb is featured in Moria.<br />
<br />
===Miscellaneous===<br />
'''1989: [[The Hobbit (comic book)|''The Hobbit'' (comic book)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is portrayed white-haired and quite old; he looks distinctly older than his brother [[Dwalin]], whose hair is still a very dark grey. His role is unchanged from the book; he is the lookout, and visits Bilbo in the epilogue.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Balin|Images of Balin]]<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=dwarf<br />
| house=[[Durin's Folk|House of Durin]]<br />
| born={{TA|2763}}<br />
| died={{TA|2995}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=Vacant<br />
| prev=Last held by:<br/>[[Náin I]], 1008 years earlier<br />
| list=[[Kings of Khazad-dûm|Lord of Moria]]<br />
| dates={{TA|2989}} - {{TA|2995|n}}<br />
| next=Vacant:<br/>[[Durin VII]], in the [[Fourth Age]]<br />
| nvac=None<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Thorin and Company}}{{companyroute}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Dwarves]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Balin]]<br />
[[fi:Balin]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:3a:balin]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Balin&diff=308146Balin2019-10-22T16:40:09Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Expedition to Moria and his death */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{dwarves infobox<br />
| name=Balin<br />
| image=[[File:Daniel Govar - The Hobbit - Balin.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Hobbit - Balin" by [[Daniel Govar]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=[[Lord of Moria]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Thorin's Halls]]<br/>[[Lonely Mountain]]<br/>[[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Thorin and Company]]<br/>[[Balin's Colony]]<br />
| language=[[Khuzdul]] and [[Westron]]<br />
| birth={{TA|2763}}<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule={{TA|2989}} - {{TA|2994}}<br />
| death=[[10 November]], {{TA|2994}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Dimrill Dale]]<br />
| age=231<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Durin]]<br />
| parentage=[[Fundin]]<br />
| siblings=[[Dwalin]]<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=White beard<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Scarlet hood, jewelled belt<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Pronounce|Balin.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
'''Balin''' was a [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] leader, the son of [[Fundin]] and elder brother of [[Dwalin]]. He was [[Thorin and Company|one of the Dwarves]] that travelled with [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Gandalf]] to reclaim [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. When Bilbo first met Balin, the Dwarf was very old looking with a white beard and a red hood.<ref>{{H|Party}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Balin was born in {{TA|2763}}, the son of [[Fundin]]. When he was seven years old, [[Smaug]] invaded [[Lonely Mountain|the Lonely Mountain]]. After the Dwarves were driven out at great loss in {{TA|2770|n}}, Balin and his father [[Fundin]] lived with their king [[Thrór]] in [[Dunland]]. His brother [[Dwalin]] was born [[Third Age 2772|two years later]].<ref name="Durin">{{App|A3}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fundin fought in the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and fell in the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799|n}}. Balin was present at this battle but in what role was remains unknown.<ref group="note">In a note considered for inclusion in [[Appendix A]] published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien stated that Dwarves reached fighting age around thirty. Balin was 30 at the start and 36 at the end of the war, so conceivably he did participate as a warrior.</ref> The [[Durin's Folk|Longbeards]] under [[Thráin|Thráin II]], including Balin, at first returned to their forges in Dunland, but they moved into [[Eriador]] shortly after, and colonized the [[Blue Mountains]] .<ref name="Durin"/><br />
<br />
Thráin longed to return to Erebor, and with Balin and Dwalin and a few others in {{TA|2841}} he went on an expedition to their ancient hall.<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> Sauron had them in his sights, eager to take the [[Ring of Thrór]] from the exiled king. [[Wolves]], [[orcs]] and evil birds harassed the small company as they came east. One night, as they had crossed the [[Anduin]], an evil rain forced them into the eaves of [[Mirkwood]], and the company was split. Thráin was never seen again, and Balin and Dwalin returned to the Blue Mountains to report the news to [[Thorin]], the new king of Durin's line.<ref name="Durin"/><br />
<br />
===Quest of Erebor===<br />
