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| name=Oropher
'''Oropher''' was a [[Sindarin]] lord of [[Elves]]. He was one of the Sindar of [[Doriath]], but after the [[War of Wrath]] he declined to depart Middle-earth as many others did, and instead went over the [[Ered Luin]] with his house-hold. He eventually ended up in [[Greenwood the Great]], where [[Silvan Elves]] of [[Nandor]]in descent lived, and he was taken by them as lord. His capital was at [[Amon Lanc]].
| image=[[File:Kimberly - Oropher.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Oropher" by [[:Category:Images by Kimberly|Kimberly]]
| pronun=
| othernames=
| titles=
| position=
| location=[[Doriath]]<ref name="Princes">{{UT|6b}}</ref>, [[Woodland Realm]]
| affiliation=[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]
| language=[[Silvan Elvish]], [[Sindarin]]
| birth=Before {{FA|507}}<ref name="Princes"/>
| birthlocation=[[Doriath]]
| rule={{SA|750}} - {{SA|3434}}
| death={{SA|3434}}
| deathlocation=[[Battle of Dagorlad]]
| age=3101+
| notablefor=Established the [[Woodland Realm]]
| house=
| parentage=
| siblings=
| spouse=
| children=[[Thranduil]]
| gender=Male
| height=
| hair=
| eyes=
| clothing=
| weapons=
| steed=
}}
'''Oropher''' was one of the [[Iathrim]]<ref name="Princes"/>  who later established the [[Woodland Realm]] of the [[Silvan Elves]] of [[Greenwood the Great]] in the [[Second Age]]. He was killed at the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and was succeeded by his son, [[Thranduil]]. Thus, he was the grandfather of [[Legolas]], a member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].


"Oropher had come among them with only a handful of Sindar, and they were soon merged with the Silvan Elves, adopting their language and taking names of Silvan form and style. This they did deliberately; for they (and other similar adventurers forgotten in the legends or only briefly named) came from Doriath after its ruin and had no desire to leave Middle-earth, nor to be merged with the other Sindar of Beleriand, dominated by the Noldorin [High-elven] Exiles for whom the folk of Doriath had no great love. They wished indeed to become Silvan folk and to return, as they said, to the simple life natural to the Elves before the invitation of the Valar had disturbed it". ''The History of Galadriel and Celeborn, UT.''
==History==
===Early Life===
Oropher was one of the [[Iathrim]] who spent his early life in [[Doriath]]. Before the destruction of [[Doriath]], he had a son, [[Thranduil]], who would later succeed him to his kingship. Following the destruction of [[Beleriand]], Oropher would be among the many [[Sindar]] who decided to stay in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="Princes"/>


West of Oropher's realm was the realm of [[Lórinand]] across [[Anduin]], where [[Amdír]], another Sindar ruled over Silvan Elves. When [[Sauron]] returned to [[Middle-earth]] and southern Greenwood became dangerous and was renamed [[Mirkwood]],  Oropher's folk retreated north of the old Dwarf Road, and later again north of the Mountains of Mirkwood, where they fortified themselves.
===Move to Greenwood the Great===
Among the wave of [[Sindar]] who left [[Lindon]] and travelled eastward, before the building of the [[Barad-dûr]] in {{SA|1000}},<ref name="AppB">{{App|B}}</ref> Oropher travelled to [[Greenwood the Great]], and it was in {{SA|750}} that he was taken up by the [[Elves of the Wood]] as their king and founded the [[Woodland Realm]].<ref name="Princes"/><ref name=foundation>{{PM|Second}}</ref>


Oropher answered the summons for the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]], and joined with [[Gil-galad]]'s forces as they marched down Anduin to [[Dagorlad]]. Oropher's army was lightly armed and he and Amdír refused to accept Gil-galad as the commander-in-chief of the armies. Thus in the battle of Dagorlad, though Oropher's company fought valiantly, he was slain with the greater part of his people when he grew hasty and called an early charge, disobeying Gil-galad's orders to wait with the attack.
The few [[Sindar]] who had come with him were soon merged with the [[Silvan Elves]], adopting their customs and language and taking names of [[Silvan Elvish|Silvan form and style]]. Oropher and his household wished to return to a simple existence natural to the [[Elves]] before they had been disturbed by the [[Valar]].<ref name="Princes"/>


