Kings' Reckoning: Difference between revisions
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The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]] throughout the [[Second Age]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] | {{Sources}} | ||
The name given to the calendar system used in [[Númenor]] throughout the [[Second Age]], and in [[Gondor]] and [[Arnor]] during the early part of the [[Third Age]]. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called [[astar]]), and included three days that did not belong to any month: [[yestarë]], [[loëndë]] and [[mettarë]]. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of [[Eärnur]] the last [[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]. It was revised by [[Mardil|Mardil Voronwë]], the first [[Ruling Steward]], who replaced it with the system known as the [[Stewards' Reckoning]].<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref> | |||
==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
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!Length | !Length | ||
!English translation | !English translation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First | | ||[[Yestarë]]|| || 1 || First day | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 || New sun | |1||[[Narvinyë]]||Narwain|| 30 ||New sun | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 || Watery | |2||[[Nénimë]] || Nínui || 30 ||Watery | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref> | |3||[[Súlimë]] || Gwaeron || 30 || Windy / wind month<ref name="Silm_sul">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''sul''</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding? | |4||[[Víressë]] || Gwirith || 30 || New / young / budding? | ||
|- | |- | ||
|5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month | |5||[[Lótessë]] || Lothron || 30 || Flower month | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny | |6 || [[Nárië]] || Nórui || 31 || Sunny | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2 || Year-middle | | ||[[Loëndë]]/[[Enderi]]|| || 1/2 || Year-middle (Middle days) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 31 || Cutting? | |7||[[Cermië]] || Cerveth || 31 ||Cutting? | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref> | |8||[[Úrimë]] || Urui || 30 ||Hot<ref name="Silm_ur">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''ur''</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving | |9||[[Yavannië]] || Ivanneth || 30 || Fruit giving | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading | |10||[[Narquelië]] || Narbeleth || 30 || Sun-fading | ||
|- | |- | ||
|11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref> | |11||[[Hísimë]] || Hithui || 30 || Misty<ref name="Silm_hith">{{HM|S}}, Appendix, s.v. ''hith''</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month | |12||[[Ringarë]] || Girithron || 30 || Cold / shivering month | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last | | ||[[Mettarë]]|| || 1 || Last day | ||
|} | |} | ||
In leap years, [[loëndë]] was replaced with two [[enderi]]; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100 | In leap years, [[loëndë]] was replaced with two [[enderi]]; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100. In addition, in years divisible by 1000 loëndë was replaced by three enderi, resulting in a 367-day year. This held throughout the [[Second Age]] and continued based on the restarted numbering in the [[Third Age]] until the calendar was retired in {{TA|2060}}. | ||
According to [[Jim Allan]] in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', each of the elvish month names has a correspondence to the months of the [[Wikipedia:French Republican Calendar|French Republican Calendar]]; for example, Nénimë/Pluviôse mean "Rainy", Súlìmë/Ventôse mean "Windy". Jim Allan suggests that Tolkien used this similarity because the French Republican Calendar was based on earlier unrecorded Germanic month names.<ref name="allan">{{HM|IE}}, p. 151</ref><!-- check chapter heading --> | According to [[Jim Allan]] in ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'', each of the elvish month names has a correspondence to the months of the [[Wikipedia:French Republican Calendar|French Republican Calendar]]; for example, Nénimë/Pluviôse mean "Rainy", Súlìmë/Ventôse mean "Windy". Jim Allan suggests that Tolkien used this similarity because the French Republican Calendar was based on earlier unrecorded Germanic month names.<ref name="allan">{{HM|IE}}, p. 151</ref><!-- check chapter heading --> | ||
==Days of the week== | ==Days of the week== | ||
When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the | When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the elven week of six days. At unspecified points of the [[Second Age]] two changes were made, the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the [[White Tree]], and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.<ref name="D2">{{App|D2}}</ref> Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows: | ||
{|class="TGtable" | {|class="TGtable" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==References== | |||
<references /> | |||
== | |||
[[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]] | [[Category: Middle-earth Calendars]] |
Revision as of 16:38, 9 June 2019
This article or section needs more/new/more-detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made. |
The name given to the calendar system used in Númenor throughout the Second Age, and in Gondor and Arnor during the early part of the Third Age. It divided the year into twelve months (properly called astar), and included three days that did not belong to any month: yestarë, loëndë and mettarë. The King's Reckoning lasted until the loss of Eärnur the last King of Gondor. It was revised by Mardil Voronwë, the first Ruling Steward, who replaced it with the system known as the Stewards' Reckoning.[1]
Structure
The year was divided into twelve months, with three days outside the months. These divisions are given in the table below.
Month number | Quenya | Sindarin | Length | English translation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yestarë | 1 | First day | ||
1 | Narvinyë | Narwain | 30 | New sun |
2 | Nénimë | Nínui | 30 | Watery |
3 | Súlimë | Gwaeron | 30 | Windy / wind month[2] |
4 | Víressë | Gwirith | 30 | New / young / budding? |
5 | Lótessë | Lothron | 30 | Flower month |
6 | Nárië | Nórui | 31 | Sunny |
Loëndë/Enderi | 1/2 | Year-middle (Middle days) | ||
7 | Cermië | Cerveth | 31 | Cutting? |
8 | Úrimë | Urui | 30 | Hot[3] |
9 | Yavannië | Ivanneth | 30 | Fruit giving |
10 | Narquelië | Narbeleth | 30 | Sun-fading |
11 | Hísimë | Hithui | 30 | Misty[4] |
12 | Ringarë | Girithron | 30 | Cold / shivering month |
Mettarë | 1 | Last day |
In leap years, loëndë was replaced with two enderi; this occurred in years divisible by 4 but not by 100. In addition, in years divisible by 1000 loëndë was replaced by three enderi, resulting in a 367-day year. This held throughout the Second Age and continued based on the restarted numbering in the Third Age until the calendar was retired in T.A. 2060.
According to Jim Allan in An Introduction to Elvish, each of the elvish month names has a correspondence to the months of the French Republican Calendar; for example, Nénimë/Pluviôse mean "Rainy", Súlìmë/Ventôse mean "Windy". Jim Allan suggests that Tolkien used this similarity because the French Republican Calendar was based on earlier unrecorded Germanic month names.[5]
Days of the week
When the Kings' Reckoning was first implemented the Númenóreans used the elven week of six days. At unspecified points of the Second Age two changes were made, the first being to rename the fourth day Aldúya to Aldëa (Orgaladh in Sindarin) in order to change the dedication to the White Tree, and the second being to insert an extra day, Eärenya (Oraearon), after the fifth day Menelya.[1] Thus, the eventual Númenórean week was as follows:
Quenya | Sindarin | Dedication |
---|---|---|
Elenya | Orgilion | Stars |
Anarya | Oranor | Sun |
Isilya | Orithil | Moon |
Aldëa | Orgaladh | White Tree |
Menelya | Ormenel | Heavens |
Eärenya | Oraearon | Sea |
Valanya | Orbelain | Valar |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix D, "The Calendars"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, Appendix, s.v. sul
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, Appendix, s.v. ur
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, Appendix, s.v. hith
- ↑ Jim Allan (1978), An Introduction to Elvish, p. 151