In {{TA|2941|n}},<ref name="TA"/> during [[Gandalf]]'s efforts to persuade Thorin to take Bilbo to Erebor (before the party at [[Bag End]]), Balin played an important if unintentional role. When Gandalf said that "professional stealth" was needed Balin misunderstood him as recommending a trained treasure-hunter. As Gandalf defended hobbits in general and the particular hobbit he had in mind, stating that his hobbit had some gold, silver, and crystal, Balin again jumped to the conclusion that Bilbo was an outright thief. In his anger at this remark Gandalf proclaimed that Bilbo ''had'' to come or else the enterprise would be a failure, and Thorin then agreed to meet the hobbit. Thus Balin accidentally insured that Bilbo would be part of [[Quest of Erebor|the quest]].<ref>{{UT|Erebor}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Sneaking into Camp.jpg|thumb|250px|Darek Zabrocki - ''Sneaking into Camp'']] <br />
On the day of the unexpected party Balin was the second Dwarf to appear at Bag End; his comment, "''they have begun to arrive''" flustered the hobbit considerably. Later, when the Dwarves made music, Balin and his brother Dwalin brought in and play viols.<ref>{{H|Party}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the day after the party Balin stood at the door of the [[Green Dragon]] Inn, awaiting Bilbo's arrival.<ref>{{H|Mutton}}</ref> This was the first of many instances where Balin served as the chief look-out for Thorin's company. In fact, it was when Bilbo (wearing the [[The One Ring|One Ring]] and thus invisible) sneaked past Balin on look-out duty after their adventures with the [[Orcs#Orcs and Goblins|Goblins]] in the mountains that Balin began to develop great respect for the hobbit.<ref name="Pan">{{H|Pan}}</ref><br />
<br />
Balin and his brother Dwalin tended to act together as a pair. In the clearing of the [[Wargs]] Balin and Dwalin were the two who swarmed up a tall slender fir.<ref name="Pan"/> When the Dwarves arrived at [[Beorn]]'s [[Beorn's Hall|hall]], the two brothers were the third pair to appear.<ref>{{H|Queer}}</ref> Thorin did split the two when the crossed the [[Enchanted River]] – Balin went in the first boatload with Thorin, Bilbo, and [[Fíli]] while Dwalin came last with [[Bombur]].<ref name="Flies">{{H|Flies}}</ref><br />
<br />
Balin's growing fondness for Bilbo became apparent after the hobbit had rescued the Dwarves from the spiders in [[Mirkwood]]. Having seen Bilbo vanish they, especially Balin, wanted the true story of [[Gollum]] and the Ring explained. Finally satisfied as to how Bilbo had sneaked past him after the mountains, Balin called the hobbit "Good old Bilbo".<ref name="Flies"/><br />
<br />
When the Dwarves were hauled before the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] they did not know that Thorin had been taken before them and put into a cell deep in the king's dungeon. Balin, being the second oldest of the party, became the spokes-dwarf. His angry, surly answers to Thranduil led to their confinement too.<ref name="Barrels">{{H|Barrels}}</ref><br />
<br />
Balin and Dwalin were two of the most unhappy Dwarves when unpacked from their barrels before [[Lake-town]] and were not asked to help release the others.<ref name="Barrels"/> After leaving the town and as their ponies trudged towards the Mountain, Balin and Bilbo rode together in the rear, leading ponies laden with supplies.<ref name="Door">{{H|Doorstep}}</ref><br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Visit to Bilbo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Alan Lee]] - "Visit to Bilbo"]]<br />
That Balin had become the fondest of Bilbo of all the Dwarves was demonstrated when the hobbit made his first descent into the Lonely Mountain. None of the other Dwarves volunteered to accompany Bilbo except for Balin, who did go partway down the passageway. Balin waited there and when Bilbo returned he delightedly carried the tired hobbit back to the door.<ref>{{H|Inside}}</ref> Later, when Bilbo dropped his torch in [[Smaug]]'s lair, Balin pointed out that it was the Dwarves turn to help and declared that he was quite willing to go.<ref name="Home">{{H|Home}}</ref><br />
<br />
Upon escaping from Erebor, Balin led the company to [[Ravenhill]].<ref name="Home"/> Balin later fought valiantly and survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>{{H|Return}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the autumn of {{TA|2949|n}}, Balin accompanied Gandalf to visit Bilbo in [[the Shire]].<ref name="TA"/> Bilbo noted that Balin's beard was many inches longer and that he wore a magnificent jeweled belt. The three friends talked for hours and Bilbo learned of the new prosperity of the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] and the restored town of [[Dale]].<ref>{{H|Stage}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Expedition to Moria and his death===<br />
[[File:Joona Kujanen - Balin, Lord of Moria.jpg|300px|thumb|Joona Kujanen - ''Balin, Lord of Moria'']]Though the riches of Erebor made the Dwarves prosperous again, there were many who longed to return to [[Moria]]. [[Dáin Ironfoot]] counseled against it, but Balin mounted an expedition in {{TA|2989}}.<ref name="Many Meetings">{{FR|Meetings}}</ref> <br />