After Sauron was defeated, [[Thranduil]], Oropher's son and heir, returned with the remainder of his people north back to Mirkwood. While one third of them survived, their army was still large enough that the [[Orcs]] hiding in secret in the [[Hithaeglir]] did not dare attack them.
Originally, Oropher's realm encompassed the south of [[Greenwood]], with dwellings about the hill of [[Amon Lanc]].<ref name="Note 14"/><ref name="Princes"/> However, throughout the [[Second Age]], he migrated north with his people three times.<ref name="Note 14">{{UT|Gladden}}, note 14</ref> According to one tradition, the first movement was northward beyond the [[Gladden Fields]], due to his desire to distance himself from the increasing encroachments of the [[Dwarves of Khazad-dûm]] and his resentment of the intrusions of [[Celeborn]] and [[Galadriel]] in [[Lothlórien]].<ref name="Princes"/>


Oropher was also disturbed by the reports of [[Sauron]]'s rising power and by the end of the [[Second Age]], he dwelt in the western glens of the [[Mountains of Mirkwood|Emyn Duir]] and his numerous people lived and roamed in the woods and vales westward as far as [[Anduin]], north of the ancient [[Men-i-Naugrim|Dwarf-Road]].<ref name="Note 14"/> 
===War of the Last Alliance===
Although Oropher's desire was to distance himself and his people from the affairs of the rest of the world, he could see the danger that [[Sauron]] posed, and that his defeat would bring about peace in [[Middle-earth]]. Thus, he joined the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]], summoning a large army which joined with [[Amdír]]'s smaller force of [[Elves of Lórien]] to create a great host of Silvan Elves.<ref name="Princes" />
The Silvan Elves were strong and brave, but despite having poor armour and weapons in comparison with the [[Noldor]], Amdír and Oropher were unwilling to submit to the supreme command of [[Gil-galad]] and as such they suffered heavy losses in the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. In the very first assault upon [[Mordor]], Oropher and other brave and hasty Silvan Elves rushed forward before Gil-galad gave the signal to charge. Oropher himself was killed soon afterwards, whilst two-thirds of his army perished throughout the course of the war. Upon Sauron's defeat the remnants of the army returned to Greenwood under the command of his son Thranduil.<ref name="Princes" />
==Etymology==
The name '''''Oropher''''' probably means 'tall beech-tree'<ref name="EOA">[http://www.glyphweb.com/arda The Encyclopedia of Arda], "[http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/o/oropher.html Oropher]", dated 21 April 2003 (accessed [[13 January|January 13]], [[2011]])</ref> from '''oro''' meaning 'high' and '''fêr''' meaning 'beech'.<ref name="Thains">[http://www.tuckborough.net/ The Thain's Book], "[http://www.tuckborough.net/elves.html#Oropher Elves of Middle-earth#Oropher]" (accessed [[13 January|January 13]], [[2011]])</ref>
Oropher hailed from [[Doriath]] indicating his name could be [[Sindarin]] ([[Doriathrin]] specifically) but upon merging with the [[Elves of the Wood]], the [[Sindar]] of his household adopted their language and took names of [[Silvan Elvish|Silvan form and style]] so, it seems likely that his name is styled in [[Silvan Elvish]].<ref name="Princes" />
==Other versions of the legendarium==
The published [[Appendix B]] of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', as well as one of its drafts,<ref name=foundation>{{PM|Second}}</ref> mention only Oropher's son Thranduil as King of the Woodland realm, founded in {{SA|750}}, suggesting (but not explicitly mentioning) that he was possibly its founder and first king.
Oropher was invented later, while Tolkien was fleshing out the background of Thranduil and the history of the Silvan realms, excplicitly clarifying that Thranduil was not the founder of the realm. Oropher was not introduced in more "canonical" narratives, and the drafts exploring his origins were published in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]''.
The first name of Oropher was ''Rogner'', such as revealed in [[The Nature of Middle-earth]] <ref>{{NM|P3xvii}}, p. 365, n. 8</ref>.
==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree| ORO |ORO='''OROPHER'''<br/><small>''d. {{SA|3434}}''</small>}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| THR |THR=[[Thranduil]]<br/><small>''Unknown''</small>}}
{{familytree| |!| |}}
{{familytree| LEG |LEG=[[Legolas]]<br/><small>''Sailed West {{FoA|120}}''</small>}}
{{familytree/end}}
==See also==
* [[Amdír]] (and his son [[Amroth]])
* [[Elves of Mirkwood]]
* [[Woodland Realm]]
{{references}}
[[Category:First Age characters]]
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[Category:Sindar]]
[[Category:Sindar]]
[[de:Oropher]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/teleri/sindar/oropher]]
[[fi:Oropher]]

Revision as of 21:13, 22 October 2021

Oropher
Sinda
Kimberly - Oropher.jpg
"Oropher" by Kimberly
Biographical Information
LocationDoriath[1], Woodland Realm
AffiliationLast Alliance of Elves and Men
LanguageSilvan Elvish, Sindarin
BirthBefore F.A. 507[1]
Doriath
RuleS.A. 750 - S.A. 3434
DeathS.A. 3434 (aged 3101+)
Battle of Dagorlad
Notable forEstablished the Woodland Realm
Family
ChildrenThranduil
Physical Description
GenderMale
GalleryImages of Oropher

Oropher was one of the Iathrim[1] who later established the Woodland Realm of the Silvan Elves of Greenwood the Great in the Second Age. He was killed at the Battle of Dagorlad and was succeeded by his son, Thranduil. Thus, he was the grandfather of Legolas, a member of the Fellowship of the Ring.