They hoped to regain the treasures, and Balin had also hoped to find the [[Ring of Thrór]], which was assumed to be lost when [[Thrór]] entered the Gates years before.<ref name="Council">{{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together with [[Flói]], [[Óin]], [[Ori]], [[Frár]], [[Lóni]], [[Náli]] and many other Dwarves, Balin entered [[Dimrill Dale]]. After a short battle the group entered the [[Great Gates]]. They stayed in the [[Twenty-first Hall]], and Balin set up his throne in the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]]. He proclaimed himself [[Lord of Moria]].<ref name="Bridge">{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
For five years the colony thrived. They managed to find many old treasures, mithril, and armouries. But on [[10 November]] {{TA|2994}}, as Balin went to look in [[Mirrormere]], an orc archer fatally shot him. Balin's body was placed in [[Balin's Tomb|a tomb]] in the Chamber of Mazarbul.<ref name="Bridge"/><br />
<br />
But the archer was just the van of the orcs who came up the [[Celebrant|Silverlode]]. The Dwarves were trapped. After a [[Battle of the Second Hall|fierce battle in the halls]] and a [[Last Stand of Balin's Colony|final stand in the Chamber of Mazarbul]] the colony was completely wiped out.<ref name="Bridge"/> Not knowing what really happened, [[Glóin]] and his son [[Gimli]] were sent to [[Rivendell]] to seek news about the colony.<br />
<br />
Gimli eventually learned of their fate when he crossed the dwarven realm with the [[Fellowship of the Ring|Company of the Ring]] and found [[Balin's Tomb]].<ref name="Bridge"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Though most names from the Dwarves in ''The Hobbit'' come from the [[Völuspá]], ''Balin'' is not one of them. The name rhymes with [[Dwalin]], but has no apparent meaning.<ref>{{HM|AH}}, "Roast Mutton", note 20</ref><br />
<br />
[[Jim Allan]] has suggested that ''Balin'' may be derived from [[Old Norse]] ''bál'' ("fire"), thus meaning "Burning-one". Allan also links the name to ''[[Wikipedia:Le Morte d'Arthur|Le Morte d'Arthur]]'', which includes a character named ''Balyn'' (spelled ''Balin'' in some editions) and to a ''Beli'' of ''[[Wikipedia:Mabinogion|The Mabinogion]]''.<ref>[[Jim Allan]], "Giving of Names", in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', p. 223</ref><ref group=note>It is known that Tolkien worked on editions of both ''Le Morte d'Arthur'' and ''The Mabinogion''; cf. ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'' and ''[[Pwyll Prince of Dyved]]'', respectively.</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
There are a number of differences regarding Balin as presented in early texts as opposed to the published version of ''The Hobbit''. Below is a list of noticeable differences:<br />
* Earlier, Balin's beard was yellow instead of white, and his hood was described first as scarlet and then as yellow before red became the final choice.<ref>{{HH|Bladorthin}}, p. 32</ref><br />
* Originally it was Dwalin who spotted the Trolls' fire on the hillside; later this was changed to Balin.<ref>{{HH|Trolls}}, p. 91</ref><br />
* When Balin and others scouted the [[Front Gate]] at Erebor, in the pre-publication version referred to ravens nearby as "spies of evil".<ref>{{HH|Lonely}}</ref> In the published story the suspicious birds were changed to crows.<ref name="Door"/><br />
<br />
In the earliest drafts of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Balin had a son named [[Burin]] (or [[Frár]]). Burin accompanied [[Glóin]] to the [[Council of Elrond]], and became part of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]. The character was changed to [[Gimli]], son of Glóin in the final version.<ref>{{RS|Elrond}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | NAI | | | | | | | | | | | |NAI=[[Náin II]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2338|n}} - {{TA|2585|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| DAI | | | | | | | | BOR | | | | | | |DAI=[[Dáin I]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2440|n}} - {{TA|2589|n}}''†</small>|BOR=[[Borin]]<br/>''<small>{{TA|2450|n}} - {{TA|2711|n}}</small>''}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| THR | | | | | | | | FAR | | | | | | |THR=[[Thrór]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2542|n}} - {{TA|2790|n}}''†</small>|FAR=[[Farin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2560|n}} - {{TA|2803|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| THR | | | | FUN | | | | | | GRO | | |THR=[[Thráin|Thráin II]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2644|n}} - {{TA|2850|n}}''†</small>|FUN=[[Fundin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2662|n}} - {{TA|2799|n}}''†</small>|GRO=[[Gróin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2671|n}} - {{TA|2923|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| THO | | BAL | | DWA | | OIN | | GLO |THO=[[Thorin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2746|n}} - {{TA|2941|n}}''†</small>|BAL='''BALIN'''<br/><small>''{{TA|2763|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†</small>|DWA=[[Dwalin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2772|n}} - {{FoA|91}}''</small>|OIN=[[Óin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2774|n}} - {{TA|2994|n}}''†</small>|GLO=[[Glóin]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2783|n}} - {{FoA|15}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIM |GIM=[[Gimli]]<br/><small>''{{TA|2879|n}} - {{FoA|120}}+''}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Balin in adaptations<br />
|width=165<br />
|height=140<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Balin.png|Balin in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:David T. Wenzel - Balin.png|Balin in [[The Hobbit (comic book)|''The Hobbit'' (comic book)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Balin's Tomb.jpg|Balin's tomb in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Balin's tomb.png|Balin's tomb in [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:Balin The Hobbit 2003.png|Balin in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]<br />
|File:Balin's Tomb Battle for Middle-earth.png|Balin's tomb in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]''<br />
|File:The Hobbit (film series) - Balin.jpg|Balin in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]<br />
}}<br />
===Films===<br />
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is omitted. [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] only travels with an unnamed guard and the princess of Dale.<ref name="Deitch">{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UBnVL1Y2src|articlename=The Hobbit.mp4|dated=5 January 2012|website=YouTube|accessed=10 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''<br />
:Balin's voice is provided by [[Don Messick]]. Apart from Thorin, he is one of only three of the other Dwarves who speaks with any regularity ([[Dori]] and [[Bombur]] being the others). It is unknown if he survived the [[Battle of Five Armies]], as only six of the thirteen survive (with Thorin and Bombur among the casualties and [[Glóin]] amongst the survivors) in this film.<ref>[[The Hobbit (1977 film)]], "Farewell, Thorin"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Balin is mentioned by [[Gimli]] as the King of Moria, and his tomb is seen in Moria.<ref>{{fotree}}, "[[Balin's Tomb (scene)|Balin's Tomb]]"</ref> No mention is made about the past of Moria and his expedition, and Gimli seems confident he is still alive.<ref>{{fotree}}, "[[Moria (scene)|Moria]]"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is played by [[Ken Stott]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> A description of Balin in ''The Hobbit'' films was released by the studio: <br />
<br />
:{{Blockquote|A descendant of nobility and a Dwarf Lord in his own right, Balin is one of the oldest members of The Company of the Dwarves. Wise and gentle by nature, he has been forced to live a life fraught with war and the ongoing struggle for survival. Related to Thorin Oakenshield, Balin is one of his closest, most trusted advisors – but deep in his heart, this wisest and most loyal of Dwarves harbors troubling doubts about the wisdom of the Quest for the Lonely Mountain.|[[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="HobbitApp">{{webcite|author=[[Warner Bros.]]|articleurl=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/hobbit-movies/id545808528|articlename=Hobbit Movies|dated=7-September-2012|website=[http://itunes.apple.com/ Apple iPhone/iPad App]|accessed=19-September-2012}}</ref>}}<br />
:Balin is presumably the oldest of the 13 Dwarves in the films (in the book he was the second oldest -- younger than Thorin by at least ten years).<br />
<br />
===Radio series===<br />
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is played by [[Peter Pratt]].<ref name="RT1968">Radio Times, Volume 180, No. 1968, [[26 September|September 26]], [[1968]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is played an Gail Chugg.<br />
<br />
===Games===<br />
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is omitted; Thorin is the only companion of the player, [[Bilbo Baggins]].<ref>''[http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg ZX Computing]'', 8304 (April/May 1983), p. 76 (accessed 24 March 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Balin's Tomb is visited between the levels "2nd Hall" and "Abyss Fight". It is a block of stone, raised from the ground by four ornamental legs.<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:No actor is credited for the role of Balin. He is one of the older dwarves, and has a long white beard. He is the team's lookout.<ref>[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)]], "Roast Mutton"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Balin's Tomb is one of the objectives of the first act in the Good Campaign. Several groups of orcs, as well as three trolls, have to be fought off before a break in the wall allows access to the next hall and the Bridge.<ref>[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]], "Moria"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Balin's Tomb is featured in Moria.<br />
<br />
===Miscellaneous===<br />
'''1989: [[The Hobbit (comic book)|''The Hobbit'' (comic book)]]:'''<br />
:Balin is portrayed white-haired and quite old; he looks distinctly older than his brother [[Dwalin]], whose hair is still a very dark grey. His role is unchanged from the book; he is the lookout, and visits Bilbo in the epilogue.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Balin|Images of Balin]]<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=dwarf<br />