History

Early Life

Oropher was one of the Iathrim who spent his early life in Doriath. Before the destruction of Doriath, he had a son, Thranduil, who would later succeed him to his kingship. Following the destruction of Beleriand, Oropher would be among the many Sindar who decided to stay in Middle-earth.[1]

Move to Greenwood the Great

Among the wave of Sindar who left Lindon and travelled eastward, before the building of the Barad-dûr in S.A. 1000,[2] Oropher travelled to Greenwood the Great, and it was in S.A. 750 that he was taken up by the Elves of the Wood as their king and founded the Woodland Realm.[1][3]

The few Sindar who had come with him were soon merged with the Silvan Elves, adopting their customs and language and taking names of Silvan form and style. Oropher and his household wished to return to a simple existence natural to the Elves before they had been disturbed by the Valar.[1]

Originally, Oropher's realm encompassed the south of Greenwood, with dwellings about the hill of Amon Lanc.[4][1] However, throughout the Second Age, he migrated north with his people three times.[4] According to one tradition, the first movement was northward beyond the Gladden Fields, due to his desire to distance himself from the increasing encroachments of the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm and his resentment of the intrusions of Celeborn and Galadriel in Lothlórien.[1]

Oropher was also disturbed by the reports of Sauron's rising power and by the end of the Second Age, he dwelt in the western glens of the Emyn Duir and his numerous people lived and roamed in the woods and vales westward as far as Anduin, north of the ancient Dwarf-Road.[4]

War of the Last Alliance

Although Oropher's desire was to distance himself and his people from the affairs of the rest of the world, he could see the danger that Sauron posed, and that his defeat would bring about peace in Middle-earth. Thus, he joined the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, summoning a large army which joined with Amdír's smaller force of Elves of Lórien to create a great host of Silvan Elves.[1]

The Silvan Elves were strong and brave, but despite having poor armour and weapons in comparison with the Noldor, Amdír and Oropher were unwilling to submit to the supreme command of Gil-galad and as such they suffered heavy losses in the War of the Last Alliance. In the very first assault upon Mordor, Oropher and other brave and hasty Silvan Elves rushed forward before Gil-galad gave the signal to charge. Oropher himself was killed soon afterwards, whilst two-thirds of his army perished throughout the course of the war. Upon Sauron's defeat the remnants of the army returned to Greenwood under the command of his son Thranduil.[1]

Etymology

The name Oropher probably means 'tall beech-tree'[5] from oro meaning 'high' and fêr meaning 'beech'.[6]

Oropher hailed from Doriath indicating his name could be Sindarin (Doriathrin specifically) but upon merging with the Elves of the Wood, the Sindar of his household adopted their language and took names of Silvan form and style so, it seems likely that his name is styled in Silvan Elvish.[1]

Other versions of the legendarium

The published Appendix B of The Lord of the Rings, as well as one of its drafts,[3] mention only Oropher's son Thranduil as King of the Woodland realm, founded in S.A. 750, suggesting (but not explicitly mentioning) that he was possibly its founder and first king.

Oropher was invented later, while Tolkien was fleshing out the background of Thranduil and the history of the Silvan realms, excplicitly clarifying that Thranduil was not the founder of the realm. Oropher was not introduced in more "canonical" narratives, and the drafts exploring his origins were published in Unfinished Tales.

The first name of Oropher was Rogner, such as revealed in The Nature of Middle-earth [7].

Genealogy

OROPHER
d. S.A. 3434
 
 
 
 
Thranduil
Unknown
 
 
 
 
Legolas
Sailed West Fo.A. 120


See also

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", "Appendix B: The Sindarin Princes of the Silvan Elves"
  2. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B: The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands)
  3. 3.0 3.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "VI. The Tale of Years of the Second Age"
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Disaster of the Gladden Fields", note 14
  5. The Encyclopedia of Arda, "Oropher", dated 21 April 2003 (accessed January 13, 2011)
  6. The Thain's Book, "Elves of Middle-earth#Oropher" (accessed January 13, 2011)
  7. J.R.R. Tolkien, Carl F. Hostetter (ed.), The Nature of Middle-earth, "Part Three. The World, its Lands, and its Inhabitants: XVII. Silvan Elves and Silvan Elvish", p. 365, n. 8