| house=[[Durin's Folk|House of Durin]]<br />
| born={{TA|2763}}<br />
| died={{TA|2995}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=Vacant<br />
| prev=Last held by:<br/>[[Náin I]], 1008 years earlier<br />
| list=[[Kings of Khazad-dûm|Lord of Moria]]<br />
| dates={{TA|2989}} - {{TA|2995|n}}<br />
| next=Vacant:<br/>[[Durin VII]], in the [[Fourth Age]]<br />
| nvac=None<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Thorin and Company}}{{companyroute}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Dwarves]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Balin]]<br />
[[fi:Balin]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:nains:3a:balin]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BArin_in_Doriath&diff=307674Túrin in Doriath2019-09-24T20:11:31Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Synopsis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{coh-chapters}}<br />
'''Túrin in Doriath''' is the fifth chapter of ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
For a little while, [[Túrin|Túrin’s]] time in [[Doriath]] was merry, and he befriended an [[Elves|elf]] of the wood, [[Nellas]], who watched over him under the guidance of [[Melian]]. And even when Túrin’s thoughts turned beyond merriness, Nellas would watch over him to see the malice of [[Morgoth]] grow, as much that Túrin wished for came to ruin.<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Túrin in Doriath.jpg|left|250px|thumb|"Túrin in Doriath" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Túrin still had the friendship of [[Beleg]], from whom he learned much woodlore and the handling of swords, and tidings would come to him of [[Morwen]] and [[Nienor|Niënor]] from [[Dor-lómin]] and how their life had become easier in the grey north. When Túrin was seventeen the messengers did not return from Dor-lómin, and tales of dark rumours spread of Morgoth’s waxing power. So Túrin came before [[Thingol]] and asked his leave to free his mother from the north, to which the Elven King gave counsel to remain and guard the marches of Doriath with his sword and the ancient [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin|Dragon-helm]].<br />
<br />
Túrin remained in Doriath and, with Beleg, made a name dreaded by the [[Orcs]]. For three years he fought until one summer he returned to [[Menegroth]]. There he was met by [[Saeros]], counsel to the King, who had ever been an adversary of Túrin for he thought [[Men]] lowly. Saeros made light of Túrin’s deeds and said of the women of Dor-lómin ''“they run like deer only in their hair.”'' This enraged Túrin and he tossed a cup at Saeros, marring his face.<br />
<br />
Saeros followed Túrin the next morning and came upon him in the wild to kill him, but Túrin bested him and made him run through the wood naked. Soon many Elves witnessed the chase but Saeros in his terror leapt a gorge and slipped, falling to his death, and Túrin was asked to come to justice in Menegroth. He refused, saying ''“I will not seek the King Thingol’s pardon”'' for he felt guiltless and so left Doriath at once.<br />
<br />
Thingol, in coming to his judgement, heard even Nellas’ testament – for she had seen Saeros leap at Túrin to kill him, and Túrin was pardoned and seen as innocent. Yet the Man had departed and Beleg asked to search out his friend in the wild, but only if he could choose a sword from the King's armoury. He chose the dark sword [[Anglachel]], a choice Melian thought short sighted, and sought Túrin across [[Beleriand]].</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BArin_in_Doriath&diff=307673Túrin in Doriath2019-09-24T20:09:23Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Synopsis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{coh-chapters}}<br />
'''Túrin in Doriath''' is the fifth chapter of ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
For a little while, [[Túrin|Túrin’s]] time in [[Doriath]] was merry, and he befriended an [[Elves|elf]] of the wood, [[Nellas]], who watched over him under the guidance of [[Melian]]. And even when Túrin’s thoughts turned beyond merriness, Nellas would watch over him to see the malice of [[Morgoth]] grow, as much that Túrin wished for would come to ruin.<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Túrin in Doriath.jpg|left|250px|thumb|"Túrin in Doriath" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Túrin still had the friendship of [[Beleg]], from whom he learned much woodlore and the handling of swords, and tidings would come to him of [[Morwen]] and [[Nienor|Niënor]] from [[Dor-lómin]] and how their life had become easier in the grey north. When Túrin was seventeen the messengers did not return from Dor-lómin, and tales of dark rumours spread of Morgoth’s waxing power. So Túrin came before [[Thingol]] and asked his leave to free his mother from the north, to which the Elven King gave counsel to remain and guard the marches of Doriath with fresh sword and the ancient [[Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin|Dragon-helm]].<br />
<br />
Túrin remained in Doriath and, with Beleg, made a name dreaded by the [[Orcs]]. For three years he fought until one summer he returned to [[Menegroth]]. There he was met by [[Saeros]], counsel to the King, who had ever been an adversary of Túrin for he thought [[Men]] lowly. Saeros made light of Túrin’s deeds and said of the women of Dor-lómin ''“they run like deer only in their hair.”'' This enraged Túrin and he tossed a cup at Saeros, marring his face.<br />
<br />
Saeros followed Túrin the next morning and came upon him in the wild to kill him, but Túrin bested him and made him run through the wood naked. Soon many Elves witnessed the chase but Saeros in his terror leapt a gorge and slipped, falling to his death, and Túrin was asked to come to justice in Menegroth. He refused, saying ''“I will not seek the King Thingol’s pardon”'' for he felt guiltless and so left Doriath at once.<br />
<br />
Thingol, in coming to his judgement, heard even Nellas’ testament – for she had seen Saeros leap at Túrin to kill him, and Túrin was pardoned and seen as innocent. Yet the Man had departed and Beleg asked to search out his friend in the wild, but only if he could choose a sword from the King's armoury. He chose the dark sword [[Anglachel]], a choice Melian thought short sighted, and sought Túrin across [[Beleriand]].</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Departure_of_T%C3%BArin&diff=307672The Departure of Túrin2019-09-24T20:08:05Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Synopsis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{coh-chapters}}<br />
'''The Departure of Túrin''' is the fourth chapter of ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
After the defeat of the [[House of Hador]] and the capture of [[Húrin]] at the [[Fen of Serech]] (of which none were aware but the enemy), [[Morgoth]] gave the land of [[Dor-lómin]] to the [[Easterlings]], those men who had helped in the destruction of [[Maedhros]] through treachery. But they would not harm nor come near the home of Húrin, for they felt [[Morwen]] was a power in her own right and also they were afraid of the mountains within which the house was set, for they felt they were the haunt of the [[Elves]].<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - The Departure of Túrin.jpg|left|250px|thumb|"The Departure of Túrin" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Morwen now remembered her husband’s advice "''Go swiftly!''" but she would not follow his wish; for she was now with child and felt she must await her husband’s return. Instead she tarried, and many months passed before she sent her son, [[Túrin]], away to [[Elves|Elven]] [[Doriath]] in [[Beleriand]] for fear of him being captured by the Easterlings and so placed in servitude.<br />
<br />
This parting was a great sorrow to Túrin. [[Gethron]] and [[Grithnir]], old soldiers of Húrin's house, took Túrin and they escaped by way of a secret pass over the [[Shadowy Mountains]] and came down into Beleriand and finally to Doriath, the Kingdom of [[Thingol]] and [[Melian]] with the help of [[Beleg]] the Strongbow.<br />
<br />
The halls of [[Menegroth]] in the heart of Doriath were a wonder for young Tùrin and there Thingol took him as a foster son and granted him arms and shelter, for well renowned was the name of Húrin. Even though word was sent back to Morwen that her son was safe and that she might come to Doriath, she would not leave Dor-lómin – her newborn child, [[Nienor|Niënor]], Túrin’s sister, was but an infant and she remained faithful to Húrin. <br />
<br />
Túrin’s second sorrow was when he heard that his mother was to remain in Dor-lómin; but in her stead she sent to Túrin the dragon-crested [[Helm of Hador]], wrought by [[Telchar]], as the heirloom of their house.<br />
<br />
[[Category:The Children of Húrin chapters|Departure of Turin]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Departure_of_T%C3%BArin&diff=307671The Departure of Túrin2019-09-24T20:07:09Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Synopsis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{coh-chapters}}<br />
'''The Departure of Túrin''' is the fourth chapter of ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
After the defeat of the [[House of Hador]] and the capture of [[Húrin]] at the [[Fen of Serech]] (of which none were aware but the enemy), [[Morgoth]] gave the land of [[Dor-lómin]] to the [[Easterlings]], those men who had helped in the destruction of [[Maedhros]] through treachery. But they would not harm nor come near the home of Húrin, for they felt [[Morwen]] was a power in her own right and also they were afraid of the mountains within which the house was set, for they felt they were the haunt of the [[Elves]].<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - The Departure of Túrin.jpg|left|250px|thumb|"The Departure of Túrin" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Morwen now remembered her husband’s advice "''Go swiftly!''" but she would not follow his wish; for she was now with child and felt she must await her husband’s return. Instead she tarried, and many months passed before she sent her son, [[Túrin]], away to [[Elves|Elven]] [[Doriath]] in [[Beleriand]] for fear of him being captured by the Easterlings and so placed in servitude.<br />
<br />
This parting was a great sorrow to Túrin. [[Gethron]] and [[Grithnir]], old soldiers of Húrin's house, took Túrin and they escaped by way of a secret pass over the [[Shadowy Mountains]] and came down into Beleriand and finally to Doriath, the Kingdom of [[Thingol]] and [[Melian]] with the help of [[Beleg]] the Strongbow.<br />
<br />
The halls of [[Menegroth]] in the heart of Doriath were a wonder for young Tùrin and there Thingol took him as a foster son and granted him arms and shelter, for well renowned was the name of Húrin. Even though word was sent back to Morwen that her son was safe and that she might come to Doriath, she would not leave Dor-lómin – her newborn child, [[Nienor|Niënor]], Túrin’s sister, was but an infant and she remained faithful to Húrin. <br />
<br />
''Túrin’s second sorrow was when he heard that his mother was to remain in Dor-lómin''; but in her stead she sent to Túrin the dragon-crested [[Helm of Hador]], wrought by [[Telchar]], as the heirloom of their house.<br />
<br />
[[Category:The Children of Húrin chapters|Departure of Turin]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rats&diff=307403Rats2019-09-16T18:50:13Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:John Howe - Morgul Rats.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Morgul Rats'']]<br />
'''Rats''' were creatures often found in filthy and unfriendly places of [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=RKVI8/><ref>{{TT|III9}}</ref> A specific breed of rats seems to have been the "''brown water-rat''", mentioned in [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] poetry.<ref>{{ATB|1}}</ref><br />
<br />
"Rat" was also commonly used as a humiliating nickname.<ref>{{TT|III9}} ("''I saw him crawling up the steps like a draggled rat.''")</ref><ref>{{H|17}} ("''What have you to say, you descendant of rats?''")</ref><ref>{{TT|III3}} ("''I'd make you squeak, you miserable rat.''")</ref><ref name=RKVI1>{{RK|VI1}} (nickname: "''...that little frightened rat...''"; "''...those stinking Morgul-rats''"; "''You up there, you dunghill rat!''")</ref><ref name=RKVI8>{{RK|VI8}} (nickname: "''Then you'll learn a thing or two, you little rat-folk.''")</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
In [[Quenya]], the word for "rat" is ''nyarro'', and the [[Noldorin]] cognate of the same meaning is ''nâr''.<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (root [[NYAD|NYAD-]])</ref><ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''<br />
:Rats can infect people with the plague through their fleas.<ref>{{ICE|2016}}, pp. 150, 162</ref><br />
<br />
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:"Morgul-rats" is a Hazard Creature, able to inflict 12 strikes. The breed is described as carrying "''the stink of black sorcery in their bite''". "Rats!" is a Hazard Event, forcing a player to discard a minor item of one of the characters, which also become wounded.<br />
<br />
'''2000-: ''Lord of the Rings (board game)'':'''<br />
:"Morgul Rats" is a card (with artwork by [[John Howe]]) supplied with the ''Friends & Foes'' Expansion (2002) for the ''Lord of the Rings'' boardgame.<ref>[http://www.john-howe.com/portfolio/gallery/details.php?image_id=1076 Morgul Rats] at [http://www.john-howe.com/ John-howe.com] (accessed 14 March 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:As part of the [[Minas Tirith]] set, one hut was called the "Ratcatcher's hut", after a doodle by [[Alan Lee]] was interpreted as a rat. It was outfitted with several taxidermied rats, but was not featured prominently in the movie.<ref>{{rotkee}}, "Designing Middle-earth"</ref><br />
<br />
'''2007-: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Rats are always aggressive. Breeds include Field-rats (found in the Barrow-downs), Harbour-rats (found around Falathlorn in Ered Luin), and Plague-rats.<ref>[http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Category:Beast Category:Beast] at [http://lorebook.lotro.com Lorebook.lotro.com] (accessed 13 March 2011)</ref><ref>[http://lotro-wiki.com/index.php/Rats Rats] at [http://lotro-wiki.com Lotro.wiki.com] (accessed 13 March 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
*[[:Category:Images of rats|Images of rats]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animals]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Death_of_T%C3%BArin&diff=307402The Death of Túrin2019-09-16T18:46:18Z<p>4.59.139.245: /* Synopsis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{coh-chapters}}<br />
'''The Death of Túrin''' is the eighteenth and final chapter of ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
Before sunrise, [[Túrin]] woke up and saw his bandaged hand, surprised, as he was alone in the middle of the dragon's devastation. Then he headed to [[Nen Girith]], wishing to return home as soon as possible, but on the way he found the [[Men of Brethil|people of Brethil]] who were coming there to bury his body. All of them were afraid, but he calmed them down, and they explained to him that [[Brandir]] had told them that Túrin was dead after slaying the dragon.<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - The Death of Túrin.jpg|220px|left|thumb|"The Death of Túrin" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Túrin then asked for [[Níniel]], and Brandir told him she was dead. Then some of the people explained that Brandir was lying, because in his madness he said that Túrin's death was good news. Full of anger, Brandir told Túrin everything he had seen and heard, that [[Turambar]] and Níniel were actually the children of [[Húrin]], both of cursed lineage. Túrin refused to believe him and in his anger killed Brandir with his sword [[Gurthang]].<br />
<br />
But doubt tormented him, and he decided to go to [[Doriath]], where he thought his mother and sister were. On the way he stopped in [[Haudh-en-Elleth]], and there he was found by [[Mablung]] and his elves. The captain was happy to see him, and explained that he was coming there after hearing that [[Glaurung]] was entering [[Brethil]]. Túrin answered that the dragon was already dead by his hand, and asked Mablung about [[Morwen]] and Niënor, as he had heard that they left [[Dor-lómin]] and lived now in [[Menegroth]]. Mablung told what happened years ago: both left Doriath to look for him in [[Nargothrond]], but were lost because of Glaurung.<br />
<br />
Túrin lamented and described his sister as he always thought she would be, with black hair like her mother. But Mablung corrected him, and explained that Niënor was blonde and blue-eyed, like her father. Finally Túrin realized everything and cried in despair. Running away from Mablung and his men, he came into [[Cabed Naeramarth]]. There, unwilling to jump into the same waters where his sister died, he instead took his black sword and killed himself with it.<br />
<br />
The two groups of Men and Elves met there, finding the bodies of Glaurung and Túrin. Glaurung's was cremated, but Túrin was buried with honors with his sword Gurthang, which was broken with Túrin's death. Above the mound a great stone was put and there was written with the [[Cirth|runes of Doriath]]: "''TÚRIN TURAMBAR DAGNIR GLAURUNGA''", and behind it "''NIËNOR NÍNIEL''", although she was not buried there.<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - The Death of Morwen.jpg|250px|thumb|"The Death of Morwen" by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
Thus ends the Story of the Children of Húrin.<br />
<br />
After the curse upon his offspring was fulfilled, [[Morgoth]] allowed Húrin to leave [[Angband]]. He [[Wanderings of Húrin|wandered among Beleriand]] for a time, until he finally reached Brethil and his children's tomb. There he found his wife Morwen. She asked what had happened to their children, but he did not answer, and she died in his arms.<br />
<br />
[[Category:The Children of Húrin chapters|Death of Turin]]</div>4.59.139.245https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Return_of_the_Shadow,_or_Arda,_the_Fourth_Age&diff=307346Return of the Shadow, or Arda, the Fourth Age2019-09-13T19:59:23Z<p>4.59.139.245: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{video game infobox<br />
| image=[[File:RotS1.png|250px]]<br />
| name=Return of the Shadow, or Arda, the Fourth Age<br />
| developer=<br />
| publisher=<br />
| platform=On-line (Telnet)<br />
| releasedate=[[1999]]<br />
| genre=[[wikipedia:CircleMUD|Circle MUD]]<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
'''Return of the Shadow, or Arda, the Fourth Age''' (also known as ''Return of the Shadow'', or abbreviated as ''RotS'') is a MUD set in [[Middle-earth]], two thousand years after the destruction of [[The One Ring|the Ring]].<ref name="Background">[http://www.rots.us/play.html Return of the Shadow, or Arda, the Fourth Age], Background Story</ref> In this mud [[Orcs]] and other evil creatures have returned to [[Middle-earth]], and the shadow has returned to [[Mirkwood]].<ref name="Background"/> Player versus Player-content is an important part of this mud.<br />
<br />
==Races==<br />
This mud has seven playable races, which are divided in four good races and three evil races.<ref name="Creation">[http://www.rots.us/play.html Return of the Shadow, or Arda, the Fourth Age], Character Creation</ref> <br />
<br />
===[[Free peoples]]===<br />
* [[Men|Human]]<br />
* [[Dwarves|Dwarf]]<br />
* [[Silvan Elves|Wood Elf]]<br />
* [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]<br />
<br />
===Evil Races===<br />
* [[Uruk-hai|Uruk-hai Orc]]<br />
* [[Orcs|Common Orc]]<br />
* Uruk-Lhuth<br />
<br />
==Classes==<br />
Players can either make their own custom class or choose from one of the following ten classes:<ref name="Creation"/><br />
<br />
* Adventurer<br />
* Barbarian<br />
* Conjurer<br />
* Healer<br />
* Mage<br />
* Mystic<br />
* Ranger<br />
* Swashbuckler<br />
* Warior<br />
* [[Wizards|Wizard]]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
* [https://rotsmud.org Offical Site]<br />
* [https://rotsmud.org/connect Play Return of the Shadow, or Arda, the Fourth Age]<br />
* [http://www.lysator.liu.se/tolkien-games/entry/shadow.html Return of the Shadow, or Arda, the Fourth Age] at Tolkien Games<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Multi-User Dungeons]]</div>4.59.139.245